Adding local short description: "British colonists in South Africa", overriding Wikidata description "British colonists who helped settle present-day South Africa" (Shortdesc helper)
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{{more footnotes|date=October 2018}} |
{{more footnotes|date=October 2018}} |
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[[File:Eastern Frontier, Cape of Good Hope, ca 1835.png|thumb|A map of the frontier districts showing Settler locations, c. 1835]] |
[[File:Eastern Frontier, Cape of Good Hope, ca 1835.png|thumb|A map of the frontier districts showing Settler locations, c. 1835]] |
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The '''1820 Settlers''' were several groups of [[United Kingdom|British]] colonists from England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales |
The '''1820 Settlers''' were several groups of [[United Kingdom|British]] colonists from [[England]], [[Ireland]], [[Scotland]], and [[Wales]], settled by the government of the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[Cape Colony]] authorities in the [[Eastern Cape]] of [[South Africa]] in 1820. |
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==Origins== |
==Origins== |
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==Colonisation== |
==Colonisation== |
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Of the 90,000 applicants, |
Of the 90,000 applicants, 19,000 were approved, but only about 4000 could be transported due to financial constraints. Many 1820 Settlers initially arrived in the Cape in about 60 different parties between April and June 1820. They were granted farms near the village of [[Bathurst, Eastern Cape]], and supplied equipment and food against their deposits, but their lack of agricultural experience led many of them to abandon agriculture and withdraw to Bathurst and other settlements like [[Grahamstown]], [[East London, South Africa|East London]] and [[Port Elizabeth]], where they typically reverted to their trades. |
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A group of the 1820 Settlers continued on to [[Natal (region)|Natal]], then a part of [[Zulu Kingdom|Zululand]], home of the [[Zulu people]]. At the time, [[Shaka Zulu|King Shaka]] ruled the territory with highly trained warriors. Leaders of the Natal settlers requested permission from Shaka to stay on the land. When the king witnessed the settlers' technological advances, permission was granted in return for access to firearm technology.{{sfn|Ngubane|1963|p=30}} According to genealogist Shelagh O'Byrne Spencer, among 1820 Settlers who moved to Natal were "John Bailie, the founder of East London, and Charles Kestell, after whose son, the |
A group of the 1820 Settlers continued on to [[Natal (region)|Natal]], then a part of [[Zulu Kingdom|Zululand]], home of the [[Zulu people]]. At the time, [[Shaka Zulu|King Shaka]] ruled the territory with highly trained warriors. Leaders of the Natal settlers requested permission from Shaka to stay on the land. When the king witnessed the settlers' technological advances, permission was granted in return for access to firearm technology.{{sfn|Ngubane|1963|p=30}} According to genealogist Shelagh O'Byrne Spencer, among 1820 Settlers who moved to Natal were "John Bailie, the founder of East London, and Charles Kestell, after whose son, the Rev. John Daniel Kestell of Anglo-Boer War fame, the Free State town of [[Kestell]] is named".{{sfn|O'Byrne Spencer|n.d.}} |
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As always, there were exceptions. After 5 months at sea two ships arrived at the Cape of Good Hope from London via Cork, Ireland. Upon feasting their eyes on the promised land, about 200 settlers lay off shore at Simonstown ("Simons Bay") for a week, before being sailed back all the way to Saldanha. From here they were carted to Clanwilliam ("Jan Disselsvlei") and given tiny pieces of land. All but 5 families (Archer, Stone, et al.) were later rescued and moved to the "Eastern Cape". The five remaining families, culturally isolated from the other British Settlers, had to make do and were quickly absorbed by the Dutch/Afrikaans speaking communities. Understandably, some of these English descendants fought against the English in the Anglo Boer wars.<ref>Stone, H & Stone, J, 2018. Die Stones Van Namakwaland, Pretoria: Bienedell Uitgewers</ref> |
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==Memorial== |
==Memorial== |
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They are commemorated in Grahamstown by the [[1820 Settlers National Monument]], which opened in 1974. A living monument, it hosts plays, musical performances and cultural events, and is supported by the 1820 Settlers Association which was founded in 1920 by [[Sir Walter Stanford]] and other descendants. |
