Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Great-grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (c. 655–680)}}

{{for|the purported son of the eleventh Shia imam Hasan al-Askari (late ninth/early tenth century)|Ali al-Akbar ibn Hasan}}

| image =

| caption =

| father = [[Husayn ibn Ali]]

| birth_date = {{circa}} 655 [[common era|CE]]

| death_date = 10 October 680{{break}}(10 [[Muharram]] 61 [[Islamic calendar|AH]])

| death_place = [[Karbala]], [[Lower Mesopotamia|Iraq]]

| native_name =

'''Ali al-Akbar ibn al-Husayn''' ({{lang-ar|عَلِيّ ٱلْأَكْبَر بن ٱلْحُسَيْن}}), commonly known as simply '''Ali al-Akbar''', was the son of [[Layla bint Abi Murrah al-Thaqafi|Layla bint Abi Murra]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali]], the third [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Shia imam]] and the grandson of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]. Aged between eighteen and twenty-five, Ali was killed at the [[BattleofKarbala]] in 680 [[Common Era|CE]], alongside his father and some seventy-two relatives and supporters, who fought against the army of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad caliph]] [[Yazid I|Yazid ibn Mu'awiya]] ({{Reign|680|683}}). In [[Shia Islam]], Ali al-Akbar is commemorated as a brave youth martyred before he could marry, and celebrated for his striking resemblance, in appearance and manners, to his great-grandfather, the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]].

== Birth ==

Ali al-Akbar was born to [[Husayn ibn Ali]], the third [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Shia imam]]. Husayn was a grandson of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] and a son of [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]], the first Shia imam and also a cousin of Muhammad. All three men belonged to the [[Banu Hashim]] tribe. Mother of Ali al-Akbar was [[Layla bint Abi Murrah al-Thaqafi|Layla]], daughter of Abu Murra, who was the son of [[Urwah ibn Masʽud|Urwa ibn Mas'ud]], a [[Companions of the Prophet|companion]] of Muhammad from the [[Banu Thaqif]] tribe.{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}} The maternal grandmother of Ali al-Akbar, Maymuna, was the daughter of [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], chief of the [[Umayyad dynasty|Banu Umayya]] tribe.{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}} For this reason, the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad caliph]] [[Mu'awiya I|Mu'awiya]] ({{Reign|661|680}}) apparently praised Ali al-Akbar as the most worthy of the caliphate, as he combined "the courage of the Banu Hashim, the generosity of the Banu Umayya, and the pride of the Banu Thaqif."{{Sfn|Mir|}} Ali al-Akbar is often celebrated for his striking resemblance to Muhammad, both in appearance and manners,{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}} so much so that others looked at Ali al-Akbar whenever they missed Muhammad.{{Sfn|Mir|}} This similarity also explains the [[Persian language|Persian]] epithet of Ali al-Akbar, Shabih-e Payghambar ({{Lit|prophet's likeness}}).{{Sfn|Calmard|1985}}

Ali al-Akbar ({{Lit|Ali, the elder}}) was the eldest son of Husayn, per majority of the early authorities,{{Sfn|Mir|}}{{Sfn|Calmard|1985}} including the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] scholars [[Ibn Sa'd]] ({{Died in|845}}) and [[al-Baladhuri]] ({{Died in|892}}) and the pro-[[Shia Islam|Shia]] historian [[Ya'qubi|al-Ya'qubi]] ({{Died in|897–898}}).{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}} Ali al-Akbar was therefore older than [[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin|Ali Zayn al-Abidin]], the only son of Husayn who survived the [[Battle of Karbala]].{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}} The Islamicist [[Wilferd Madelung|W. Madelung]] ({{Died in|2023}}), however, thought that Zayn al-Abidin was the eldest son of Husayn.{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}} The birthdate of Ali al-Akbar is also disputed and his age at the Battle of Karbala in 680 [[Common Era|CE]] is variously reported as 18,{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}}{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}} 19,{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=68}} 23,{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}}{{Sfn|Mir|}} or 25.{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}}{{Sfn|Calmard|1985}} Among all these reports, 25 might be the most likely age because his younger brother, Ali Zayn al-Abidin, was probably 23 years old at the time of Karbala.{{Sfn|Mir|}}

== Battle of Karbala and death (680) ==

{{See also|Battle of Karbala}}

=== Accession of Yazid ===

In an appointment that violated earlier agreements with Husayn's brother [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]],{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=493-8}} the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad caliph]] [[Mu'awiya I|Mu'awiya]] ({{Reign|661|680}}) designated his son [[Yazid I|Yazid]] ({{Reign|680|683}}) as his successor in 676.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=322}} Yazid is often presented by Muslim historians as a debaucher who openly violated the Islamic norms,{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=28}}{{Sfn|Pinault|2000|p=70}}{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=167}} and his nomination was indeed met with resistance at the time from sons of some prominent companions of Muhammad, including Husayn ibn Ali.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=145}}{{sfn|Hawting|2000|p=46}} On Mu'awiya's death and Yazid's accession in 680, the latter instructed the governor of Medina to secure Husayn's pledge of allegiance by force. Husayn thus Going to [[Mecca]] at night to reject recognizing Yazid as the caliph.{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}} He was accompanied by some relatives, including Ali al-Akbar.{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}}

