Multicultural Toronto English (MTE) is a multi-ethnic dialectofCanadian English used in the Greater Toronto Area, particularly among young non-white working-class speakers.[1][2][3] First studied in linguistics research of the late 2010s and early 2020s,[4][5][6] the dialect is popularly recognized by its phonology and lexicon, commonly known as the Toronto accent and Toronto slang, respectively. It is a byproduct of the city's multiculturalism, generally associated with Millennial and Gen Z populations in ethnically diverse districts of Toronto.[7] It is also spoken outside of the GTA region by the cities Hamilton, Barrie, and Ottawa.[8][9]
The origin of Toronto's slang and accent can be traced back to widespread migration from the Caribbean, East Africa, and the Middle East to Canada from the 1960s to the 1990s. During this period, a significant influx of immigrants from countries such as Jamaica, Trinidad, Guyana, Syria, Lebanon, Iran, Iraq, Somalia, and Ethiopia predominantly settled in Toronto and other parts of the Greater Toronto Area.[10][11][12] With many of these immigrants fleeing war, conflict, and poor economic conditions, they were left with limited financial resources and, as a result, found homes in Toronto's lower-income communities.[13][14][15] These neighbourhoods rapidly transformed into vibrant melting pots, filled with a diverse array of cultures and ethnic backgrounds.[16][17] This cultural amalgamation played a crucial role in developing MTE, which is rooted in Toronto's multiculturalism and draws heavy influence from Caribbean, East African, and Middle Eastern languages.[18] Towards the end of the 90s, native Toronto rapper Kardinal Offishall released his Billboard-charting single "BaKardi Slang" showcasing a variety of the cities slang throughout the lyrics and signaling the dialect was already significantly developed by this time.[4]
The second-generation descendants of these immigrants significantly contributed to embedding Toronto's distinctive slang and accent into the city's culture.[19] Faced with limited economic opportunities within their communities, these children of the initial immigrant influx turned to creative outlets like rap music, fashion, and athletics for both expression and livelihood.[20] Their influence as in these areas helped shape the city's popular culture, especially among the youth in the Greater Toronto Area.[21] Consequently, their unique manner of speaking, shaped by the aforementioned multiculturalism of their communities, gained widespread adoption throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s, given their status as local tastemakers.[22] 2006 marked the first mention of Toronto's slang or accent in any formal or academic research.[23] The rise of blogging in during this time period played a pivotal role in documenting the use and development of MTE. One notable example is Jane-Finch.com, a community-driven archive dedicated to the Jane and Finch area that captured key examples of MTE's use throughout the decade.[24] Furthermore, documentaries produced by local broadcasters such as CityTV and CBC served to spotlight the dialect's presence in the city.[25][26] This linguistic evolution during this period not only reflected Toronto's multicultural heritage but also served as a unifying cultural element for the city.
The late 2000s and much of the 2010s marked a pivotal era of growth for MTE, significantly driven by the third-generation descendants of the original immigration wave. The brewing Toronto music scene, deeply rooted in the artistic expressions of Toronto’s lower-income and culturally diverse working-class communities, began receiving nationwide attention.[27][28] The emergence of YouTube and streaming services revolutionized the music industry by dramatically reducing the barriers to music distribution, thus enabling local artists to reach vast audiences beyond the traditional mediums of CDs and mixtapes.[29] Neighborhoods such as Regent Park, Jane and Finch, Lawrence Heights, Chester Lee, Alexandra Park, and Rexdale became hotbeds of cultural growth, producing Rap and R&B artists like Smoke Dawg, Robin Banks, Top5, Pengz, K Money, and Moula1st, to name a few.[30][31][32][33] These artists had significant influence among the youth of the Greater Toronto Area; the use of MTE in their lyrics, a reflection of the dialect spoken within their communities, spread contagiously as they began to amass millions of views and followers in the hundreds of thousands.[34][35][36] Consequently, the dialect once confined to their lower-income communities began breaking ethnic and socioeconomic barriers, making its way into suburbs and highschools, transforming Toronto's linguistic landscape.[37][38] The impact of this cultural and linguistic shift was further magnified by the advent of social media. Platforms such as 6ixBuzz and Waveroom put a spotlight on the culture brewing in these communities through short-form, easily digestible content, attracting millions of followers. This significantly contributed to the widespread adoption and normalization of MTE seen today.[39][40]
The distinct accent features of Multicultural Toronto English include the TRAP vowel before a nasal consonant being unraised or only slightly raised and the GOAT vowel being monophthongal, both of which are "distinctly non-normative" in 21st-century Standard Canadian English and led by men in the Toronto area.[41]Th-stopping is a variable feature, likely adopted from Patois, for instance with words like youth, thing, and themcolloquially spelledasyute, ting, and dem.[42]
"A guy" (used to describe someone who is particularly dangerous or successful, similar to calling someone a "big shot"; not to be confused with "the guy" as both are distinct in their usage)
"Miskeen" (pathetic, or poor - frequently used referring to someone who is "civilian" and "innocent," not involved in any crime) [originates from Arabic]
"Abaay, Abaay" (an expression of surprise, similar to "oh my god") [originates from Somali]
"Ahlie" (expression to agree with something or "am I lying?") [originates from Jamaican Patois][56]
"Are you dumb?" (to describe someone who behaves stupidly and completely idiotically)[56]
"Bless up!" (expression of greeting or farewell)[57] [originates from Jamaican Patois]
"Dun Know/dunno" (replaces "you already know," "of course," or "I know", and also used as a farewell) [originates from Jamaican Patois][58]
"Eediat ting" (can refer to an event or action that was stupid or embarrassing to the point of disbelief) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
"Fend that" (instructing someone to defend themselves, or respond to confrontation)
"Fiyah/Fire" (used to refer to a homosexual individual, similar to the equivalent word "Bawtymon" or "Batty boy") [originates from Jamaican Patois]
"Haye, haye" (an adlib that directly translates to "okay, okay" or "alright, alright") [originates from Somali]
"Holy!" (pronounced 'holay' and used as an expression of surprise)[59]
"Say honest?" (used to rhetorically emphasize honesty, truth or sincerity, similar to "You serious?" or "Really?")
