Adler Planetarium: Difference between revisions

{{short description|Astronomical museum in Chicago, Illinois}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}

{{Infobox NRHP

| name = The Adler Planetarium

| nrhp_type = nhl

| image = Adler Planetarium E.jpg

| caption = The planetarium in 2022

| location = 1300 S. Lake Shore Drive<br />[[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], United States

| coordinates = {{coord|41|51|59|N|87|36|24|W|display=inline,title}}

| locmapin = United States Chicago Central

| map_caption = Location in central Chicago

| area =

| built = 1930

| architect = Ernest Grunsfeld Jr.

| architecture = Art Deco

| designated_nrhp_type = February 27, 1987<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web

|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1983&ResourceType=Building

|title=Adler Planetarium

|access-date=October 13, 2007

|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing

|publisher=[[National Park Service]]

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103060434/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1983&ResourceType=Building

|archive-date=January 3, 2008

}}</ref>

| added = February 27, 1987<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>

| refnum = 87000819

}}

The '''Adler Planetarium''' is a public [[museum]] in [[Chicago]], Illinois, dedicated to [[astronomy]] and [[astrophysics]]. It was founded in 1930 by local businessman [[Max Adler (1866–1952)|Max Adler]]. Located on the northeastern tip of [[Northerly Island]] on [[Lake Michigan]], the Adler Planetarium was the first [[planetarium]] in the United States. It is part of Chicago's [[Museum Campus]], which includes the [[Shedd Aquarium|John G. Shedd Aquarium]] and [[The Field Museum]]. The Planetarium's mission is to inspire exploration and understanding of the universe.

The Adler Planetarium opened to the public on May 12, 1930.<ref name=adlerhistory>{{cite web|title=Adler History -- Adler Planetarium|url=http://www.adlerplanetarium.org/faq/|publisher=Adler Planetarium|access-date=February 3, 2014|archive-date=September 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912093626/https://www.adlerplanetarium.org/faq/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its [[architect]], Ernest A. Grunsfeld Jr., was awarded the gold medal of the Chicago chapter of the [[American institute of architects|American Institute of Architects]] in 1931 for its design.<ref>{{cite web |author=Fox |first=Phillip |date=September 1933 |title=Adler Planetarium and Astronomical Museum, An Account of the Optical Planetarium and a Brief Guide to the Museum |url=http://adlerplanetarium.tripod.com/#1933book |publisher=Lakeside Press |page=8}}</ref> In 1987, it was declared a [[National Historic Landmark]].<ref name="nhlsum"/><ref name="nrhpinv2">{{citation |author=Charleton |first=James H. |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination: Adler Planetarium / Adler Planetarium and Astronomical Museum |date=October 1985 |url={{NHLS url|id=87000819}} |publisher=National Park Service}} and {{NHLS url|id=87000819|title=Accompanying 2 photos, exterior, from 1985.|photos=y}}&nbsp;{{small|(461&nbsp;KB)}}</ref>

The Adler has three theaters, space science exhibitions, including the [[Gemini 12]] space capsule, and a collection of antique scientific instruments and print materials. In addition, the Adler Planetarium hosts the [https://www.adlerplanetarium.org/explore/exhibits/doane-observatory/ Doane Observatory], a research-active public observatory.

The planetarium is surrounded by sculptures including: ''[[Man Enters the Cosmos]]'' by [[Henry Moore]] (1980); ''[[Spiral Galaxy (sculpture)|Spiral Galaxy]]'' by [[John David Mooney]] (1998); and ''[[America's Courtyard]]'' by Ary Perez and Denise Milan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1999-06-21/news/9906210127_1_solstice-sculpture-stones|title=Idea for New Sculpture Outside Planetarium Was Set in Stonehenge|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=1999-06-21|access-date=2017-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.artic.edu/aic/education/sciarttech/2b2.html |title=Public Sculpture at the Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum |access-date=November 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212130452/http://www.artic.edu/aic/education/sciarttech/2b2.html |archive-date=December 12, 2007 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

