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→Prehistory: no such thing as 'Upper' Carboniferous period but 'Late' will do
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{{short description|Mountain range in Poland}} |
{{short description|Mountain range in Poland}} |
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{{Infobox mountain |
{{Infobox mountain |
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| name = Świętokrzyskie Mountains |
| name = Świętokrzyskie Mountains |
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| native_name = |
| native_name = |
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| width_km = |
| width_km = |
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| width_orientation = |
| width_orientation = |
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| highest = Łysica |
| highest = [[Łysica]] |
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| elevation_m = 614 |
| elevation_m = 614 |
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| coordinates = {{coord|50|54|N|20|54|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |
| coordinates = {{coord|50|54|N|20|54|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |
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}} |
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[[File:Świętokrzyskie Mountains.jpg| |
[[File:Świętokrzyskie Mountains.jpg|upright=1.5|thumb|Świętokrzyskie Mountains]] |
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[[File:Jaskinia Raj.jpg|thumb|[[Paradise Cave]] (Jaskinia Raj) has many well-preserved [[karst]] forms]] |
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The '''Świętokrzyskie Mountains''' ({{lang-pl|Góry Świętokrzyskie}}, {{IPA-pl|ˈɡurɨ ɕfjɛntɔˈkʂɨskʲɛ|IPA|Pl-Góry_Świętokrzyskie.ogg}}), often anglicized to '''Holy Cross Mountains''', are a [[mountain range]] in central [[Poland]], near the city of [[Kielce]]. |
The '''Świętokrzyskie Mountains''' ({{lang-pl|Góry Świętokrzyskie}}, {{IPA-pl|ˈɡurɨ ɕfjɛntɔˈkʂɨskʲɛ|IPA|Pl-Góry_Świętokrzyskie.ogg}}), often anglicized to '''Holy Cross Mountains''', are a [[mountain range]] in central [[Poland]], near the city of [[Kielce]]. |
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The Świętokrzyskie Mountains are some of the oldest mountains in Europe, and the highest between the [[Sudetes]] and the [[Ural Mountains]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://voyageforum.pl/threads/1312-Najstarsze-g%C3%B3ry-w-Europie|title=Najstarsze góry w Europie|website=voyageforum.pl|accessdate=1 December 2017}}</ref> |
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The mountain range comprises several lesser ranges, the highest of which is Łysogóry (literally "Bald Mountains"). |
The mountain range comprises several lesser ranges, the highest of which is Łysogóry (literally "Bald Mountains"). |
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The two highest peaks are [[Łysica |
The two highest peaks are [[Łysica]], 614 m (2014.44 ft), and [[Łysa Góra]], 594 m (1948.81 ft). |
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Together with the [[Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska]], the mountains form a region called the [[Lesser Poland Upland|Lesser-Poland Upland]] (''Wyżyna Małopolska''). |
Together with the [[Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska]] and some other regions, the mountains form a region called the [[Lesser Poland Upland|Lesser-Poland Upland]] (''Wyżyna Małopolska''). Geologically speaking, the Holy Cross Mountains possess also a margin which extends further than the mountains themselves; the [[Owadów–Brzezinki site|Owadów–Brzezinki palaeontological site]] is situated in the margin of the Holy Cross Mountains, but not in the mountains themselves. |
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They cover an area of 1684 km |
They cover an area of 1684 km<sup>2</sup> (650 mi<sup>2</sup>). |
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The approximate location is {{Coord|50|53|N|20|55|E}}. |
The approximate location is {{Coord|50|53|N|20|55|E}}. |
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==Prehistory== |
==Prehistory== |
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The Świętokrzyskie Mountains are one of the oldest mountain ranges in Europe. They were formed during the [[Caledonian orogeny]] of the [[Silurian]] period and then rejuvenated in the [[Hercynian orogeny]] of the Late [[Carboniferous]] period.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Duckeck (http://www.JochenDuckeck.de/)|first=Jochen|title=Poland by Region: Góry Świętokrzyskie|url=https://www.showcaves.com/english/pl/region/Swietokrzyskie.html|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Show Caves of the World|language=en}}</ref> |
The Świętokrzyskie Mountains are one of the oldest mountain ranges in Europe.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} They were formed during the [[Caledonian orogeny]] of the [[Silurian]] period and then rejuvenated in the [[Hercynian orogeny]] of the Late [[Carboniferous]] period.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Duckeck (http://www.JochenDuckeck.de/)|first=Jochen|title=Poland by Region: Góry Świętokrzyskie|url=https://www.showcaves.com/english/pl/region/Swietokrzyskie.html|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Show Caves of the World|language=en}}</ref> |
