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Ternopil (Ukrainian: Тернопіль, IPA: [terˈnɔp⁽ʲ⁾ilʲ] ⓘ; Polish: Tarnopol; Yiddish: טארנאפאל, romanized: Tarnapol; Hebrew: טרנופול, romanized: Tarnopol; German: Tannstadt), known until 1944 mostly as Tarnopol, is a city in the west of Ukraine, located on the banks of the Seret. Administratively, it serves as the administrative centre of Ternopil Oblast. Ternopil is one of the major cities of Western Ukraine and the historical regions of Galicia and Podolia. It is served by Ternopil Airport. The population of Ternopil was estimated at 225,004 (2022 estimate).[2]
Ternopil
Тернопіль
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  Ternopil Location within Ukraine Show map of Ukraine Ternopil Ternopil (Ternopil Oblast) Show map of Ternopil Oblast | |
| Coordinates: 49°34′N 25°36′E / 49.567°N 25.600°E / 49.567; 25.600 | |
| Country |  Ukraine |
| Oblast | Ternopil Oblast |
| Raion | Ternopil Raion |
| Hromada | Ternopil urban hromada |
| Founded | 1540 (484 years ago) |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Serhiy Nadal[1] (Svoboda) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 86 km2 (33.2 sq mi) |
| Elevation (mean) | 320 m (1,050 ft) |
| Population
(2022)[2]
| |
| • Total | 225,004 |
| • Density | 2,600/km2 (6,800/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (CEST) |
| Area code | +380 352 |
| Website | rada |
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The city is the administrative centerofTernopil Oblast (region), as well as of surrounding Ternopil Raion (district) within the oblast. It hosts the administration of Ternopil urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.[3]
Until 18 July 2020, Ternopil was designated as a city of oblast significance and did not belong to Ternopil Raion even though it was the center of the raion. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast to three, the city was merged into Ternopil Raion.[4][5]
The city was founded in 1540 by Polish commander and Hetman Jan Amor Tarnowski.[6] Its Polish name Tarnopol means 'Tarnowski's city' and stems from a combination of the founder's family name and the Greek term polis.[7][8] The city served as a military stronghold and castle [6] On 15 April 1540,[6] the King of Poland, Sigismund I the Old,[6]inKraków gave Tarnowski permission to establish Tarnopol,[6] near Sopilcze (Sopilche).[6] protecting the eastern borders of Polish Kingdom from Tatar raids. In 1570, the city passed to the Ostrogski family,[6] and in 1623 to the Zamoyski family.[6] During the Khmelnytsky Uprising, many residents of the city joined the ranks of the Cossack forces.[9] During the 1672–1676 Polish–Ottoman War, Tarnopol was almost completely destroyed by Turkish forces of Ibrahim Shishman Pasha in 1675, then rebuilt by Aleksander Koniecpolski.[9]
In 1772, after the First Partition of Poland, the city came under Austrian rule. In 1809, after the War of the Fifth Coalition, the city came under Russian rule, incorporated into the newly created Ternopol krai, but in 1815 returned to Austrian rule in accordance with the Congress of Vienna. In 1870 Tarnopol was connected by railway with Lemberg.
During World War I the city passed from German and Austrian forces to Russia several times. In 1917, the city and its castle were burned down by fleeing Russian forces.[6] After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the city was proclaimed as part of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on 11 November 1918. After Polish forces captured Lwów during the Polish-Ukrainian War, Tarnopol became the country's temporary capital.[10] After the act of union between the West Ukrainian Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic, Ternopil formally became part of the UPR. On 15 July 1919, the city was captured.[10] by Polish forces. In July and August 1920 the Red Army captured Ternopil in the course of the Polish-Soviet War, and the city served as the capital of the short-lived Galician Soviet Socialist Republic. Under the terms of the Riga treaty, the area remained under Polish control.
As a consequence of the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, Ternopil was incorporated into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic as part of Ternopol Oblast. On 2 July 1941, the city was occupied by the Nazis. Between then and July 1943, 10,000 Jews were killed by Nazi Germans, and another 6,000 were rounded up and sent to Belzec extermination camp. A few hundred others went to labor camps. During most of this time Jews lived in the Tarnopol Ghetto.[11][12] Many Ukrainians were sent as forced labour to Germany. Following the Act of restoration of the Ukrainian state proclaimed in Lviv on 30 June 1941, Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) was active in Ternopil region and battled for the independence of Ukraine, opposing Nazis, Polish Armia Krajowa and People's Army of Poland as well as the Soviets. During the Soviet offensive in March and April 1944, the city was almost completely destroyed by Soviet artillery. [13] Finally, Ternopol was occupied by the Red Army on 15 April 1944. After the second Soviet occupation, 85% of the city's living quarters were destroyed.[6]
Following the Potsdam Conference in 1945, Poland's borders were redrawn and Ternopil was incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union. The ethnic Polish population of the area was forcibly deported to postwar Poland[14] In the following decades, Ternopil was rebuilt in a typical Soviet style and only a few buildings were reconstructed.