"Soobax" (directly translates to "come outside" or "lets go") [originates from Somali]
"Gwan easy" (telling someone to "take it easy", or "calm down") [originates from Jamaican Patois]
"Inshallah" ("If God wills it") [originates from Arabic]
"Jheez" (used to express surprise, excitement or support)
"Jokes!" ("that's jokes!", compliments something funny or hilarious)[60]
"Khallas" (signifies that something is finished, completed or done) [originates from Arabic]
"Mashallah" (used to congratulate someone) [originates from Arabic]
"Nyeah eh" ("yeah eh?" or "oh really?", used in a hostile tone)
"More life" (used to wish someone good will, most commonly used to replace "happy birthday") [originates from Jamaican Patois]
"Nize it/nize that" (to tell someone to shut up or stop talking) [58]
"Say less/say no more/don't say a word" (used to enthusiastically or supportively agree to a demand, request, or suggestion)
"Seen/Zeen" (A way of saying “got it” or “understood”) [originates from Jamaican Patois][61]
"Styll" (pronounced "still" and means agree to someone or the truth and is occasionally used at the last part of a statement)[62][63] [originates from Jamaican Patois]
"Top left" (used to emphasize the truth or sincerity of a statement, similar to "I swear" or "I promise")
"Wagwan" (an equivalent greeting to "what's up" or "what's going on?") [originates from Jamaican Patois][64][56]
"Wallahi" ("I swear to God") [originates from Arabic][65]
"Warya" (used to address a man directly, or get his attention) [originates from Somali]
"What're you sayin?" ("what you up to?" used as an expression of greeting) [originates from Jamaican Patois][60]
"Y-pree" (used to tell someone to mind their own business or asking them what they’re up to) [originates from Jamaican Patois][66]
"Mans" or sometimes "man-dem" (I/me/you/people; first-person singular is the most notable usage) [originates from Jamaican Patois][38]
Mans in 21st-century Toronto English has gained special attention in being applied as a variety of personal pronouns, including (most notably) as a first-person singular pronoun (like Iorme), a second-person singular pronoun (like you), or an indefinite pronoun (similar to peopleorfolks). A plural-conjugated verb is required with the use of mans; for example: "Mans are ready" can mean "I am ready", "you are ready", or "we are ready". "What are mans saying?" can mean "What am I saying?", "What are you saying?", or "What are we saying?". The similar usage of man as a pronoun is common in Multicultural London English (MLE), but mans as a singular pronoun is exclusively Torontonian;[67] the two terms likely developed in parallel timeframes, but not with one dialect directly affecting the other.[68] It is likely that both usages ultimately come from man with a Jamaican Patois or other Caribbean Creole origin, though no Creole uses mans in this exact way. The process of this pronoun emerging from the original noun, man(s), has been happening in Toronto since roughly 2005 to the present.[69]
"Them/dem-mans/man-dem" (them)
"Us mans" (we)
"You mans" (you, plural)
"Fam" (Friend, or more broadly anyone considered 'family' in a communal sense; can be used in place of 'we' or 'us') [originates from Jamaican Patois]
"Cro/crodie" (crip version of 'bro/brodie' but usually refers to a friend, popularized among non-gang-affiliated individuals through local rap music)[72]
"Cronem" (group of 'cros', crip version of 'bronem', and refers to a group of friends)
"Cyattie" (describes a female who is being loud and obnoxious) [originates from Jamaican Patois][73]
"Cut" (to exit, get away from or leave) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
"Wasteman" (a worthless, garbage, insensible idiotic person who makes bad decisions with their life, both words being used interchangeably) [originates from Jamaican Patois][47]
"Wasteyute" (used similarly to wasteman, but more specifically describes a childlike or naive individual) [originates from Jamaican Patois][42]
The increasing criticism of the Toronto accent as "fake" or indicative of a "ghetto" identity reflects a form of linguicism, akin to the discrimination encountered by speakers of African American Vernacular English in the United States. Such perceptions suggest that non-standard linguistic features are indicative of low intelligence or poor education; a perspective rooted in classism, racism, and xenophobia.[92] Specifically, this xenophobia manifests as it associates multicultural expressions—which the dialect is an amalgamation and celebration of—with the negative stereotypes of being a non-contributing member of society. Additionally, the prevalent social media claim that『People don’t speak like this in Toronto』reinforces the belief that only speakers of "proper" English are fully functional members of society, while others should be subconsciously dismissed.[93][94] By dismissing Toronto's diverse linguistic expression as merely "fake" or "ghetto," there is a failure to recognize it as a legitimate part of the city’s cultural identity.
