The West South Central states, colloquially known as the South Central states, is a region of the United States defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as covering four states: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas. The West South Central or South Central region is located within the Southern United States and Gulf Coast regions,[3] bordering the Mountain states and Midwestern U.S. regions to its north and west. The Gulf of Mexico is to the south of the region. Houston is the South Central's largest city, and the Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan statistical area is the region's largest metropolis.
West South Central
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Left to right from top: Downtown Houston, San Antonio, Downtown Dallas, Austin, Oklahoma City, El Paso, Tulsa and New Orleans skyline | |
States in dark red are traditionally included in the West South Central states, while states in pink may be broadly included, although they form part of the Mountain states and East South Central states regions
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| States |
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| Largest metropolitan areas |
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| Largest city | Houston |
| Area | |
| • Total | 444,052.01 sq mi (1,150,089.4 km2) |
| • Land | 425,066.01 sq mi (1,100,915.9 km2) |
| • Water | 18,986.00 sq mi (49,173.5 km2) |
| Population
(2019)[2]
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| • Total | 40,619,450 |
| • Density | 91/sq mi (35/km2) |
A geographically diverse region, the southern portion of the states are covered by coastal plains and swamps,[4][5][6][7] while the remainder is covered by forests such as the Cross Timbers,[8][9][10] hills and mountains,[11][12][13] and deserts near the Texas–Mexico border.
With European colonization of the Americas, this region of the U.S. has been heavily influenced by the French and Spanish.[14][15][16][17] With American settlement, Anglo-American culture began to influence the states covering the region. Distinct from New England and the Mid-Atlantic states, and in common with the Western U.S. and South Atlantic states, the majority of its non-Anglo culture descends from the Spanish Empire and Mexico;[14][18] within Louisiana, there is a significant French influence preserved through its Cajun and Louisiana Creole populations.[19][20][21] In Oklahoma, Native American culture is prevalent through tribes such as the Cherokee and Seminole nations among others.[22]
Within the region, Christianity is the prevalent religion as part of the Bible Belt; southern and southeastern Texas;[23] and southern Louisiana are predominantly Roman Catholic and non- or inter-denominational Protestant, with Baptists constituting a great majority.[24] From central and northern Texas, and central and northern Louisiana to the states of Oklahoma and Arkansas, Baptists, Methodists, and non- or inter-denominational Protestants constituted the majority.[24]
The history of the West South Central states is dominated by the conflict and interaction between three cultural-linguistic groups: the Anglosphere (first Great Britain and then the United States), the Hispanidad (first Spain then Mexico), and the Francophonie (France).
In the 17th and 18th centuries, Spain and France maneuvered for control of Texas,[25] with the Spanish based in Mexico and the French in Louisiana. During the War of the Quadruple Alliance hostilities spread to the New World and the French troops from Natchitoches briefly captured the capital of Spanish Texas, Los Adaes, in what is now western Louisiana. The French were not able to wrest control of Texas from Spain, and by the early 19th century sold their North American holdings to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase,[26][27] which comprised slightly less than half of what is today the West South Central United States.
During the Texas Revolution (1835–1836), a rebellion of United States immigrants and Tejanos (Texas Mexicans), put up armed resistance against the Centralist Republic of Mexico.[28] The Battle of the Alamo was a major turning point during the Texas Revolution.[29] This battle would lead to many Texians deciding to join the Texian Army. Texians would defeat the Mexican Army at the Battle of San Jacinto later on,[30][31] leading to Texas declaring themselves an independent country in 1836, however Mexico viewed them as a rebellious province. Texas would eventually be admitted as a U.S. state in 1845.[32]
The official West and East South Central states of Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Tennessee would secede from the Union and join the Confederacy during the American Civil War. Kentucky was a border state that remained with the Union. Oklahoma, although Indian Territory at the time, was home to five major Native American tribes (the Five Civilized Tribes), of which the majority allied themselves with the Confederacy.[33][34] Oklahoma territory and Indian Territory would merge into the state of Oklahoma when it became the 46th U.S. state in 1907.[35] All of these states are usually considered to make up a larger part of the American South, both historically and culturally, as well as classified by the U.S. Census Bureau.
