Émile Picard: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|French mathematician (1856–1941)}}

| honorific_suffix = [[Royal Society of London|FRS(For)]] [[FRSE]]

| birth_name = Charles Émile Picard

| birth_place = [[Paris]], [[Second French Empire|France]]

| alma_mater = [[École normale supérieure (Paris)|École Normale Supérieure]] (Paris)

| thesis_title = Applications des complexes lineaires a l'etude des surfaces et des courbes gauches

| doctoral_advisor = [[Gaston Darboux]]

| known_for = [[Picard functor]]<br>[[Picard group]]<br>[[Picard horn]]<br>[[Picard modular group]]<br>[[Picard modular surface]]<br>[[Picard theorem]]<br>[[Picard variety]]<br>[[Picard–Lefschetz formula]]<br>[[Picard–Lindelöf theorem]]<br>[[Picard–Vessiot theory]]<br>[[Picard–Fuchs equation]]<br>[[Painlevé transcendents]]

| awards = [[Fellow of the Royal Society|ForMemRS]] {{small|(1909)}}<ref name="frs"/><br>[[Poncelet Prize]] {{small|(1886)}}

'''Charles Émile Picard''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Royal Society of London|FRS(For)]]<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Hadamard | first1 = J. | author-link = Jacques Hadamard| title = Emile Picard. 1856–1941 | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1942.0012 | journal = [[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 4 | issue = 11 | pages = 129–150| year = 1942 | s2cid = 162244074 }}</ref> [[FRSE]]}} ({{IPA-fr|ʃaʁl emil pikaʁ|lang}}; 24 July 1856 – 11 December 1941) was a French [[mathematician]]. He was elected the fifteenth member to occupy seat 1 of the [[Académie française]] in 1924.<ref>{{MacTutor Biography|id= Picard_Emile}}</ref>

He was born in [[Paris]] on 24 July 1856 and educated there at the [[Lycée Henri-IV]]. He then studied mathematics at the [[École normale supérieure (Paris)|École Normale Supérieure]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0-902-198-84-X| url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Picard's mathematical papers, textbooks, and many popular writings exhibit an extraordinary range of interests, as well as an impressive mastery of the mathematics of his time. [[Picard's little theorem]] states that every nonconstant [[entire function]] takes every value in the [[complex plane]], with perhaps one exception. [[Picard's great theorem]] states that an [[analytic function]] with an [[essential singularity]] takes every value infinitely often, with perhaps one exception, in any neighborhood of the singularity. He made important contributions in the theory of [[differential equation]]s, including work on [[Picard–Vessiot theory]], [[Painlevé transcendents]] and his introduction of a kind of [[symmetry group]] for a [[linear differential equation]]. He also introduced the [[Picard group]] in the theory of [[algebraic surface]]s, which describes the classes of [[algebraic curve]]s on the surface modulo linear equivalence. In connection with his work on function theory, he was one of the first mathematicians to use the emerging ideas of [[algebraic topology]]. In addition to his theoretical work, Picard made contributions to [[applied mathematics]], including the theories of [[telegraphy]] and [[Elasticity (physics)|elasticity]]. His collected papers run to four volumes.

[[Louis Couturat]] studied [[integral calculus]] with Picard in 1891-1892, taking detailed notes of the lectures. These notes were preserved and now are available in three cahiers from [[Internet Archive]].<ref>[[Louis Couturat]] notes (1891,2) [https://archive.org/details/ENS01_Ms0124_01/page/n1 Cours de Calcul Integral par M. Picard, cahier 1], [https://archive.org/details/ENS01_Ms0124_02/page/n2 cahier 2], [https://archive.org/details/ENS01_Ms0124_03/page/n2 cahier 3]</ref>

He wrote a classic textbook on [[Mathematical analysis|analysis]] and one of the first textbooks on the [[theory of relativity]]. Picard's popular writings include biographies of many leading French mathematicians, including his father in law, [[Charles Hermite]].

Picard was an International Honorary Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-09 |title=Charles Emile Picard |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/charles-emile-picard |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref> an International Member of the United States [[National Academy of Sciences]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emile Picard |url=https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001877.html |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref> and an International Member of the [[American Philosophical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=C.+Emile+Picard&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>

In 1881 he married Marie, the daughter of [[Charles Hermite]].

==Society==

Charles Émile Picard was one of the founder members in 1930 of the [[Society of Friends of André-Marie Ampère]] which was created to develop the first science museum in France, the [[Ampère Museum]] close to [[Lyons]].<ref>{{cite journal

| title = Bulletin de la Société des Amis d'André-Marie Ampère

| journal = Bulletin de la Société des Amis d'André-Marie Ampère

| location = Malkoff (Seine)

| year = 1931

| volume = 1

| language = French

| publisher = Société des Amis d'André-Marie Ampère

}}</ref>

==Works==

* 1891–96: {{cite book | title=Traité d'Analyse | year=1891 | url=https://archive.org/details/traitdanalyse07picagoog | location=Paris | publisher=Gauthier-Villars et fils | oclc=530823}}<ref>{{cite journal|author=Craig, T.|author-link=Thomas Craig (mathematician)|title=Picard's ''Traité d'Analyse''|journal=[[Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society]]|year=1893|volume=3|issue=2|pages=39–65|url=http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1893-03-02/S0002-9904-1893-00166-3/|doi=10.1090/s0002-9904-1893-00166-3|doi-access=free}}</ref>

* 1905: {{cite book | title=La science Moderne et son état Actuel | year=1914 | url=https://archive.org/details/lasciencemodern01picagoog | location=Paris | publisher=E. Flammarion | oclc=43307396}}

* 1906 : (with Georges Simart) [https://archive.org/details/thoriedesfoncti00simagoog/page/n7 Theorie des Fonctions Algebrique de deux Variables Independente] volume 2, via [[Internet Archive]]

* 1922: {{cite book | title=La Théorie de la Relativité et ses Applications à l'astronomie | year=1922 | url=https://archive.org/details/lathoriedelare00picauoft | location=Paris | publisher=Gauthier-Villars | oclc=1025334}}

* 1922: {{cite book | title=Discours et Mélanges | year=1922 | url=https://archive.org/details/discoursetmlan00picauoft | location=Paris | publisher=Gauthier-Villars | oclc=4855336}}

* 1931: {{cite book | title=Éloges et Discours Académiques | location=Paris | publisher=s.n. | oclc=13473598}}

* 1978–81: {{cite book| title=Œuvres de Ch.-É. Picard | location=Paris | publisher=Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique | volume=I–IV | oclc=4615520}}

* [[Émile Picard Medal]]

* [[Picard modular group]]

* [[Picard modular surface]]

* [[Picard horn]]

{{Commons category-inline}}

* {{MathGenealogy|id=34266}}

* {{Gutenberg author | id=40486| name=Émile Picard}}

[[Category:French mathematical analysts]]

[[Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour]]

[[Category:Members of the Académie Française]]

[[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences]]

[[Category:Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences]]

[[Category:Honorary Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)]]

[[Category:Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala]]

[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]