This misconception often stems from the dialect’s incorrect adoption and use by outsiders, particularly in suburbs and cities outside Toronto, such as Ottawa, Hamilton, Barrie, Brampton, Mississauga, and Vaughan. These regions are significantly disconnected from the communities and localities where the culture and dialect organically developed.[8] As a result, the accent’s portrayal by individuals from these areas can sometimes appear inauthentic or caricatured, which heavily distorts its true character and contributes to a negative perception of its genuine use.[9]
Compounding this issue are broader misunderstandings regarding the development of MTE. Critics have accused it of mimicking Multicultural London English, However, this is not the case; Both dialects have evolved independently, sharing roots in similar immigration patterns, thus showcasing unique sociolinguistic developments reflective of their respective cities’ multicultural landscapes.[95][96] Furthermore, the spotlight has often been placed on public figures such as DrakeorPartyNextDoor, attributing the development and popularization of the slang to them.[97] This overlooks the deeper, historical, and community-driven origins of the language. In reality, the dialect predates careers like Drake's by decades, something even he had acknowledged before adopting it himself.[98]
Discussions around cultural appropriation have arisen in regards to MTE and its origins. Some have argued the possibility of its usage veering into the territory of cultural appropriation.[99] This results from a failure to recognize that the concept of 'cultural appropriation' is largely rooted in American cultural discourse—analyzing an inherently Canadian multicultural phenomenon through this lens may not be entirely appropriate.[100] A nuanced understanding positions Toronto's slang and accent as a celebration of cultural diversity and integration.[101] Rather than a medium of appropriation, the dialect serves as a fusion of diverse cultural elements, reflecting the appreciation and mutual understanding within Toronto's diverse communities.[102] While acknowledging this, it is also important to consider the potential for appropriation by non-black individuals, particularly white individuals, who may adopt the dialect without having grown up speaking it. This commodification can project stereotypes of 'toughness' without facing associated negative implications, similar to Black Vernacular English.[103] Criticisms of cultural appropriation from recent immigrants or those still in their home country, who see second or third-generation descendants of immigrants sharing cultures, are often misguided. Claims of appropriation from various races and socioeconomic backgrounds, detached from the cultures the language sources, can obscure native speakers' connection to their dialect.
From 2016 to 2019, Toronto-based comedy group 4YE in collaboration with Bell Media released a multi-part series featuring "Tyco" and "Judge Tyco," caricatures of the stereotypical Toronto man, set in the early 2000s.[104]
In 2017, Drake was featured in a Toronto-based comedy skit "T-Dot Goon Scrap DVD 2" produced by 4YE, in which he satarizes Toronto's slang and accent.[105]
In a Vanity FairYouTube video, Shawn Mendes, a popular Canadian singer and songwriter, was featured teaching the audience Canadian slang (primarily featuring Toronto slang vocabulary).[106]
In 2024, during his viral rap feud with Toronto-based rapper Drake, Kendrick Lamar parodied MTE on his diss track Euphoria.[107]
In 2024, Drake released a satirical parody-remix of Hey There Delilah titled "Wah Gwan Delilah" alongside local comedian Snowd4y; the song pokes fun at MTE and Toronto culture.
^Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada. "Information archivée dans le Web"(PDF). publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
^Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada. "Information archivée dans le Web"(PDF). publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
^ abBigelow, Lauren; Timothy Gadanidis; Lisa Schlegl; Pocholo Umbal, and Derek Denis. 2020. Whyare wasteyutes a ting? University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 26(2): Article 3.
^Derek, Denis (2016). "A note on mans in Toronto"(PDF). (TWPL) Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
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