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{{Year dab|1144}} |
{{Year dab|1144}} |
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{{Year nav|1144}} |
{{Year nav|1144}} |
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{{C12 year in topic}} |
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[[File: |
[[File:Geoffrey of Anjou Monument.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|[[Geoffrey Plantagenet, CountofAnjou|Geoffrey V]] ('''the Fair''') (1113–1151)]] |
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| ⚫ | Year '''1144''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCXLIV]]''') was a [[leap year starting on Saturday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Julian calendar]]. |
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== Events == |
== Events == |
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<onlyinclude> |
<onlyinclude> |
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===By |
=== Byplace === |
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==== Levant ==== |
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* Autumn – [[Imad al-Din Zengi]], Seljuk governor (''[[atabeg]]'') of [[Mosul]], attacks the [[Artuqids|Artuqid]] forces led by [[Kara Arslan]] – who has made an alliance with [[Joscelin II, Count of Edessa|Joscelin II]], count of [[County of Edessa|Edessa]]. In support of the alliance Joscelin marches out of Edessa with a Crusader army down to the [[Euphrates|Euphrates River]], to cut off Zengi's communications with [[Aleppo]]. Zengi is informed by Muslim observers at [[Harran]] of Joscelin's movements. He sends a detachment to ambush the Crusaders and reaches Edessa with his main army in late November.<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem'', p. 190. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29876-3}}.</ref> |
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* Catalan mercenary [[Reverter de La Guardia]], the main [[Almoravid]] commander in the [[Morocco|Maghrid al-Aqsa]], dies. His elimination opens the regions to the troops of the [[Almohads]].<ref>Picard C. (1997) ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France |
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* [[December 24]] – [[Siege of Edessa (1144)|Siege of Edessa]]: Seljuk forces led by Imad al-Din Zengi conquer the fortress city of Edessa after a four-week siege. Thousands of inhabitants are massacred – only the Muslims are spared. The women and children are sold into slavery.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem'', pp. 190–191. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29876-3}}.</ref> Lacking the forces to take on Zengi, Joscelin II retires to his fortress at [[Turbessel]]. There, he request reinforcements from the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] and Queen-Regent [[Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem|Melisende of Jerusalem]]. |
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==== Europe ==== |
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* Spring – [[Italo-Normans|Italo-Norman]] forces under King [[Roger II of Sicily]] invade the [[Papal States]] to force Pope [[Pope Lucius II|Lucius II]] to accept his truce, but the patrician [[Giordano Pierleoni]], brother of the late Antipope [[Antipope Anacletus II|Anacletus II]], leads the Roman populace to proclaim a constitutional republic free of papal authority with regard to civil rule. Pierleoni takes over the papal capital, and establishes the [[Commune of Rome]] in the style of the old [[Roman Republic]]. |
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* [[December 24]] – The [[County of Edessa]] falls to [[Imad ad-Din Zengi|Zengi]] of [[Mosul]] (''see'' [[Siege of Edessa]]). [[Raymond of Poitiers]], [[Prince of Antioch]], sends Bishop [[Hugh of Jabala]] to seek the aid of [[Pope Eugene III]], while [[Manuel I Comnenus]] brings Raymond under [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] influence. |
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* Summer – [[Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou|Geoffrey V]] ('''the Fair''') completes his conquest of [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]], which comes under [[Angevin Empire|Angevin]] control. In exchange for being recognised as [[Duke of Normandy]] by King [[Louis VII of France]], Geoffrey surrenders half of the county of [[Vexin]] – a region vital to Norman security – to Louis. |
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* The city of [[Montauban]] in southern France is founded by Count [[Alfonso Jordan]] of [[County of Toulouse|Toulouse]]. |
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| ⚫ | * The city of [[Ljubljana]] (modern [[Slovenia]]) is first mentioned in historical records.<ref name="Artis">Mallinus, Daniel. ''La Yougoslavie''. Brussels: Éd. Artis-Historia, 1988. D/1988/0832/27, pp. 37–39.</ref> |
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==== England ==== |
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* Autumn – [[Geoffrey de Mandeville, Earl of Essex|Geoffrey de Mandeville]], 1st [[Earl of Essex]], is mortally wounded by a stray arrow received in a skirmish. Because he is an outlaw, his burial is denied at the monastery he has founded, [[Walden Abbey]]. Geoffrey's body is eventually accepted by the [[Knights Templar]] community for burial within the [[Temple Church]] in [[London]]. |
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* [[Louis VII of France]] capitulates to [[Pope Celestine II]], and so earns the pope's [[Absolution (religious)|absolution]]. |
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* [[Normandy]] comes under [[House of Châteaudun|Angevin]] control, under [[Geoffrey of Anjou]]. |
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* The city of [[Montauban]], [[Kingdom of France|France]], is founded. |
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* The city of [[Ljubljana]] |
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* [[Giordano Pierleoni]] founds the revolutionary [[Commune of Rome]]. |
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* The [[Byzantine]]s fail to reconquer [[Malta]]. |
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==== Africa ==== |
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| ⚫ | * Catalan mercenary [[Reverter de La Guardia]], the main [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravid]] commander in the [[Morocco|Maghrid al-Aqsa]], dies. His elimination opens the regions to the troops of the [[Almohads]].<ref>Picard, C. (1997). ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. p.76.</ref> |
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=== By topic === |
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* [[March 12]] – [[Pope Lucius II]] succeeds [[Pope Celestine II]], as the 166th [[pope]]. |
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| ⚫ | * [[March 22]] – The first example of an [[anti-Semitism|anti-Semitic]] [[blood libel]] is recorded in England, in connection with the murder of [[William of Norwich]]. |
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* [[June 11]] – The [[Basilica of St Denis]] near Paris, in the |
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* The [[Priory]] in [[Lesmahagow]], Scotland, is founded by the [[Benedictine]]s. |