They are commemorated in Grahamstown by the [[1820 Settlers National Monument]], which opened in 1974. A living monument, it hosts plays, musical performances and cultural events, and is supported by the 1820 Settlers Association which was founded in 1920 by [[Sir Walter Stanford]] and other descendants. It also served as a vehicle "to [attempt to] reverse the downward trend of British immigration to South Africa and redress the growing numerical imbalance between Afrikaners and English by bringing British immigrants, particularly ex-servicemen, into the country as settlers."<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Fedorowich |first1=EK |title="FOREDOOMED TO FAILURE": THE RESETTLEMENT OF BRITISH EX-SERVICEMEN IN THE DOMINIONS 1914-1930 |date=June 1990 |publisher=Proquest LLC/ London School of Economics|url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1137/1/U048282.pdf}}</ref> |
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== Notable 1820 Settlers == |
== Notable 1820 Settlers == |
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* [[George Henry Ford]] |
* [[George Henry Ford]] |
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* [[Robert Godlonton]] |
* [[Robert Godlonton]] |
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* Dr. Edward Roberts, a surgeon from Albany who moved to the west and was actually, despite what people may think, the person who brought the printing press to South Africa, as seen in the book (British South Africa, 1897) |
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* Jeremiah Goldswain, an uneducated farmer and former sawyer whose idiosyncratic, phonetically-spelt journal provides insight into early 19th century [[East Midlands English|Midlands English]] pronunciation <ref>{{Cite web |last=Villiers |first=Danie De |title=The Chronicle of Jeremiah Goldswain, Albany Settler of 1820: Vol. I |url=https://hipsa.org.za/publication/the-chronicle-of-jeremiah-goldswain-albany-settler-of-1820-vol-i/ |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=HIPSA |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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* [[Richard Gush]] |
* [[Richard Gush]] |
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* [[Dick King]] |
* [[Dick King]] |
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* [[Thomas Pringle]] |
* [[Thomas Pringle]] |
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* [[Thomas Shone]] |
* [[Thomas Shone]] |
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* [[James Cotterell Hoole]] |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[1820 Settlers National Monument]] |
* [[1820 Settlers National Monument]] |
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* [[Fort Frederick, Eastern Cape]] |
* [[Fort Frederick, Eastern Cape]] |
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* [[Second Boer War]] |
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* [[White Africans of European ancestry|White Africans ]] |
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* [[British diaspora in Africa]] |
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== Notes == |
== Notes == |
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{{Refbegin}} |
{{Refbegin}} |
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* {{cite book|first1=Ivan |last1=Mitford-Barberton|author-link=Ivan Mitford-Barberton|first2=Violet|last2=White|title=Some frontier families: biographical sketches of 100 Eastern Province families before 1840|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reM8AQAAIAAJ|year=1969|publisher=Human and Rousseau}} |
* {{cite book|first1=Ivan |last1=Mitford-Barberton|author-link=Ivan Mitford-Barberton|first2=Violet|last2=White|title=Some frontier families: biographical sketches of 100 Eastern Province families before 1840|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reM8AQAAIAAJ|year=1969|publisher=Human and Rousseau}} |
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* {{cite book|first=Eric |last=Rosenthal|title=Encyclopedia of Southern Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exevmQEACAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Systems for Education}} |
* {{cite book|first=Eric |last=Rosenthal|title=Encyclopedia of Southern Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exevmQEACAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Systems for Education|isbn=9780723214878 }} |
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* {{cite book|first=F.|last=Whinchcombe Powell|title=Hancock's Drift: The Story of the Great Wagon Road, by F. Whinchcombe Powell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNxXtwAACAAJ|year=1964}} |
* {{cite book|first=F.|last=Whinchcombe Powell|title=Hancock's Drift: The Story of the Great Wagon Road, by F. Whinchcombe Powell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNxXtwAACAAJ|year=1964}} |
