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Added external link to one of the books compiled by Shaykh Hurr Amili
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[[File:Manuscript by Sheikh Hur-Amuli.gif|thumb|A manuscript attributed to al-Hurr al-Amili]] |
[[File:Manuscript by Sheikh Hur-Amuli.gif|thumb|A manuscript attributed to al-Hurr al-Amili]] |
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'''Muḥammad bin al-Ḥasan bin ʿAlī bin al-Ḥusayn al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī al-Mashgharī''' ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّد ٱبْن ٱلْحَسَن ٱبْن عَلِيّ ٱبْن ٱلْحُسَيْن ٱلْحُرّ ٱلْعَامِلِيّ ٱلْمَشْغَرِيّ}}; 1033/1624 - 1104/1693), commonly known as '''Al-Ḥurr Al-ʿĀmilī''' ({{lang|ar|ٱلْحُرّ ٱلْعَامِلِيّ}}),<ref>"al-Ḥurral-ʿĀmilī," G. Scarcia. https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-hurr-al-amili-SIM_2969?s.num=2&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=amili+</ref> was a prominent [[Twelver]] [[Shia]] [[muhaddith]]. He is best known for his comprehensive hadith compilation known as [[Wasa'il al-Shia]] (also known as Wasa’il ush-Shi’a) and as the second of the “Three Great Muhammads” in later Shi’a Islamic history.<ref>Scarcia, “al-Hurr”</ref> |
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==Biography== |
==Biography== |
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===Early life and education=== |
===Early life and education=== |
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He was born on Friday, 8th of Raj̲ab 1033AH/26 April 1624 CE in the village of |
He was born on Friday, 8th of Raj̲ab 1033AH/26 April 1624 CE in the village of [[Machghara]] in the [[Jabal Amel|ʿĀmil mountains]] of southern [[Lebanon]],<ref>Scarcia, “al-Hurr”</ref> a center of Shi’i Lebanese in the region, to Al-Hurr family descended from [[Al-Hurr ibn Yazid Al-Tamimi|Al-Hurr ibn Yazid al-Riyahi al-Tamimi]]. His early education began with a family of teachers that included his father, his paternal uncle, his maternal grandfather (Shaykh ʿAbd Salām b. Muḥammad), and one of his father's maternal uncles (shaykh ʿAlī b. Maḥmūd; at Ḏj̲abʿ). He also studied under Ḥusayn b. Hasan b. Yunus Ẓahīr and Ḥasan b. Zayn al-Dīn ʿĀmili (d.1011/1602), who was the great-grandson of al-Shahid al-Thani, in al-Jaba, a nearby village.<ref>Scarcia, “al-Hurr”</ref> Ḥusayn Zahir was the first to give al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmili [[ijaza]], a license to teach and transmit [[ahadeeth]].<ref>“Ḥorr-e ʿĀmeli,” Meir M. Bar Asher. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/horr-e-ameli</ref> |
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===Later life and travels=== |
===Later life and travels=== |
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Al-Ḥurr Al-ʿĀmili performed the [[hajj]] twice and went on [[ziyarat]], visiting of holy Shi’a shrines, in [[Iraq]]. Other than these trips, he remained in the |
Al-Ḥurr Al-ʿĀmili performed the [[hajj]] twice and went on [[ziyarat]], visiting of holy Shi’a shrines, in [[Iraq]]. Other than these trips, he remained in the Jabal ʿĀmil for the first forty years of his life.<ref>Bar Asher, “Horr”</ref> He lived during the era of the [[Safavid Empire]], which at the time was pushing Imami Shi’ism upon the people of Iran. When Sunni ulama fled from the Safavid Empire, specifically the religious centers of Iran, the empire brought in many Shi’i scholars to replace them, a large amount coming from Jabal ʿĀmil.<ref>From Bid’ah to Sunna: The Wilaya of Ali in the Shi’i Adhan,” Liyakat A. Takim. https://www.jstor.org/stable/605020</ref> |
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Al-Ḥurr Al-ʿĀmili was one of the many scholars that migrated to take religious leadership positions in Iran at the time, eventually journeying to [[Mashhad]], Iran and settling there in 1073/1663 where he became [[ |
Al-Ḥurr Al-ʿĀmili was one of the many scholars that migrated to take religious leadership positions in Iran at the time, eventually journeying to [[Mashhad]], Iran and settling there in 1073/1663 where he became [[Shaykh al-Islam]] in the shrine of the 8th Imam, [[Ali al-Ridha]].<ref> |
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“Amal Al-Āmel,” J. van Ess. |