==History of the Adler==

[[File:Illinois - Chicago - NARA - 23939595 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Adler Planetarium, 1930s]]

[[File:Adler planetarium landmark Chicago 2015-104.jpg|thumb|Adler planetarium landmark marker|upright=1.2]]

===Establishment===

In 1913, [[Oskar von Miller]] of the [[Deutsches Museum]] commissioned [[Carl Zeiss AG|Carl Zeiss Works]] to design a mechanism that projects an image of celestial bodies onto a dome. This was achieved by [[Walther Bauersfeld]] and the invention became known as a planetarium when it debuted in 1923. Its popularity spread, and by 1929, there were fifteen planetariums in Germany, two in Italy, one in Russia, and one in Austria.<ref name=science>{{cite journal|title=The Adler Planetarium and Astronomical Museum|jstor=1654528|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|date=August 9, 1929|volume=LXX|number=1806|page=137|doi=10.1126/science.70.1806.137|bibcode = 1929Sci....70..137. }}</ref> [[Max Adler (Sears)|Max Adler]], a former executive with [[Sears|Sears, Roebuck & Co.]] in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], had recently retired to focus on philanthropic endeavors, primarily on behalf of musical and Jewish communities. However, after listening to a friend describe a [[Munich]] planetarium, Adler decided that a planetarium would fit in well within the emerging Museum Campus in Chicago. Adler visited the Munich planetarium with his cousin, architect Ernest Grunsfeld Jr., whom Adler commissioned to design the Chicago structure.<ref name="nrhpinv2"/> He also learned about a sale of astronomical instruments and antiques by W. M. Mensing in [[Amsterdam]], which he purchased the following year. The Mensing Collection became the focus of the Astronomical Museum.{{sfn|Marche|2005|p=59–60}} Adler offered $500,000 in 1928 for the construction of the first planetarium in the [[Western Hemisphere]].<ref name=science/>

[[File:MSIChicago.JPG|right|thumb|The Adler Planetarium was originally planned as a part of the [[Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)|Museum of Science and Industry]], pictured here.|upright=1.2]]

The planetarium was originally considered for the part of the [[Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)|Museum of Science and Industry]], an endeavor led by Adler's brother-in-law [[Julius Rosenwald]]. Rosenwald was determined to convert the former Palace of Fine Arts of the 1893 [[World's Columbian Exposition]] into a museum but was struggling to manage the many required renovations.

The delays caused Adler to look elsewhere for a location.{{sfn|Marche|2005|p=29}} The South Park Commissioners, the precursor to the [[Chicago Park District]], had just completed [[Northerly Island]], the first of five intended (but otherwise never executed) recreational islands that were to be consistent with [[Daniel Burnham]]'s 1909 ''[[Burnham Plan of Chicago|Plan of Chicago]]''. The Adler Planetarium and Astronomical Museum opened on Adler's birthday, May 12, 1930. The Chicago chapter of the [[American Institute of Architects]] awarded Grunsfield a gold medal for his design.<ref name="nrhpinv2"/> The planetarium hosted the 44th meeting of the [[American Astronomical Society]] later that year.{{sfn|Marche|2005|p=200}}

===Timeline===

'''1923''' – Walther Bauersfeld, scientific director of the firm of [[Carl Zeiss AG|Carl Zeiss]] in Jena, Germany, designs an optical projection device that effectively creates the illusion of a [[Zeiss projector|night sky]]. With this innovation, the modern planetarium is born.