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* {{cite book|first=L. C. P. |last=Endemann|title=John Parkin of Baakens River Farm and His Family, 1820-1970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jw4JAQAAIAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Human Sciences Research Council|isbn=978-0-86965-500-9}} |
* {{cite book|first=L. C. P. |last=Endemann|title=John Parkin of Baakens River Farm and His Family, 1820-1970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jw4JAQAAIAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Human Sciences Research Council|isbn=978-0-86965-500-9}} |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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{{Commons category |
{{Commons category}} |
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* [https:// |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140508063514/http://www.foundation.org.za/index.php?pid=23 Grahamstown Foundation and 1820 Settlers National Monument] |
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* [http://www.1820settlers.com/genealogy/association/index.php 1820 Settlers Association] |
* [http://www.1820settlers.com/genealogy/association/index.php 1820 Settlers Association] |
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* [http://www.1820settlers.com 1820Settlers.com, a genealogy website] |
* [http://www.1820settlers.com 1820Settlers.com, a genealogy website] |
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
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The 1820 Settlers were several groups of British colonists from England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, settled by the government of the United Kingdom and the Cape Colony authorities in the Eastern CapeofSouth Africa in 1820.
After the Napoleonic Wars, Britain experienced a serious unemployment problem. Many of the 1820 Settlers were poor and the Cape government encouraged them to settle in the Eastern Cape in an attempt to strengthen the eastern frontier against the neighbouring Xhosa peoples, and to provide a boost to the English-speaking population of South Africa. The settlement policy led to the establishment of Albany, South Africa, a centre of the British diaspora in Africa.
Of the 90,000 applicants, 19,000 were approved, but only about 4000 could be transported due to financial constraints. Many 1820 Settlers initially arrived in the Cape in about 60 different parties between April and June 1820. They were granted farms near the village of Bathurst, Eastern Cape, and supplied equipment and food against their deposits, but their lack of agricultural experience led many of them to abandon agriculture and withdraw to Bathurst and other settlements like Grahamstown, East London and Port Elizabeth, where they typically reverted to their trades.
A group of the 1820 Settlers continued on to Natal, then a part of Zululand, home of the Zulu people. At the time, King Shaka ruled the territory with highly trained warriors. Leaders of the Natal settlers requested permission from Shaka to stay on the land. When the king witnessed the settlers' technological advances, permission was granted in return for access to firearm technology.[1] According to genealogist Shelagh O'Byrne Spencer, among 1820 Settlers who moved to Natal were "John Bailie, the founder of East London, and Charles Kestell, after whose son, the Rev. John Daniel Kestell of Anglo-Boer War fame, the Free State town of Kestell is named".[2]
As always, there were exceptions. After 5 months at sea two ships arrived at the Cape of Good Hope from London via Cork, Ireland. Upon feasting their eyes on the promised land, about 200 settlers lay off shore at Simonstown ("Simons Bay") for a week, before being sailed back all the way to Saldanha. From here they were carted to Clanwilliam ("Jan Disselsvlei") and given tiny pieces of land. All but 5 families (Archer, Stone, et al.) were later rescued and moved to the "Eastern Cape". The five remaining families, culturally isolated from the other British Settlers, had to make do and were quickly absorbed by the Dutch/Afrikaans speaking communities. Understandably, some of these English descendants fought against the English in the Anglo Boer wars.[3]
They are commemorated in Grahamstown by the 1820 Settlers National Monument, which opened in 1974. A living monument, it hosts plays, musical performances and cultural events, and is supported by the 1820 Settlers Association which was founded in 1920 by Sir Walter Stanford and other descendants. It also served as a vehicle "to [attempt to] reverse the downward trend of British immigration to South Africa and redress the growing numerical imbalance between Afrikaners and English by bringing British immigrants, particularly ex-servicemen, into the country as settlers."[4]
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