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http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/amal-al-amel-fi-olama-jabal-amel-biographical-dictionary-of-shiite-etnaasari-scholars-originating-from-the-jabal-amel-in-south-lebanon-composed-by-mohammad-b</ref> He settled after traveling first to [[Isfahan]], Persia where he became acquainted with [[Muhammad Baqir Majlisi]], the third of the Great Muḥammads (the first of the Three Great Muḥammads of later centuries is Muhammad Kashani, also known as Muhsin al-Fayz).<ref>Scarcia, “al-Hurr”</ref> The meeting between these two scholars left an impression on them both and they mutually granted each other ijāza to transmit |
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/amal-al-amel-fi-olama-jabal-amel-biographical-dictionary-of-shiite-etnaasari-scholars-originating-from-the-jabal-amel-in-south-lebanon-composed-by-mohammad-b {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516224257/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/amal-al-amel-fi-olama-jabal-amel-biographical-dictionary-of-shiite-etnaasari-scholars-originating-from-the-jabal-amel-in-south-lebanon-composed-by-mohammad-b |date=2016-05-16 }} |
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</ref> He settled after traveling first to [[Isfahan]], Persia where he became acquainted with [[Muhammad Baqir Majlisi]], the third of the Great Muḥammads (the first of the Three Great Muḥammads of later centuries is Muhammad Kashani, also known as Muhsin al-Fayz).<ref>Scarcia, “al-Hurr”</ref> The meeting between these two scholars left an impression on them both and they mutually granted each other ijāza to transmit hadiths. [[Majlisi]] also introduced al-ʿĀmili to Shah Sulayman of the Safavid Empire.<ref>Bar Asher, “Horr”</ref> |
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Al-ʿĀmili died in Mashhad on the 21st of [[Ramadhan]] 1104 AH / 26 May 1693 CE and is buried there.<ref>Bar Asher, “Horr”</ref> He was succeeded by his brother Ahmad (d. 1120/1708-9) as shaykh al-Islam in Mashhad. Some have claimed that al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmili actually died in [[Yemen]] in 1079/1669, but there is no evidence in support of this.<ref>Bar Asher, “Horr”</ref> |
Al-ʿĀmili died in Mashhad on the 21st of [[Ramadhan]] 1104 AH / 26 May 1693 CE and is buried there.<ref>Bar Asher, “Horr”</ref> He was succeeded by his brother Ahmad (d. 1120/1708-9) as shaykh al-Islam in Mashhad. Some have claimed that al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmili actually died in [[Yemen]] in 1079/1669, but there is no evidence in support of this.<ref>Bar Asher, “Horr”</ref> |
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==Works== |
==Works== |
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#[[ |
#[[Wasā'il al-Shīʿa]]: a vast but concise compilation and classification of Hadith based on [[the Four Books]] (al-Kafī, Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, al-Taththib, al-Istibrar) as well as on many later sources. It took 18 years to compose.<ref>Scarcia, “al-Hurr”</ref> |
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#al-Jawāher al-saniya fī al-aḥādith al-qudsiya: considered the first collection exclusively devoted to Sacred Hadith, or aḥādith qudsiya.<ref>Scarcia, “al-Hurr”</ref> |
#al-Jawāher al-saniya fī al-aḥādith al-qudsiya: considered the first collection exclusively devoted to Sacred Hadith, or aḥādith qudsiya.<ref>Scarcia, “al-Hurr”</ref> |
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#Isbāt al-Hudāt bin al-Noṣuṣ wa al-Muʿjizāt: describes the miracles of the 12 Imams and deals with the question of the divine right of the Imams to rule |
#Isbāt al-Hudāt bin al-Noṣuṣ wa al-Muʿjizāt: describes the miracles of the 12 Imams and deals with the question of the divine right of the Imams to rule |
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#[[Risala]] fī Tawatur al-Qur'an |
#[[Risalah (fiqh)|Risala]] fī Tawatur al-Qur'an |
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#Risala fī Mas'ala al-Rija't |
#Risala fī Mas'ala al-Rija't |
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#Risala fī Khalq al-Kafir |
#Risala fī Khalq al-Kafir |
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#Risala ithnā ʿashariya fī al-radd ʿalā al-ṣufiya : an anti-Sufi treatise representing much of his literary activities regarding them.<ref>Scarcia, “al-Hurr”</ref> |
#Risala ithnā ʿashariya fī al-radd ʿalā al-ṣufiya : an anti-Sufi treatise representing much of his literary activities regarding them.<ref>Scarcia, “al-Hurr”</ref> |
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#Fawaid al-Toosiya: a rejection of [[Usoolism]] |
#Fawaid al-Toosiya: a rejection of [[Usoolism]] |
