The Army of the Holy Roman Empire (German: Reichsarmee, ReichsheerorReichsarmatur; Latin: exercitus imperii) was created in 1422 and came to an end when the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806 as a result of the Napoleonic Wars.
| Army of the Holy Roman Empire | |
|---|---|
| Latin: Exercitus Imperii | |
 | |
| Active | 1422–1806 |
| Country |  Holy Roman Empire |
| Branch | Army |
| Headquarters | Vienna |
| Engagements |
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| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders |
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The Army of the Empire was not a standing army. When there was danger, it was mustered from among the elements constituting it,[1] in order to conduct a military campaign or Reichsheerfahrt during an Imperial War (Reichskrieg) or an Imperial Execution (Reichsexekution). It could only be deployed with the consent of the Imperial Diet and should not be confused with the Imperial Army (Kaiserliche Armee) of the Emperor.
In practice, the various forces of the Army of the Empire often had stronger local allegiances than to the Emperor.
Bavaria (re-enactment)
Prompted by the threat posed by the Hussites, the Imperial Diet of 1422 held in Nuremberg created the Army of the Empire by demanding specific contingents of troops from the various parts of the Empire.[2] The Hussite Wars continued from 1420 to 1434, by which point the army had proved its worth. Over the next hundred years, the size of the Army was controlled either by the number of serving men being strictly regulated or by limits on the money that paid for it. At the Diet of Worms in 1521 a commitment was made to keep the strength at 20,063 infantry and 4,202 cavalry. This was later simplified to 20,000 and 4,000. The monthly cost of paying for an army of this size was known as the Roman Month (Römermonat).[3] The Imperial Register (ReichsmatrikelorHeeresmatrikel) determined the contributions of the individual states making up the Empire, the first being the Register of 1422.[4]
Contrary to popular belief, the Army of the Empire did not take part in the Thirty Years' War of 1618 to 1648. The Emperor participated in this war with the Imperial Army (Kaiserliche Armee) instead.[5]
The Constitution of the Army of the Empire (Reichsdefensionalordnung) of 1681 finally determined the composition of the army, fixing the contingents to be provided by the various Imperial Circles. The simple total strength (called in Latin the Simplum) was now fixed at 40,000 men, consisting of 28,000 infantry and 12,000 cavalry, including 2,000 dragoons (that is, mounted infantry). In emergencies, the size of the army could be increased by doubling or tripling the contingents.[6][7] Such multiples were called in Latin the duplum and the triplum.[8]
| Imperial Circle | Cavalry | Infantry |
|---|---|---|
| Austrian Circle | 2,522 | 5,507 |
| Burgundian Circle | 1,321 | 2,708 |
| Electoral Rhenish Circle | 600 | 2,707 |
| Franconian Circle | 980 | 1,902 |
| Bavarian Circle | 800 | 1,494 |
| Swabian Circle | 1,321 | 2,707 |
| Upper Rhenish Circle | 491 | 2,853 |
| Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle | 1,321 | 2,708 |
| Upper Saxon Circle | 1,322 | 2,707 |
| Lower Saxon Circle | 1,322 | 2,707 |
| Total | 12,000 | 28,000 |
The figures for the contingents to be supplied by each Imperial Circle were little altered until the demise of the Empire. In practice, they were organized into a number of separate regiments. In some cases, money was provided instead of men to fulfil these military obligations to the Emperor.[11]
Between the 1590s and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, the Army fought in the wars directly affecting the Empire, usually with units of the Imperial Army of the Empire and other local territorial forces. It did not take part in the Thirty Years' War of 1618 to 1648.
In 1804, the imperial forces originating from the lands of the new Emperor of Austria, a title created that year, became the Imperial and Royal Army (Kaiserlich-königliche Armee), which was defeated by the French at the battles of Ulm and Austerlitz in 1805.[12] In 1806 the victorious French organized much of the former empire into the Confederation of the Rhine, a grouping of client states of the French Empire, with a common federal army.[13]