Following the fall of the Soviet Union, Ternopil became part of the independent Ukraine as a city of regional significance. On 31 December 2013, the 11th Artillery Brigade, descendant of artillery units that had been based in the city since 1949, was disbanded.[15] In 2020, as part of the administrative reform in Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast to three, the city was merged into Ternopil Raion.[16][17]
During the Russo-Ukrainian War, Ternopil was struck by Russian missiles on 13 May 2023, minutes before Ternopil natives Tvorchi performed at the Eurovision Song Contest 2023.[18]
Ternopil has a moderate continental climate with cold winters and warm summers.
| Climate data for Ternopil (1981–2010, extremes 1949–2011) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.2 (54.0) |
17.3 (63.1) |
25.0 (77.0) |
30.0 (86.0) |
30.2 (86.4) |
37.8 (100.0) |
38.4 (101.1) |
36.1 (97.0) |
32.1 (89.8) |
25.7 (78.3) |
19.9 (67.8) |
13.9 (57.0) |
38.4 (101.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −1.3 (29.7) |
0.0 (32.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
13.2 (55.8) |
19.4 (66.9) |
21.7 (71.1) |
23.8 (74.8) |
23.5 (74.3) |
18.1 (64.6) |
12.3 (54.1) |
4.7 (40.5) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
11.7 (53.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.9 (25.0) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
1.1 (34.0) |
8.0 (46.4) |
14.0 (57.2) |
16.6 (61.9) |
18.5 (65.3) |
17.8 (64.0) |
13.0 (55.4) |
7.7 (45.9) |
1.8 (35.2) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
7.4 (45.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.5 (20.3) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
3.3 (37.9) |
8.7 (47.7) |
11.6 (52.9) |
13.4 (56.1) |
12.7 (54.9) |
8.5 (47.3) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
3.5 (38.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −31.6 (−24.9) |
−31.0 (−23.8) |
−23.9 (−11.0) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
4.0 (39.2) |
3.6 (38.5) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−10.5 (13.1) |
−18.0 (−0.4) |
−27.0 (−16.6) |
−31.6 (−24.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 25.6 (1.01) |
29.7 (1.17) |
33.4 (1.31) |
37.9 (1.49) |
61.1 (2.41) |
77.5 (3.05) |
92.3 (3.63) |
70.9 (2.79) |
56.3 (2.22) |
36.8 (1.45) |
33.4 (1.31) |
35.3 (1.39) |
590.2 (23.24) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.5 | 8.2 | 7.6 | 7.4 | 9.5 | 10.6 | 11.0 | 8.7 | 7.9 | 7.2 | 7.5 | 8.9 | 102.0 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 85.3 | 83.6 | 79.3 | 70.6 | 68.9 | 73.5 | 74.2 | 74.2 | 78.5 | 81.2 | 86.4 | 87.3 | 78.6 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[19] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Climatebase.ru (extremes)[20] | |||||||||||||
According to Ukrainian Census (2001), Ternopil city and Ternopil oblast are homogeneously populated by ethnic Ukrainians. Ternopil city and Ternopil oblast are also homogeneously Ukrainian-speaking.[21]
National structure of Ternopil Oblast - 1,138.5 (100%)
Native languages in Ternopil:
According to a survey conducted by the International Republican Institute in April-May 2023, 98 % of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 1 % spoke Russian.[22][full citation needed]
Ternopil is a centre for the light industry, food industry, radio-electronic and construction industries. In the Soviet and early post-Soviet period, a harvester plant and a porcelain factory operated in the city.
Ternopil is an important railway hub with connections to most major railway stations of Ukraine. The city lies on the M12 international highway connecting western and central regions of Ukraine. Trolleybus lines and a bus station are active in the city. Water transport operates on Ternopil artificial lake mostly for tourist purposes. An airport was opened for civilian traffic in 1985, but ceased commercial operations in 2010.
Universities include:
Ternopil is twinned with:
Erftstadt, Germany since 2023 [25]
Sliven, Bulgaria
Yonkers, United States (since 1991)[26]
ElbląginPoland (since 1992)[27][28] Chorzów, Poland
Prudentopolis, Brazil
Batumi, Georgia[29]Former twin towns include:
In 2021, Ternopil created international outrage, especially in the Jewish community, by deciding to name a city stadium in honor of Nazi collaborator Roman Shukhevych.[30] Shukhevych was the military leader of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army during World War II and was known for his collaboration with the Nazi regime[31][32] as well as his responsibility for the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia. As a result, the City Council of Tarnów decided to suspend its partnership with Ternopil.[33]
Joel Lion, the Israeli Ambassador to Ukraine, expressed Israel’s strong objection to the city's choice to name the stadium in honor of Roman Shukhevych. Lion wrote, "We strongly condemn the decision of Ternopil city council to name the City Stadium after the infamous Hauptman (Captain) of the SS 201st Schutzmannschaft Roman Shukhevych and demand the immediate cancellation of this decision".[32][34]
The Eastern Europe Director of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, Efraim Zuroff wrote, "It is fully understandable that Ternopil seeks to honor those who fought against Soviet Communism, but not those behind the mass murder of innocent fellow citizens." in a statement attempting to convince Ternopil to reconsider the "renaming of its stadium in honor of Nazi collaborator, Hauptmann of the SS Schutzmannschaft 201, Roman Shukhevych, an active participant in the mass murder of Jews and Poles in World War II."[35]
In June 2022, due to full-scale Russian invasion and missile strikes from the territory of Belarus, Ternopil suspended its partnership with the city of Pinsk.
An international open-air music festival called Faine Misto [uk] has been held annually near Ternopil for 2–4 days in July since 2013.[36][37]
{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
...on the German side and Roman Shukhevych ('Tur', 'Taras Chuprynka') as head of the Ukrainian staff, wore the uniform of the Wehrmacht.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Tranopol". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