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#Amal al-āmil fī ʿulamāʾ jabal ʿāmil: a biographical dictionary of Twelver Shi’i scholars who originated from jabal ʿĀmil in southern Lebanon.<ref>Ess, “Amal”; [https://books.google.com/books?id=xd5VonTOppMC |
#Amal al-āmil fī ʿulamāʾ jabal ʿāmil: a biographical dictionary of Twelver Shi’i scholars who originated from jabal ʿĀmil in southern Lebanon.<ref>Ess, “Amal”; [https://books.google.com/books?id=xd5VonTOppMC&dq=ABU+MANSUR+HASAN+bin+YUSUF+AL-HILLA&pg=PA277 Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936: E.J.Brill,s - E. J. Brill],</ref> |
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===Students=== |
===Students=== |
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# |
# Allameh Mohammad Baqir Majlesi(writer of ''Bahar al-anvar'') |
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# Sheikh Mostafa Hoveizy |
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# Seyed Mohammad Hosseiny A'raji |
# Seyed Mohammad Hosseiny A'raji |
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# Seyed Mohammad Bady' |
# Seyed Mohammad Bady' |
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# Seyed |
# Seyed Mohammad Moosavi Aamely |
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# Mola Mohammad Taghi Abd al-Wahhab |
# Mola Mohammad Taghi Abd al-Wahhab |
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# Mohaddes Mola Mohammad Saleh Heravi |
# Mohaddes Mola Mohammad Saleh Heravi |
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# Mola Hassan ebn Mohammad Taher Ghazviny Taleghani |
# Mola Hassan ebn Mohammad Taher Ghazviny Taleghani |
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# Mohammad Meymandi |
# Mohammad Meymandi |
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# Seyed Mohammad |
# Seyed Mohammad ibn Zein al-Abedin Moosavi Aameli |
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# Sheikh Aboo al-Hassan |
# Sheikh Aboo al-Hassan ibn Mohammad al-Nabati al-Aameli |
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# [[Nur al-Din Nimatullah al-Jazayiri]] |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Wasael ush-Shia]] |
* [[Wasael ush-Shia]] |
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* [[Akhbari]] |
* [[Akhbari]] |
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* [[List of |
* [[List of ayatollahs]] |
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* [[List of Shi'a Muslim scholars of Islam]] |
* [[List of Shi'a Muslim scholars of Islam]] |
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* [[List of |
* [[List of maraji]] |
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* [[List of Shi'a books]] |
* [[List of Shi'a books]] |
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* [[The Four Books]] |
* [[The Four Books]] |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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* [https://wasail-al-shia.net Wasail Al Shia - Online English Translation] |
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٭ [http://yasoob.com/ar/lists/alpha.php?start=2997&e=3007 Online (Arabic)] |
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* [http:// |
* [http://yasoob.com/ar/lists/alpha.php?start=2997&e=3007 Online (Arabic)] |
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* [http://rafed.net/books/hadith/wasael-1/index.html Online (Arabic)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115213952/http://www.rafed.net/books/hadith/wasael-1/index.html |date=2013-11-15 }} |
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{{authority control}} |
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<ref>http://www.wikifeqh.ir</ref> |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Al-Hurr al-Amili}} |
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[[Category:Lebanese Shia clerics]] |
[[Category:Lebanese Shia clerics]] |
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[[Category:Iranian ayatollahs]] |
[[Category:Iranian ayatollahs]] |
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[[Category:Iranian people of Lebanese descent]] |
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[[Category:Lebanese Shia Muslims]] |
[[Category:Lebanese Shia Muslims]] |
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[[Category:Ottoman |
[[Category:Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to Iran]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:17th-century writers from Safavid Iran]] |
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[[Category:1624 births]] |