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The region was once on the southern coast of the ancient [[supercontinent]] of [[Laurasia]]. The oldest known evidence of [[tetrapods]] comes from 395-million-year old fossil footprints found in [[Zachełmie, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship|Zachełmie]]. The rocks were formed from a marine tidal flat or lagoon.<ref name=nature>{{cite news | first = Rex | last = Dalton | url = http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100106/full/news.2010.1.html | title = Discovery pushes back date of first four-legged animal | date = January 6, 2010 | work = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | accessdate = January 8, 2010}}</ref><ref name=discovery>{{cite news | first = Jennifer | last = Viegas | url = http://news.discovery.com/animals/tetrapod-tracks-poland.html | title = Earliest Four-Limbed Animals Left Mud Tracks | date = January 6, 2010 | work = [[Discovery Channel|Discovery.com]] | accessdate = January 8, 2010}}</ref> |
The region was once on the southern coast of the ancient [[supercontinent]] of [[Laurasia]]. The oldest known evidence of [[tetrapods]] comes from 395-million-year old fossil footprints found in [[Zachełmie, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship|Zachełmie]]. The rocks were formed from a marine tidal flat or lagoon.<ref name=nature>{{cite news | first = Rex | last = Dalton | url = http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100106/full/news.2010.1.html | title = Discovery pushes back date of first four-legged animal | date = January 6, 2010 | work = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | accessdate = January 8, 2010}}</ref><ref name=discovery>{{cite news | first = Jennifer | last = Viegas | url = http://news.discovery.com/animals/tetrapod-tracks-poland.html | title = Earliest Four-Limbed Animals Left Mud Tracks | date = January 6, 2010 | work = [[Discovery Channel|Discovery.com]] | accessdate = January 8, 2010}}</ref> |
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The mountains have also yielded the oldest evidence of [[Dinosauromorpha]], pushing back the evolution of dinosaurs to small, four-legged animals living during the [[Early Triassic]] period.<ref>{{Cite |
The mountains have also yielded the oldest evidence of [[Dinosauromorpha]], pushing back the evolution of dinosaurs to small, four-legged animals living during the [[Early Triassic]] period.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://europepmc.org/article/med/26083612|access-date=2021-07-09|title=The Origin and Early Radiation of Archosauriforms: Integrating the Skeletal and Footprint Record|last1=Bernardi|first1=M|last2=Klein|first2=H|last3=Petti|first3=FM|last4=Ezcurra|first4=MD|journal=[[PLOS One]]|date=2015-06-17}}</ref> The fossil footprints date to some 250 million years ago, only a couple of million years after the [[Permian–Triassic extinction event]], during a time when the environment was still destabilized.<ref name=discovery2>{{cite news | first = Jennifer | last = Viegas | url = http://news.discovery.com/dinosaurs/dinosaurs-oldest-fossil-evidence.html | title = Oldest Evidence for Dinosaurs in Tiny Footprints | date = October 5, 2010 | work = [[Discovery Channel|Discovery.com]] | accessdate = October 11, 2010}}</ref> Footprints of early [[Bipedalism|bipedal]] dinosaurs known as ''Sphingopus'', from 246 million years ago, have also been found.<ref name=reuters>{{cite news | first = Maggie | last = Fox | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6945WO20101005 | title = First dinosaurs walked on little cat feet | date = October 5, 2010 | work = [[Reuters]] | accessdate = October 11, 2010}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[File:Lysa Gora goloborze 3914 20080703.jpg|thumb| |
[[File:Lysa Gora goloborze 3914 20080703.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Mountain rock rubble (''Gołoborze'')]] |
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From the early [[Middle Ages]] the mountains were a place of extensive [[copper]] and [[iron]] [[mining]]. Later they were also a significant site of [[limestone]] and red [[sandstone]] extraction. The central part of the mountains now contains the [[Świętokrzyski National Park]]. |
From the early [[Middle Ages]] the mountains were a place of extensive [[copper]] and [[iron]] [[mining]]. Later they were also a significant site of [[limestone]] and red [[sandstone]] extraction. The central part of the mountains now contains the [[Świętokrzyski National Park]]. |
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The name "''Holy Cross'' Mountains" refers to a [[Christianity|Christian]] relic from a nearby [[Benedictine]] monastery on [[Łysa Góra]], said to be a small piece of wood from the [[True Cross|Cross]] on which [[Jesus Christ]] was crucified.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Holy Cross Mountains|url=https://www.staypoland.com/holidays-in-poland/holy-cross-mountains/|access-date=2021-07-09|website=www.staypoland.com|language=en-US}}</ref> |
The name "''Holy Cross'' Mountains" refers to a [[Christianity|Christian]] relic from a nearby [[Benedictine]] monastery on [[Łysa Góra]], said to be a small piece of wood from the [[True Cross|Cross]] on which [[Jesus Christ]] was crucified.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Holy Cross Mountains|url=https://www.staypoland.com/holidays-in-poland/holy-cross-mountains/|access-date=2021-07-09|website=www.staypoland.com|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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The region saw some significant partisan activity during World War II (see [[Detached Unit of the Polish Army]], [[Holy Cross Mountains Brigade]]). |
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== Climate == |
