|
Undid revision 1168086250 by 109.93.236.194 (talk) Please do not reframe articles based on your personal understanding or interpretation. We use the sources to define content, and the sources routinely list it among the other ideologies.
|
→Ideologies: Restored. Please stop to include own views, there is no sources who strictly consider it as one of the main center left ideologies, and one source for claim is not enough. It need many reliable sources for that. But to it is sometimes described as centre-left or have centre-left variants that yes.
Tags: Manual revert Reverted references removed Mobile edit Mobile web edit
|
||
Line 10:
== Ideologies ==
The main ideologies of the centre-left include [[social democracy]],{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=3}}<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Ostrowski |first=Marius S. |date=2023-01-02 |title=The ideological morphology of left–centre–right |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13569317.2022.2163770 |journal=Journal of Political Ideologies |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1080/13569317.2022.2163770
=== Social democracy ===
Line 20:
=== Social liberalism ===
{{Main|Social liberalism}}
Social liberalism, or left liberalism, overlaps significantly with social democracy.{{Sfn|Woshinsky|2007|p=142}} This form of liberalism argues in favour of capitalism and the benefits it provides for society, but it also advocates regulations to reduce [[wealth inequality]]. It rejects the idea that the [[upper class]] seeks to harm or exploit members of society, instead arguing that these are unintentional effects of [[laissez-faire]] economics.{{Sfn|Woshinsky|2007|pp=142–143}} Left liberalism supports [[liberal capitalism]] and a [[mixed economy]], which have been adopted by virtually all liberal nations.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Cahoone |first=Lawrence |date=2023 |title=The End of Enlightenment Liberalism? |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/2/article/877110 |journal=The Journal of Speculative Philosophy |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=81–98
Social liberalism was developed in the United Kingdom in the mid-20th century,{{Sfn|Dahrendorf|1991|p=388}} where it took the form of [[New liberalism (ideology)|new liberalism]].<ref name=":11" /> The identification of centre-left ideologies as "liberal" is most common to the United States.{{Sfn|Woshinsky|2007|p=111}} Liberalism is less common in regions such as Africa and Asia, where there is no [[individualist]] or [[liberal democratic]] tradition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sindima |first=Harvey |date=1990 |title=Liberalism and African Culture |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002193479002100205 |journal=Journal of Black Studies |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=190–209 |doi=10.1177/002193479002100205
=== Progressivism ===
{{Main|Progressivism}}
Progressivism is the support of continuous [[social reform]] to improve society [[Gradualism|gradually]], opposing [[revolutionary]] or [[Conservatism|conservative]] politics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Freeden |first=Michael |date=2014 |title=Progress and Progressivism: Thoughts on an Elusive Term |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1478-9302.12042 |journal=Political Studies Review |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=68–74 |doi=10.1111/1478-9302.12042 |issn=1478-9299 |s2cid=145271709}}</ref> It is typically associated with the centre-left ideologies of social liberalism and social democracy, though communist and centrist ideologies have sometimes been involved in progressive politics.{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=3}}<ref name=":1" /> There is great divergence within the progressive movement, with disagreement in what reforms should be attempted and how they can be implemented,<ref name=":1" /> though [[Redistribution of income and wealth|redistributive]] policies are a common theme within progressivism.<ref name=":0" /> Progressivism first developed in the United Kingdom and the United States during the 19th century.<ref name=":0" />
Green politics is an ideological movement that advocates a political focus on [[ecology]] and [[nonviolence]].{{Sfn|Talshir|2002|pp=33–34}} It challenges modern [[industrialisation]] and institutions through a lens of [[social justice]]{{Sfn|Talshir|2002|p=268}} while rejecting traditional political philosophy and organization.{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|p=281}} Definitions of the scope of green politics may vary; it may be limited to explicitly environmentalist parties, or it may broadly cover political movements descended from [[New Left]] or [[Left-libertarianism|left-libertarian]] ideas.{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|pp=281–282}} Besides environmentalism, green politics often includes support for [[disarmament]],<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Rüdig |first=Wolfgang |date=2002 |title=Between Ecotopia Disillusionment: Green Parties in European Government |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139150209605605 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=20–33 |doi=10.1080/00139150209605605 |issn=0013-9157}}</ref> [[Anti-nuclear movement|ending nuclear power]],<ref name=":12" /> [[degrowth]],{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|p=285}} [[Decentralization|decentralized]] democracy,{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|p=286}} [[feminism]],{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|p=288}} and [[immigration]].{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|p=289}}▼
=== Related ideologies ===
