46P/Wirtanen: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 05:49, 12 May 2024

46P/Wirtanen
Wirtanen at perihelion on 12 December 2018
Discovery
Discovered by	Carl A. Wirtanen
Discovery date	January 17, 1948
Designations
Alternative designations	1961 IV; 1960m; 1967 XIV; 1967k; 1974 XI; 1974i; 1986 VI; 1985q; 1991 XVI; 1991s; 46P/1948 A1; 1947 XIII; 1948b; 46P/1954 R2; 1954 XI; 1954j
Orbital characteristics^[1]
Epoch	2023-02-25 (JDT 2460000.5)
Aphelion	5.127 AU
Perihelion	1.055 AU
Semi-major axis	3.091 AU
Eccentricity	0.65867
Orbital period	5.43 yr
Inclination	11.749°
Last perihelion	December 12, 2018^[1] July 9, 2013^[2] February 2, 2008
Next perihelion	2024-May-19^[1]
Earth MOID	0.071 AU (10,600,000 km)^[3]
Physical characteristics
Dimensions	1.4 km (radar)^[4]
Synodic rotation period	8.9 hours^[4]

Perihelion distance at different epochs^[5]
Epoch	Perihelion (AU)
1967	1.61
1974	1.26
1986	1.08
2013	1.05
2035	1.08
2046	1.22
2059	1.98
2095	2.01

46P/Wirtanen is a small short-period comet with a current orbital period of 5.4 years.^[6]^[7] It was the original target for close investigation by the Rosetta spacecraft, planned by the European Space Agency, but an inability to meet the launch window caused Rosetta to be sent to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko instead.^[8] It belongs to the Jupiter family of comets, all of which have aphelia between 5 and 6 AU. Its diameter is estimated at 1.4 kilometres (0.9 mi). In December 2019, astronomers reported capturing an outburst of the comet in substantial detail by the TESS space telescope.^[6]^[7]

Discovery

46P/Wirtanen was discovered photographically on January 17, 1948, by the American astronomer Carl A. Wirtanen.^[9] The plate was exposed on January 15 during a stellar proper motion survey for the Lick Observatory. Due to a limited number of initial observations, it took more than a year to recognize this object as a short-period comet.

Perihelion passages

The July 2013 perihelion passage was not favorable, only reaching a magnitude of 14.7.^[10] Between January 23 and September 26 of 2013, the comet had an elongation less than 20 degrees from the Sun.

On 16 December 2018 the comet passed 0.07746 AU (11.6 million km; 7.20 million mi; 30.1 LD) from Earth,^[3] marking one of the 10 closest comet flybys of Earth in 70 years.^[11] The comet reached an estimated magnitude of 3.9,^[12] making this pass the brightest one predicted, and the brightest close approach for the next 20 years.^[10] The comet experienced six outbursts, with the comet brightening by −0.2 to −1.6 magnitudes.^[13]

The 2018 close approach, combined with Wirtanen's brightness provides an opportunity to study a potential future spacecraft mission target in detail. A worldwide observing campaign^[14] was organized to capitalize on the favorable circumstances of the 2018 apparition.

Exploration proposals

The comet was the target for the proposed Comet Hopper mission, which reached the finalist stage in the NASA Discovery program. It was one of only three missions in that selection to have a more detailed study. The selection process was ultimately won in 2012 by the InSight mission, a Mars lander. The Comet Hopper was designed to use the ASRG, the Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator.

The Comet Hopper mission, if it were selected, would have had multiple science goals over the 7.3 years of its nominal lifetime. At roughly 4.5 AU the spacecraft would rendezvous with Comet Wirtanen and begin to map the spatial heterogeneity of surface solids as well as gas and dust emissions from the coma - the nebulous envelope around the nucleus of a comet. The remote mapping would also allow for any nucleus structure, geologic processes, and coma mechanisms to be determined. After arriving at the comet, the spacecraft would approach and land, then subsequently hop to other locations on the comet. As the comet approached the Sun, the spacecraft would land and hop multiple times.^[16] The final landing would occur at 1.5 AU. As the comet approached the Sun and became more active, the spacecraft would be able to record surface changes.^[17]

Associated meteor showers

2023

Close approaches to Jupiter in 1972 and 1984 moved the comet's orbit closer to Earth, and as of epoch 2018 the comet has an Earth–MOID of 0.071 AU (10.6 million km; 6.6 million mi; 28 LD).^[3] In 2023 Earth is expected to pass through a denser part of the 1974 meteoroid stream than Earth did in 2007.^[20] The meteors would make atmospheric entry (Ve) at a relatively slow 15 km/s (10.3 km/s (Vg) before the influence of Earth's gravity). The radiant is near the southern constellation of Sculptor.

Possible meteoroid stream activity^[20]
Date	Stream
2007	1974
2018	1980
2023-December-12 10:54 UT	1974

2012

Russian forecaster Mikhail Maslov had predicted that the Earth's orbit would cross Comet Wirtanen's debris stream as many as four times between December 10 and December 14, 2012. As there had not previously been an encounter with this debris stream, it was not certain whether or not a meteor shower would be visible from Earth, but there was speculation that a shower with as many as 30 meteors per hour might occur.^[21]

Observers in Australia reported that on the night of December 14, 2012, as many as a dozen meteors were seen emanating from the predicted radiant in the constellation of Pisces.^[22]

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