'''1928''' – [[Max Adler (Sears)|Max Adler]] and architect Ernest Grunsfeld travel to Germany. Adler is so impressed by the modern planetarium that he donates funds to construct the first planetarium in the Western Hemisphere.<ref name="Western Hemisphere">{{Cite web |last=Menke |first=David |date=1987 |title=International Planetarium Society, Inc. |url=http://www.ips-planetarium.org/?page=a_menke1987b&hhSearchTerms=%22Fox%22}}</ref>[[File: Adler Planetarium original building meets new building Chicago 2015-105.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Adler Planetarium original building exterior meets the new building renovation]]'''1930''' – Max Adler purchases the collection of A. W. Mensing at an auction in Amsterdam. This collection of antique scientific instruments provided the foundation for Adler's collection. The Adler Planetarium opened to the public on Max Adler's birthday, May 12. [[Philip Fox (astronomer)|Phillip Fox]], Ph.D., a professor of astronomy at [[Northwestern University]], is appointed the Planetarium's first director.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.adlerplanetarium.org/explore/about-us/history/ |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=Adler Planetarium |language=en-us}}</ref>

'''1933''' – The [[Century of Progress|Century of Progress Exposition]] takes place on what is now the Museum Campus.

'''1941''' – Philip Fox is deployed to the Army; Assistant Director Maude Bennot is appointed acting director of the Planetarium during his absence.

'''1952''' – Max Adler dies.

'''1967''' – The board of trustees is created to share in the responsibilities and management of the Adler Planetarium with the commissioners of the [[Chicago Park District]]. The Adler Planetarium refurbishes the building and replaces the original Zeiss projector with a new [[Zeiss projector|Mark VI Zeiss]] unit.

'''1973''' – A new underground expansion opens to the public on May 12, 1973, Adler Planetarium's 43rd birthday.

'''1976''' – The Board of Trustees assumes full management responsibility for the planetarium but continues to receive support from the Chicago Park District.

'''1977''' – The Doane Observatory opens.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doane Observatory at the Adler Planetarium {{!}} Come See the Stars! |url=https://www.adlerplanetarium.org/explore/exhibits/doane-observatory/ |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=Adler Planetarium |language=en-us}}</ref>

'''1991''' – The museum unveils the results of the $6.5 million renovation project. After 23 years of leadership, [[Joseph Chamberlain (planetarium director)|Dr. Joseph M. Chamberlain]] retires.

'''1999''' – The 60,000 square foot Sky Pavilion, designed by Lohan Associates of Chicago, opens to the public.<ref name="Lohan Associates">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lohananderson.com/projects/cultural-academic/22-adler-planetarium-sky-pavilion|title=Cultural Academic|website=www.lohananderson.com}}</ref> The addition features four new exhibition galleries, including the historic Atwood Sphere and the Definiti (formerly StarRider) Theater.

'''2005''' – Retired [[NASA]] Astronaut [[Jim Lovell|James A. Lovell Jr]]. serves as chairman of Adler's 75th-anniversary celebration.

'''2007''' – The Adler unveils its new Space Visualization Laboratory, bringing the latest images of space science to the public.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Visualization Lab |url=https://www.adlerplanetarium.org/explore/exhibits/space-visualization-lab/ |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=Adler Planetarium |language=en-us}}</ref>

'''2010''' – The Adler begins transformation of the historic Sky Theater.<ref name="Sky Theater">{{cite web|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2388292,00.asp|title=Nvidia, Adler Planetarium Team Up on Grainger Sky Theater|work=PCMAG}}</ref> The renamed Grainger Sky Theater opened in May 2011. At the time, the Grainger was the most technologically advanced dome theater in the world. Thomas Roszak Architecture designed the Clark Family Welcome Gallery using an LED-lit fabric and aluminum structure that includes educational interactive material projected on the fabric walls.

'''2012''' – Paul H. Knappenberger Jr. Ph.D., announces his retirement after 21 years of service.

'''2013''' – The Board of Trustees elects astrophysicist and academic leader Michelle B. Larson, Ph.D., as president and CEO. Dr. Larson becomes the Adler's ninth leader and the first female president.