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* The first |
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==== Religion ==== |
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* [[March 8]] – Pope [[Pope Celestine II|Celestine II]] dies at Rome after a 5-month [[pontificate]]. He is succeeded by Lucius II as the 166th pope of the [[Catholic Church]]. |
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| ⚫ | * [[March 22]] – The first example of an [[anti-Semitism|anti-Semitic]] [[blood libel]] is recorded in [[Kingdom of England|England]], in connection with the murder of [[William of Norwich]]. |
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| ⚫ | * [[June 11]] – The [[Basilica of Saint-Denis|Basilica of St. Denis]] near [[Paris]] is completed, and consecrated in the presenceofLouis VII – as the first [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] church. |
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* The [[Lesmahagow Priory]] in [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], is founded after [[John Capellanus|John]], bishop of [[Archdiocese of Glasgow|Glasgow]], and King [[David I of Scotland|David I]] have granted lands at [[Lesmahagow]]. |
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| ⚫ | * The first Knights Templar stronghold is established in the [[Kingdom of León|Kingdom of León and Castile]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=R. A.|title=Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150|journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society|year=1987|volume=37|series=5|pages=31–47 [45]|jstor=3679149}}</ref> |
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</onlyinclude> |
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== Births == |
== Births == |
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* [[ |
* [[August 11]] – [[SinjongofGoryeo|Sinjong]], Korean ruler of [[Goryeo]] (d. [[1204]]) |
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* [[Empress Li Fengniang]] of |
* [[Empress Li Fengniang|Li Fengniang]], Chinese empressofthe [[Song dynasty|Song Dynasty]] (d. [[1200]]) |
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* [[Maria Komnene, Queen of Hungary|Maria Komnene]], queen of [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Hungary and Croatia]] (d. [[1190]]) |
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* [[Matsudono Motofusa]], Japanese [[Nobility|nobleman]] (d. [[1230]]) |
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* [[Minamoto no Tomonaga]], Japanese [[samurai]] (d. [[1160]]) |
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* [[Taira no Tadanori]], Japanese military leader (d. [[1184]]) |
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== Deaths == |
== Deaths == |
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[[ |
* [[March 8]] – [[Pope Celestine II|Celestine II]], pope of the [[Catholic Church]] |
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* [[March |
* [[March 22]] – [[William of Norwich]], English child saint (b. [[1132]]) |
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* [[ |
* [[May 23]] – [[PetronillaofLorraine]], countess of [[County of Holland|Holland]] (b. [[1082]]) |
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* [[ |
* [[June 12]] – [[Al-Zamakhshari]], Persian philosopher (b. [[1075]]) |
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* [[July |
* [[July 17]] – [[Abu Mansur Mauhub al-Jawaliqi]], Arab [[Philology|philologist]] (b. [[1074]]) |
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* [[July 27]] – [[Salomea of Berg]], High Duchess of [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Poland]] (b. [[1099]]) |
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| ⚫ | * September – [[Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex]] |
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* [[October 10]] – [[Alfonso of Capua]], Italo-Norman nobleman (b. [[1120]]) |
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* [[December 24]] – [[Hugh (archbishop of Edessa)|Hugh II]] (or '''Hugo'''), archbishop of [[County of Edessa|Edessa]] |
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| ⚫ | * September – [[Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex|Geoffrey de Mandeville]], English nobleman |
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* [[Abu Tahir Marwazi]], Persian philosopher and scientist |
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* [[Berenguer Ramon, Count of Provence|Berenguer Raymond]] (or '''Ramon'''), French nobleman (b. [[1115]]) |
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* [[Matthew of Edessa]] (or '''Matteos'''), Armenian historian |
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* [[Rahere]] (or '''Raherius'''), Norman priest (approximate date) |
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* [[Reverter de La Guardia]], viscount of [[County of Barcelona|Barcelona]] (or [[1142]]) |
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* [[Zhu Bian]], Chinese diplomat, poet and writer (b. [[1085]]) |
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== References == |
== References == |
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| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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| Centuries: |
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| Decades: |
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| Years: |
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| 1144 by topic |
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| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Art and literature |
| 1144 in poetry |
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| Gregorian calendar | 1144 MCXLIV |
| Ab urbe condita | 1897 |
| Armenian calendar | 593 ԹՎ ՇՂԳ |
| Assyrian calendar | 5894 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1065–1066 |
| Bengali calendar | 551 |
| Berber calendar | 2094 |
| English Regnal year | 9 Ste. 1 – 10 Ste. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1688 |
| Burmese calendar | 506 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6652–6653 |
| Chinese calendar | 癸亥年 (Water Pig) 3841 or 3634 — to — 甲子年 (Wood Rat) 3842 or 3635 |
| Coptic calendar | 860–861 |
| Discordian calendar | 2310 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1136–1137 |
| Hebrew calendar | 4904–4905 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1200–1201 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1065–1066 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4244–4245 |
| Holocene calendar | 11144 |
| Igbo calendar | 144–145 |
| Iranian calendar | 522–523 |
| Islamic calendar | 538–539 |
| Japanese calendar | Kōji 3 / Ten'yō1 (天養元年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1050–1051 |
| Julian calendar | 1144 MCXLIV |
| Korean calendar | 3477 |
| Minguo calendar | 768 before ROC 民前768年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −324 |
| Seleucid era | 1455/1456 AG |
| Thai solar calendar | 1686–1687 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴水猪年 (female Water-Pig) 1270 or 889 or 117 — to — 阳木鼠年 (male Wood-Rat) 1271 or 890 or 118 |
Year 1144 (MCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