[[Category:1624 births]] |
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[[Category:1693 deaths]] |
[[Category:1693 deaths]] |
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[[Category:Burials at Imam Reza Shrine]] |
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[[Category:17th-century Twelvers]] |
Muḥammad bin al-Ḥasan bin ʿAlī bin al-Ḥusayn al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī al-Mashgharī (Arabic: مُحَمَّد ٱبْن ٱلْحَسَن ٱبْن عَلِيّ ٱبْن ٱلْحُسَيْن ٱلْحُرّ ٱلْعَامِلِيّ ٱلْمَشْغَرِيّ; 1033/1624 - 1104/1693), commonly known as Al-Ḥurr Al-ʿĀmilī (ٱلْحُرّ ٱلْعَامِلِيّ),[1] was a prominent Twelver Shia muhaddith. He is best known for his comprehensive hadith compilation known as Wasa'il al-Shia (also known as Wasa’il ush-Shi’a) and as the second of the “Three Great Muhammads” in later Shi’a Islamic history.[2]
He was born on Friday, 8th of Raj̲ab 1033AH/26 April 1624 CE in the village of Machghara in the ʿĀmil mountains of southern Lebanon,[3] a center of Shi’i Lebanese in the region, to Al-Hurr family descended from Al-Hurr ibn Yazid al-Riyahi al-Tamimi. His early education began with a family of teachers that included his father, his paternal uncle, his maternal grandfather (Shaykh ʿAbd Salām b. Muḥammad), and one of his father's maternal uncles (shaykh ʿAlī b. Maḥmūd; at Ḏj̲abʿ). He also studied under Ḥusayn b. Hasan b. Yunus Ẓahīr and Ḥasan b. Zayn al-Dīn ʿĀmili (d.1011/1602), who was the great-grandson of al-Shahid al-Thani, in al-Jaba, a nearby village.[4] Ḥusayn Zahir was the first to give al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmili ijaza, a license to teach and transmit ahadeeth.[5]
Al-Ḥurr Al-ʿĀmili performed the hajj twice and went on ziyarat, visiting of holy Shi’a shrines, in Iraq. Other than these trips, he remained in the Jabal ʿĀmil for the first forty years of his life.[6] He lived during the era of the Safavid Empire, which at the time was pushing Imami Shi’ism upon the people of Iran. When Sunni ulama fled from the Safavid Empire, specifically the religious centers of Iran, the empire brought in many Shi’i scholars to replace them, a large amount coming from Jabal ʿĀmil.[7]
Al-Ḥurr Al-ʿĀmili was one of the many scholars that migrated to take religious leadership positions in Iran at the time, eventually journeying to Mashhad, Iran and settling there in 1073/1663 where he became Shaykh al-Islam in the shrine of the 8th Imam, Ali al-Ridha.[8] He settled after traveling first to Isfahan, Persia where he became acquainted with Muhammad Baqir Majlisi, the third of the Great Muḥammads (the first of the Three Great Muḥammads of later centuries is Muhammad Kashani, also known as Muhsin al-Fayz).[9] The meeting between these two scholars left an impression on them both and they mutually granted each other ijāza to transmit hadiths. Majlisi also introduced al-ʿĀmili to Shah Sulayman of the Safavid Empire.[10]
Al-ʿĀmili died in Mashhad on the 21st of Ramadhan 1104 AH / 26 May 1693 CE and is buried there.[11] He was succeeded by his brother Ahmad (d. 1120/1708-9) as shaykh al-Islam in Mashhad. Some have claimed that al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmili actually died in Yemen in 1079/1669, but there is no evidence in support of this.[12]
Al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmili was not only known as a scholar, but also as a poet. He is credited with a diwān of approximately 20,000 verses, which includes several didactic poems (manẓumas), most of which constitute panegyrics to the Prophet Muḥammad and to his descendants.[13] However, in two verses, he also expressed his inner struggle between his poetic and scholarly leanings: “My scholarship and my poetry fought one another, then were reconciled / poetry reluctantly surrendering to scholarship” (ʿelmi wa-šeʿri qatalā wa-ṣṭalaḥā / fa-ḵażaʿa al-šeʿro le-ʿelmi rāḡemā); “My scholarship objected to my being considered a poet / poetry, however, conceded that I be regarded as a scholar” (fa-l-ʿelmo yaʾbā an oʿadda šāʿeran / wa’l-šeʿro yarżā an oʿadda ʿālemā).[14] The above lines suggest that poetry and scholarship were at odds in terms of the ideal of knowledge and in the degree of piety assigned to them. Judging by the vast amount of literary work he completed, it is clear that his scholarly work had precedence over his non-scholarly works of poetry.
36°17′17″N 59°37′01″E / 36.28806°N 59.61694°E / 36.28806; 59.61694
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