'''2015''' – Major upgrade of the Doane Observatory completed.<ref name=":0" />

==Research==

The Adler Planetarium's Astronomy department and Webster Institute for the History of Astronomy conduct and publish research for both the scientific community as well as the general public.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.adlerplanetarium.org/explore/about-us/ |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=Adler Planetarium |language=en-us}}</ref>

Adler astronomers possess expertise in many areas of astronomy as well as other closely related science fields. Their studies include [[planetary geology]], [[star formation]], gamma-rays, and telescope observing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-30 |title=Adler Planetarium |url=http://savizitam.ro/en/regions/americas/united-states-of-america/illinois/adler-planetarium.html |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=Să Vizităm |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Gemini 12 spacecraft at the Adler Planetarium.jpg|thumb|[[Gemini 12]], the 1966 space capsule from the 10th and final mission of NASA's [[Project Gemini]], flown by [[Jim Lovell]] and [[Buzz Aldrin]]|upright=1.2]]

Originally founded as the Webster Institute for the History of Astronomy, the Collections department cares for, studies, and interprets the planetarium collections. Since the opening of the Adler, the collection has grown to approximately 8,000 objects, books, works on paper, archival collections, paintings, and photographs. The Adler hosts archives from [[Derek J. de Solla Price]], [[Michael J. Crowe]], and [[Jim Lovell]], as well as the largest collection of historic scientific instruments in the Western Hemisphere.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://historydb.adlerplanetarium.org/dioptrice/?details%3D1%26page%3Dtrib |title=A glimpse, a gasp and telescope gold|access-date=2014-02-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222002333/http://historydb.adlerplanetarium.org/dioptrice/?details=1&page=trib |archive-date=2014-02-22 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://adler-ais.axiellhosting.com/home|title=Explore the Collections of the Adler Planetarium|access-date=2023-12-06}}</ref>

The Space Visualization Laboratory (SVL) was inaugurated in 2007 to virtually explore the Universe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adlerplanetarium.org/explore/exhibits/space-visualization-lab/|title=Space Visualization Lab}}</ref>

The Adler Citizen Science Department is also the U.S. headquarters of [[Zooniverse (citizen science project)|The Zooniverse]], a [[citizen science]] platform and a global collaboration across several institutions that design and build citizen science projects.<ref name="Chicago">{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Steve |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014-01-29/entertainment/ct-zooniverse-adler-planetarium-20140129_1_citizen-scientists-citizen-science-research |title=Want to aid science? You can Zooniverse |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=29 January 2014 |access-date=2014-09-14 }}</ref> As of early 2014, the Zooniverse has engaged more than 1.1 million online volunteers as active scientists by discovering planets, mapping the surface of [[Mars]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/mschwamb/planet-four|title=Zooniverse|website=www.zooniverse.org}}</ref> and detecting [[solar flare]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zooniverse|url=http://blog.zooniverse.org/2014/02/14/one-million-volunteers/|access-date=2014-02-18|date=2014-02-14|author=ttfnrob}}</ref>

Far Horizons is the Adler's [[high-altitude balloon]] program. Participants design, build, and launch experiments flown to heights above {{convert|100000|ft|m}} on high-altitude balloons. The program offers real-world opportunities for students and the community to participate in science, mathematics, physics, and engineering challenges.<ref>{{cite web |title=Far Horizons – Adler Planetarium |url=http://www.adlerplanetarium.org/far-horizons/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318045207/http://www.adlerplanetarium.org/far-horizons/ |archive-date=2013-03-18 |website=www.adlerplanetarium.org}}</ref>

Opened in 1977, the Doane Observatory is the largest aperture telescope available to the public in the Chicago area. With its {{convert|20|in|mm cm|adj=on}} diameter mirror, the Doane can gather over 5,000 times more light than an unaided human eye, allowing guests to see celestial objects like the Moon, planets, stars, and galaxies that are trillions of kilometers, if not many light years, away. The original telescope, a {{convert|16|in|mm cm|adj=on}} [[Cassegrain reflector|Cassegrain reflecting telescope]] built by the Adler optical and machine shop staff, was retired in 1987 and replaced with the current telescope.<ref>{{cite web |title=Doane Observatory – Adler Planetarium |url=http://www.adlerplanetarium.org/doane-observatory |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618061933/http://www.adlerplanetarium.org/doane-observatory |archive-date=2013-06-18 |website=www.adlerplanetarium.org}}</ref>

