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Hallingmål-Valdris

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Hallingmål-Valdris (also known by the individual names Halling, Hallingdøl, or Valdresmål) is a group of Norwegian dialects traditionally spoken in the traditional districts Hallingdal, Buskerud and Valdres, Oppland.^[a]

Hallingmål-Valdris
Halling, Hallingdøl, Valdresmål
Native to	Norway
Region	Hallingdal, Valdres
Language family	Indo-European Germanic Northwest Germanic^[1] North Germanic West Scandinavian Norwegian Eastern Norwegian Midland Norwegian Hallingmål-Valdris
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None
Administrative map of Hallingdal and Valdres Valdres Hallingdal

Phonology

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Consonants

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/rn/ is usually realized as a prestopped nasal [dn̩], while the allophone [ɳ] only occurs in words like baren ([bɑːɳ])^[4] "the bar".^[5]^[b]
/rl/ also has a prestopped realization [dl].^[5]
The phoneme which is commonly called thick L (written /ɽ/inIPA), exists in words that had either ⟨l⟩or⟨rð⟩ in Old Norse. In Vang, /ɽ/ occurs only in the first case.^[7]
The consonant clusters ⟨sk⟩, ⟨skj⟩, and ⟨sj⟩ were not pronounced as [ʂ], only ⟨-rs-⟩ was.^[8] Sørbygdi in Flå pronounces ⟨sj⟩as[ʂ], while Gulsvik pronounces it as [ʂj].^[9]
The consonant clusters ⟨sl⟩ and ⟨tl⟩ were mostly assimilated to [sl]. Hol and Ål assimilated these to [l̥],^[10]^[11] and Sørbygdi in Flå assimilated ⟨sl⟩to[ʂl].^[9]
The clusters ⟨-ld⟩, ⟨-nd⟩ and ⟨-mb⟩ are pronounced as spelled.^[12]^[13]^[14]
The Old Norse cluster ⟨-fn⟩ is pronounced as assimilated [bdn]or[bn].^[13]

Vowels

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The back vowels [ʊ, uː] and [ɔ, oː] in older Hallingmål-Valdris were pronounced as in Old Norse, without the vowel shift to, respectively, [ʉ, ʉː] and [ʊ, uː] that is found in most other Norwegian dialects.^[15]^[16]
The short Old Norse vowels ⟨o⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ are pronounced as central [ɞ] almost everywhere, except for Ål (but not Torpo), where these are back [ɔ].^[7]^[17]^[18]InValdres (except for Vang), the schwa /ə/ can also be realized as [ɞ].^[7]
Traditionally, /æ, æː/ were pronounced as open-mid [ɛ, ɛː].^[15]
The words pronounced [e(ː)] and [ɛ(ː)] mean "I" and "am", respectively.^[15]
Itacism is found in southern Hallingdal (Flå, Nes and some in Gol), making the vowel /yː/ to be unrounded to [iː].^[19]
The Old Norse diphthongs ⟨ei⟩, ⟨ey⟩ and ⟨au⟩ are traditionally pronounced as [aɪ̯], [ɔʏ̯] ([eɪ̯] in southern Hallingdal)^[19] and [aʊ̯]. This is occurs today especially in upper Valdres and Hol and Ål.^[7]^[8]

Grammar

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Declension of nouns^[20]^[21]^[c]
Gender		Singular			Plural
Gender		Indefinite	Definite	Dative	Indefinite	Definite	Dative
Feminine	Strong (with i- declension)	[suːɽ]	[suːɽɛ]	[suːɳ]	[ˈsuːˈɽɛ],^[d] [ˈsuːˈɽi]^[e]	[ˈsuːɽˈidn̩]	[ˈsuːˈɽu]
	Strong (with a-decl.)	[jaɪ̯t]	[ˈjaɪ̯ˈtɛ]	[ˈjaɪ̯ˈtn̩]	[jaɪ̯ta]	[ˈjaɪ̯ˈtadn̩]	[ˈjaɪ̯ˈtu]
	Weak (with u-decl.)	[ˈjɛnˈtɛ]	[ˈjɛnˈta]	[ˈjɛnˈtʉn]	[ˈjɛnˈtʉ]	[ˈjɛnˈtʉdn̩]	[ˈjɛnˈtu]
Masculine	Strong (with a-decl.)	[gʉːt]	[gʉːtn̩]	[gʉːta]	[ˈgʉːˈta]	[ˈgʉːˈtadn̩]	[ˈgʉːˈtu]
	Strong (with i-decl.)	[griːs]	[griːsn̩]	[ˈgriːˈsɛ]	[ˈgriːˈsɛ],^[d] [ˈgriːˈsi]^[e]	[ˈgriːˈsidn̩]	[griːsu]
	Weak (with a-decl.)	[ˈbakˈkɛ]	[ˈbakˈkin]	[ˈbakˈka]	[ˈbakˈka]	[ˈbakˈkadn̩]	[ˈbakˈku]
Neutrum	Strong	[hʉːs]	[hʉːsɛ]	[ˈhʉːˈsɛ]	[hʉːs]	[hʉːsɛ]
Neutrum	Weak	[aʊ̯ga]	[aʊ̯ga(ə)]	[aʊ̯gaɛ]	[aʊ̯gʉ],^[f] [aʊ̯gu]^[d]	[aʊ̯gu],^[f] [aʊ̯gʉdn̩]^[d]	[aʊ̯gu]