In addition to the most common centre-left ideologies, other ideologies are sometimes described as centre-left or have centre-left variants.<ref name=":6" /> [[Democratic socialism]] supports the abolition of capitalism in favour of socialism, though it opposes the creation of a [[communist state]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=March |first=Luke |url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/ipa/05818.pdf |title=Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream? |date=2008 |publisher=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Internat. Policy Analysis, Division for Internat. Dialogue |isbn=978-3-86872-000-6 |pages=3 |language=en}}</ref> It was historically seen as a centre-left position<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=McIntyre |first=Richard |date=2022-11-02 |title=Democratic Socialism |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08935696.2022.2127726 |journal=Rethinking Marxism |language=en |volume=35 |pages=24–35 |doi=10.1080/08935696.2022.2127726 |issn=0893-5696 |s2cid=253291157}}</ref> and may sometimes be described as such,{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=3}} but modern democratic socialism is typically considered [[Radical politics|radical]] in nature and distinct from centre-left ideologies.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> The [[Third Way]] is a variation of social democratic politics that gained prominence in the 1990s after the decline of traditional social democracy. It advocates reform of the social democratic model to emphasize [[equal opportunity]] over [[equality of outcome]].{{Sfn|Keman|2017|pp=171–173}} To accomplish this, it supports heavy [[deregulation]] and [[privatization]] for the purpose of increasing [[economic growth]] to fund [[Public good (economics)|public goods]] such as education, healthcare, and pensions.{{Sfn|Pierson|2018|p=177}} The Third Way may be defined as centre-left or as [[centrist]].{{Sfn|Keman|2017|pp=175–177}}
▲[[Green politics]] is an ideological movement that advocates a political focus on [[ecology]] and [[nonviolence]].{{Sfn|Talshir|2002|pp=33–34}} It challenges modern [[industrialisation]] and institutions through a lens of [[social justice]]{{Sfn|Talshir|2002|p=268}} while rejecting traditional political philosophy and organization.{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|p=281}} Definitions of the scope of green politics may vary; it may be limited to explicitly environmentalist parties, or it may broadly cover political movements descended from [[New Left]] or [[Left-libertarianism|left-libertarian]] ideas.{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|pp=281–282}} Besides environmentalism, green politics often includes support for [[disarmament]],<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Rüdig |first=Wolfgang |date=2002 |title=Between Ecotopia Disillusionment: Green Parties in European Government |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139150209605605 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=20–33 |doi=10.1080/00139150209605605 |issn=0013-9157}}</ref> [[Anti-nuclear movement|ending nuclear power]],<ref name=":12" /> [[degrowth]],{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|p=285}} [[Decentralization|decentralized]] democracy,{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|p=286}} [[feminism]],{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|p=288}} and [[immigration]].{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|p=289}} Green politics developed from various left-wing ideologies, including social democracy and Marxism, in the 1970s.{{Sfn|Talshir|2002|pp=19–20}} It was initially developed in Australia and New Zealand,<ref name=":12" /> and it first gained influence in Germany as a response to the [[Cold War]] and [[Environmentalism|environmental issues]].{{Sfn|Talshir|2002|pp=33–34}} The presence of green politics in national government is mostly limited to Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, though green political parties briefly held influence during the [[postcommunist]] period of Eastern Europe.<ref name=":12" /> Green political parties have been most successful in Belgium, Finland, France, and Germany, where they integrated into the national party system.{{Sfn|van Haute|2016|p=1}}
[[Christian democracy]] is an ideology that incorporates [[Catholic social teaching]] into a [[secular]] political philosophy.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=Kalyvas |first1=Stathis N. |last2=van Kersbergen |first2=Kees |date=2010-05-01 |title=Christian Democracy |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.021406.172506 |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=183–209 |doi=10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.021406.172506 |issn=1094-2939}}</ref> Though most enduring Christian democratic parties are centrist,{{Sfn|Sigmund|2003|p=75}} those in Latin America have historically ranged across the political spectrum, with centre-left and centre-right variants both being common.{{Sfn|Mainwaring|Scully|2003|p=53}} Christian democrats often support the welfare state,<ref name=":13" /> and social justice has been a frequent theme among Christian democracy parties in Latin America.{{Sfn|Mainwaring|Scully|2003|p=43}} Christian democracy in Europe is not usually associated with the centre-left, instead favouring the centre-right.{{Sfn|Sigmund|2003|p=75}}▼
▲[[Christian democracy]] is an ideology that incorporates [[Catholic social teaching]] into a [[secular]] political philosophy.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |
Though it is often associated with conservatism,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chan |first=Alan K.L. |date=2000 |title=Confucian Ethics and the Critique of Ideology |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09552360020011286 |journal=Asian Philosophy |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=245–261 |doi=10.1080/09552360020011286
== Positions ==
| |||