In 2013, the Adler Planetarium undertook the first major renovation of the Doane Observatory. Completed in 2015, renovations included the addition of an indoor classroom, a restroom, accessible entry ramps, and telescope and technology upgrades.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Aiming for the Stars {{!}} Concrete Openings |url=https://www.concreteopenings.com/job-stories/aiming-for-the-stars/ |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=www.concreteopenings.com}}</ref>

The Adler Planetarium is a member institution of the [[Large Synoptic Survey Telescope]] project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telescope |first=Large Synoptic Survey |date=2015-12-11 |title=11Dec2015 |url=https://www.lsst.org/news/weekly-digest/11dec2015 |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=Rubin Observatory |language=en}}</ref>

==Theaters==

The Adler Planetarium features three domed theaters. The largest, the Grainger Sky Theater, has a dome that measures {{convert|21|m|ft in}} in diameter.<ref name="wight">Wight (2018). Grainger Sky Theater. Retrieved from https://www.wightco.com/projects/grainger-sky-theater.</ref> In 2008, when funding for an advanced projection system was being debated in Congress, politician [[John McCain]] infamously characterized the upgrade as a new "overhead projector".<ref name="nusser">{{Cite web |date=2011-06-28 |title=Grainger Sky Theater |url=https://www.timeout.com/chicago/things-to-do/grainger-sky-theater |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Time Out Chicago |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Programs==

'Adler After Dark', the Adler Planetarium's 21+ evening event, was voted "Best After Hours Event" of 2013 by the Chicago Reader<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/best-after-hours-event-at-a-museum/BestOf?oid=9944461|title=Best After-Hours Event at a Museum|work=Chicago Reader|date=June 20, 2013}}</ref> and "Best Date Night" by Chicago Parent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagoparent.com/magazines/chicago-parent/2014-january/chicago-parent-best-of-the-best/best-places-for-chicago-parents|title=Best places for Chicago parents|work=ChicagoParent.com}}</ref> Guests at Adler After Dark have open museum access, themed programs, sky shows and views of the Chicago skyline. 'Astro Overnights' give families a chance to spend a night under the stars at the Adler. Guests have open museum access, a sky show and educational programming. The Astronomy Department at the Adler presents current topics in astronomy through a quarterly lecture series.

The Adler hosts quarterly 'Hack Days', intended to encourage software developers, designers, scientists, engineers, artists and people who just like to create and build, to work together to solve problems.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} Participants at the Adler's summer camps build rockets, launch high-altitude balloons, and explore the edge of space. The Adler's hands-on summer camps are designed for children ages 5–14.

==See also==

* [[List of museums and cultural institutions in Chicago]]

* [[List of planetariums]]

* [[Museum Campus]]

* [[Spiral Galaxy (sculpture)|''Spiral Galaxy'' (sculpture)]]

* [[List of astronomical observatories]]

==Notes==

{{Reflist}}

==References==

*{{cite book |last=Marche |first=Jordan |title=Theaters of Time and Space: American Planetaria, 1930–1970 |year=2005 |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |place=New Brunswick, New Hampshire |language=en-us |isbn=978-0813535760}}

==External links==

{{Commons category|Adler Planetarium}}

*{{official website|http://www.adlerplanetarium.org}}

*[http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/details?mid=7f71a46260e902a53cc50fdbed200cc3 3D Google Earth Model] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519121801/http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/details?mid=7f71a46260e902a53cc50fdbed200cc3 |date=May 19, 2011 }}

{{Chicago Landmark cultural venues}}

{{Museums in Chicago}}

{{Grant Park}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum}}

[[Category:Museums established in 1930]]

[[Category:Museums in Chicago]]

[[Category:Institutions accredited by the American Alliance of Museums]]

[[Category:Planetaria in the United States]]

[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Chicago]]

[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1930]]

[[Category:Astronomical observatories in Illinois]]

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chicago]]

[[Category:Smithsonian Institution affiliates]]

[[Category:1930 establishments in Illinois]]

[[Category:Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Chicago]]

[[Category:Museum Campus]]

[[Category:Science museums in Illinois]]