The climate varies from the semi-tropical in the Mississippi Delta, south Louisiana, and southeast Texas, to the dry Chihuahuan desertinWest Texas.[7][6][13] A large portion of the northeastern quarter of the region is mountainous, with the Ozark and Ouachita mountains of Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma. The northwest quarter of the region is dominated by the Great Plains which become progressively drier west of 100° W, forming the North American Llano Estacado. The southwestern portions border the Rio Grande and are generally drier than other areas of the West South Central United States.
Two megaregions exist within this region:
| State | Population (2020 census) | Land area (sq mi) |
|---|---|---|
| Arkansas | 3,011,524 | 53,179 |
| Louisiana | 4,657,757 | 51,843 |
| Oklahoma | 3,986,639 | 69,898 |
| Texas | 29,527,941 | 268,581 |
Texas is the largest West South Central state by both area and population; Texas is still home to over half the region's population. The largest city in the region, Houston, is located in Texas. New Orleans was tied with Oklahoma City in population but, after Hurricane Katrina, the population of the New Orleans metro area declined to approximately 1 million.[36] By 2017, the population of the New Orleans metropolitan area had bounced back to almost 1.3 million;[37] overall, Louisiana and Arkansas are the two-slowest growing states of the region in contrast with Texas and Oklahoma.[38][39] In contrast with the population growth of Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas, Louisiana has experienced the fifth highest population loss in the U.S. according to 2021 census estimates (making it the second-slowest growing state along the entire Gulf Coast megaregion, yet still experiencing more natural births than Mississippi in the East South Central states).[40]
| City | 2020 pop. | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Houston, Texas | 2,288,250 |
| 2 | San Antonio, Texas | 1,451,853 |
| 3 | Dallas, Texas | 1,288,457 |
| 4 | Austin, Texas | 964,177 |
| 5 | Fort Worth, Texas | 935,508 |
| 6 | Oklahoma City, Oklahoma | 687,725 |
| 7 | El Paso, Texas | 678,415 |
| 8 | Tulsa, Oklahoma | 411,401 |
| 9 | Arlington, Texas | 392,786 |
| 10 | New Orleans, Louisiana | 376,971 |
| MSA | 2021 pop. | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington, TX MSA | 7,759,615 |
| 2 | Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX MSA | 7,206,845 |
| 3 | San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX MSA | 2,601,795 |
| 4 | Austin-Round Rock-Georgetown, TX MSA | 2,352,435 |
| 5 | Oklahoma City, OK MSA | 1,441,655 |
| 6 | New Orleans-Metairie, LA MSA | 1,261,735 |
| 7 | Tulsa, OK MSA | 1,142,906 |
| 8 | McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX MSA | 868,707 |
| 9 | Baton Rouge, LA MSA | 854,757 |
| 10 | El Paso, TX MSA | 844,124 |
| Parties | |||||
| Democratic-Republican | Democratic | Whig | Republican | Dixiecrat | American Independent |
Within the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada, the first team in the region were founded in 1960: the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League and the Houston Oilers of the American Football League. The Oilers relocated after 1996, whereas two more teams in the region joined the NFL: the Houston Texans (2002) and New Orleans Saints (1967).[41]
Two Major League Baseball teams are based in the region: Houston Astros (1962) and Texas Rangers (1972).[42] The region has five NBA teams: San Antonio Spurs (1967), Houston Rockets (1971), Dallas Mavericks (1980), New Orleans Pelicans (2002) and Oklahoma City Thunder (2008).[43] National Hockey League features the Dallas Stars since 1993.[44]
Texas also has three Major League Soccer teams: FC Dallas (1996), Houston Dynamo (2006), and Austin FC (2021), whereas the Dallas Tornado played in the North American Soccer League from 1968 to 1981.[45]
Collegiate athletics have deep significance in the region's culture, especially football. The Southwest Conference was based in the region from 1914 to 1996. Currently the Big 12 Conference has four teams from Texas and one from Oklahoma, whereas the Southeastern Conference has two teams from Texas, one from Oklahoma, one from Arkansas, and one from Louisiana.
According to a survey of Division I-A coaches, the Red River Shootout, the rivalry between the Oklahoma Sooners and Texas Longhorns, ranks the third best in the nation.[46] The Bedlam Series is the rivalry between the Oklahoma Sooners and Oklahoma State Cowboys. The TCU Horned Frogs and SMU Mustangs also share a rivalry and compete annually in the Battle for the Iron Skillet.