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The climate of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains differs from the surrounding regions. The average annual temperature is 6–7 °C. The yearly rainfall ranges from 650 to 900mm. The highest peaks are covered in snow from November to April. The ice sheet persist on average 50–90 days a year. The vegetation period of the highest parts of the mountains is two weeks shorter than in Warsaw and is about 200 days. [[Inversion (meteorology)|Temperature inversion]] occurs – the temperature on the heated slopes can be up to 5 °C higher than in the bottoms of the valleys, located several dozen meters below. |
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== Nature conservation == |
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In order to protect unique values of Świętokrzyskie Mountains [[Świętokrzyski National Park]] was established in 1950. Moreover, many areas are protected by several [[nature park]]s, reserves and [[Natura 2000]] areas. |
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Nature parks in Świętokrzyskie mountains: |
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* [[Jeleniowska Landscape Park]] |
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* [[Cisów-Orłowiny Landscape Park]] |
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* [[Suchedniów-Oblęgorek Landscape Park]] |
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* [[Sieradowice Landscape Park]] |
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* [[Chęciny-Kielce Landscape Park]] |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* {{ |
* {{Commons-inline|Swietokrzyskie Mountains}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Mountain ranges of Poland]] |
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Poland]] |
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[[Category:Landforms of Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship]] |
[[Category:Landforms of Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship]] |
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{{Świętokrzyskie-geo-stub}} |
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| Świętokrzyskie Mountains | |
|---|---|
| Holy Cross Mountains | |
Świętokrzyskie Mountains
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| Highest point | |
| Peak | Łysica |
| Elevation | 614 m (2,014 ft) |
| Coordinates | 50°54′N 20°54′E / 50.900°N 20.900°E / 50.900; 20.900 |
| Geography | |
| Country | Poland |
The Świętokrzyskie Mountains (Polish: Góry Świętokrzyskie, IPA: [ˈɡurɨ ɕfjɛntɔˈkʂɨskʲɛ] ⓘ), often anglicized to Holy Cross Mountains, are a mountain range in central Poland, near the city of Kielce.
The mountain range comprises several lesser ranges, the highest of which is Łysogóry (literally "Bald Mountains").
The two highest peaks are Łysica, 614 m (2014.44 ft), and Łysa Góra, 594 m (1948.81 ft).
Together with the Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska and some other regions, the mountains form a region called the Lesser-Poland Upland (Wyżyna Małopolska). Geologically speaking, the Holy Cross Mountains possess also a margin which extends further than the mountains themselves; the Owadów–Brzezinki palaeontological site is situated in the margin of the Holy Cross Mountains, but not in the mountains themselves.
They cover an area of 1684 km2 (650 mi2).
The approximate location is 50°53′N 20°55′E / 50.883°N 20.917°E / 50.883; 20.917.
The Świętokrzyskie Mountains are one of the oldest mountain ranges in Europe.[citation needed] They were formed during the Caledonian orogeny of the Silurian period and then rejuvenated in the Hercynian orogeny of the Late Carboniferous period.[1]
The region was once on the southern coast of the ancient supercontinentofLaurasia. The oldest known evidence of tetrapods comes from 395-million-year old fossil footprints found in Zachełmie. The rocks were formed from a marine tidal flat or lagoon.[2][3]
The mountains have also yielded the oldest evidence of Dinosauromorpha, pushing back the evolution of dinosaurs to small, four-legged animals living during the Early Triassic period.[4] The fossil footprints date to some 250 million years ago, only a couple of million years after the Permian–Triassic extinction event, during a time when the environment was still destabilized.[5] Footprints of early bipedal dinosaurs known as Sphingopus, from 246 million years ago, have also been found.[6]
From the early Middle Ages the mountains were a place of extensive copper and iron mining. Later they were also a significant site of limestone and red sandstone extraction. The central part of the mountains now contains the Świętokrzyski National Park.
The name "Holy Cross Mountains" refers to a Christian relic from a nearby Benedictine monastery on Łysa Góra, said to be a small piece of wood from the Cross on which Jesus Christ was crucified.[7]
The region saw some significant partisan activity during World War II (see Detached Unit of the Polish Army, Holy Cross Mountains Brigade).
The climate of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains differs from the surrounding regions. The average annual temperature is 6–7 °C. The yearly rainfall ranges from 650 to 900mm. The highest peaks are covered in snow from November to April. The ice sheet persist on average 50–90 days a year. The vegetation period of the highest parts of the mountains is two weeks shorter than in Warsaw and is about 200 days. Temperature inversion occurs – the temperature on the heated slopes can be up to 5 °C higher than in the bottoms of the valleys, located several dozen meters below.
In order to protect unique values of Świętokrzyskie Mountains Świętokrzyski National Park was established in 1950. Moreover, many areas are protected by several nature parks, reserves and Natura 2000 areas.
Nature parks in Świętokrzyskie mountains:
{{cite web}}: External link in |last=
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