Personal pronouns^[22]^[23]^[c]
Person	Subjective case	Objective case	Dative case	Possessive
				Feminine				Masculine				Neuter
				Subj./Obj.		Dative		Subj./Obj.		Dative		Subj./Obj.		Dative
				Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
1st p. sg.	[eː]	[meː]	[meː]	[miː]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[miː]	[mɪn]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[miː]	[mɪt]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[miː]
2nd person sg.	[dʉː]	[deː]	[deː]	[diː]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[diː]	[dɪn]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[diː]	[dɪt]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[diː]
3rd p. sg. f.	[huː], [ˈhuːˈna]	[huː], [ˈhuːˈna]	[ˈhɛnˈnɛ], [n]	[ˈhɛnˈnɛ(r)] ([ˈhɛnˈnar]),^[g] [ˈhɛnˈnɛs]^[h]
3rd p. sg. m.	[han], [n]	[han], [n]	[huːnu], [u]	[has]
3rd p. sg. n.	[dɛ]	[dɛ]	[di]	[siː]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[siː]	[sɪn]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[siː]	[sɪt]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[siː]
1st p. pl.	[meː], [mɞː]^[i]	[ʉs], [ɞs]^[j]	[ʉs], [ɞs]^[j]	[voːr]				[voʈ]		[ˈvoːˈre]^[k]					[ˈvoːˈru]
2nd p. pl.	[deː], [dɞː]^[i]	[ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)]^[l]	[ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)]^[l]	[ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)]^[l]
3rd p. pl	[daɪ̯]	[daɪ̯]	[daɪ̯]	[ˈdaɪ̯ˈris], [ˈdeːˈris], [ˈdeːˈres]^[j]

Citations

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Notes

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^ The southern villages Begnadalen and Hedalen in Sør-Aurdal, Valdres don't speak Valdris,^[2] as their dialect is closer to the Ringerike dialect.^[3]

^ It may also be realized as [tn̩]inHemsedal, Gol and the southern villages in Valdres, although this only occurs in plural definite form.^[6]^[5]

^ ^a ^b The IPA used here is with the traditional diphthongs, and the vowel shift.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Only used in Valdres.^[21]

^ ^a ^b Only used in Hallingdal and the southern villages in Valdres.^[21]

^ ^a ^b Only used in Hallingdal.^[21]

^ These forms are used interchangeably,^[24] though Hallingdal only uses the first, without the r.^[25]

^ Only used in Aurdal and Etnedal.^[24]

^ ^a ^b Only used in Valdres, except for Vang.^[24]

^ ^a ^b ^c Only used in Sør-Aurdal.^[24]

^ In the older dialects of Vang and Slidre, [ˈvoːˈra] has been used for feminine, but is not used today.^[26]

^ ^a ^b ^c Only used in Hol and Ål.^[27]

References

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^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). "Older Runic". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 2022-11-13. Retrieved 2022-11-13.

^ Kvåle 1999, p. 7.

^ Jahr 1990, p. 57.

^ Kvåle 1999, p. 12.

^ ^a ^b ^c Skjekkeland 1997, p. 116.

^ Kvåle 1999, p. 19, 21.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Jahr 1990, p. 58.

^ ^a ^b Kvåle 1999, p. 17.

^ ^a ^b Venås 1977, p. 36.

^ Ross 1907, p. 20.

^ Venås 1977, p. 16.

^ Kvåle 1999, p. 18.

^ ^a ^b Skjekkeland 1997, p. 216.

^ Venås 1977, p. 48.

^ ^a ^b ^c Kvåle 1999, p. 15.

^ Skjekkeland 1997, p. 47.

^ Kvåle 1999, p. 16.

^ Venås, Kjell. "dialekter i Hallingdal". snl.no. Retrieved 8 July 2015.

^ ^a ^b Jahr 1990, p. 56.

^ Kvåle 1999, p. 20-25.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ross 1907, p. 22.

^ Kvåle 1999, p. 32-34.

^ Venås 1977, p. 127-133.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kvåle 1999, p. 32.

^ Venås 1977, p. 127-128.

^ Kvåle 1999, p. 34.

^ Venås 1977, p. 129.

Literature

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Jahr, Ernst Håkon (1990). Den Store dialektboka (in Norwegian). Oslo: Novus. ISBN 8270991678.

Kvåle, Karen Marie (1999). Dè è'kji gøtt veta ko dai saia: talemålsendring i Valdres (in Norwegian). Oslo: Valdreslaget i Oslo. ISBN 8299538505.

Ross, Hans (1907). Norske bygdemaal. 3-6: Oust-telemaal o numedalsmaal; Hallingmaal o valdresmaal; Gudbrandsdalsmaal; Upplandsmaal (in Norwegian). Christiania: Kommission hos Jacob Dybwad.

Skjekkeland, Martin (1997). Dei norske dialektane: tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla (in Norwegian). Kristiansand: Høyskoleforlaget. ISBN 8276341039.

Strand, Thea Randina (2009). Varieties in Dialogue: Dialect Use and Change in Rural Valdres, Norway. The University of Arizona. ISBN 978-1109104257.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Venås, Kjell (1977). Hallingmålet (in Norwegian). Oslo: Samlaget. ISBN 8252107176.

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