=== Journey to Karbala ===

After receiving invitations from residents of [[Kufa]], whose support were confirmed by his cousin [[Muslim ibn Aqil]], Husayn left Mecca for Kufa on 8 or 10 [[Dhu al-Hijja]] (10 or 12 September 680), accompanied by a few relatives and supporters.{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}} A tradition attributed to Husayn explains that he left to fight the tyranny of Yazid, even though it would cost his life, as reported in {{Transl|ar|[[al-Irshad]]}}, a biographical work by the prominent Shia scholar [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid|al-Mufid]] ({{Died in|1022}}).{{Sfn|Munson|1988|pp=22-3}}{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|pp=175, 188}} Husayn also wrote in his will for his brother [[Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya]] that he had not set out to seek "corruption or oppression" but rather to "enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong."{{Sfn|Adibzadeh|2013|pp=78{{ndash}}79}}

On their way to Kufa, Husayn is said to have had a dream about the eminent deaths of his companions when he briefly fell asleep on his horse. He woke up reciting verse 2:156 of the [[Quran]], "To God we belong, and to Him is our return," offering praise to God multiple times. Ali al-Akbar rode to him and learned about the dream, but welcomed his fate. This account appears in {{Transl|ar|[[History of the Prophets and Kings

|Tarikh al-Tabari]]}}, related by Uqba ibn Sam'an, who survived the Battle of Karbala.{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}} Soon afterward, Husayn's small caravan was intercepted by Yazid's army and forced to camp in the desert land of [[Karbala]] on 2 [[Muharram]] 61 (2 October 680) away from water and fortifications.{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}} The promised Kufan support did not materialize as the new governor of Kufa, [[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad]] ({{Died in|686}}), captured and killed Muslim ibn Aqil, the envoy of Husayn, and intimidated Kufan tribal chiefs.{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}}

=== Water shortage ===

On 7 Muharram,{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2019|p=106}}{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=69}} on orders of Ibn Ziyad, the Umayyad commander [[Umar ibn Sa'd]] ({{Died in|686}}) cut off Husayn's access to the [[Euphrates]] river.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=29}}{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}} Husayn's half-brother, [[Abbas ibn Ali]], and some fifty companions were nevertheless able to bring back some water to Husayn's camp in a night sortie.{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}} Despite this attempt, the Islamicist [[Laura Veccia Vaglieri|L. Veccia Vaglieri]] ({{Died in|1989}}) suggests that the camp suffered from thirst for the following three days.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012}} Among other experts, D. Pinault similarly writes that the camp suffered from hunger and thirst during the siege,{{Sfn|Pinault|2000|p=71}} particularly the many young children in the camp,{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=69}} and the opinion of A. Hamdar is close.{{Sfn|Hamdar|2009|pp=85{{ndash}}86}} Karbala has a [[Desert climate|hot desert climate]].{{Sfn|Adibzadeh|2013|p=82}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=30}}

=== Negotiations ===

Ibn Sa'd was instructed by Ibn Ziyad not to let Husayn leave unless he pledged his allegiance to Yazid.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=29}} Husayn did not submit to Yazid,{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}}{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012}} but evidently negotiated with Ibn Ziyad through Ibn Sa'd to be allowed to retreat and avoid bloodshed. The governor did not relent, however,{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012}}{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}} and finally ordered Ibn Sa'd to fight, kill, and disfigure Husayn and his supporters unless they pledged allegiance to Yazid, in which case their fate would be decided later.{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}}

=== Tasu'a ===

Ibn Sa'd decided to attack on [[Tasu'a]] (9 Muharram) after the [[Asr prayer|afternoon prayer]]. As the Umayyad army approached, however, Husayn dispatched Abbas and some other companions, who convinced Ibn Sa'd to delay the confrontation until the following day.{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}}{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}} Husayn now besieged his followers in a speech to leave and not risk their lives for his sake, after which Abbas was the first to renew his support, saying that he would follow his brother in life or death.{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}} Nearly all those present stayed with Husayn until the end.{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=30}}{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|p=176}} Husayn and his companions spent that night praying and reciting the [[Quran]],{{Sfn|Munson|1988|pp=23}} as reported by the Shia jurist [[Sayyed Ibn Tawus|Ibn Tawus]] ({{Died in|1266}}) and in most {{Transliteration|ar|maqatil}} works.{{Sfn|Sindawi|2002|p=91}}

=== Ashura ===

On the morning of [[Ashura]] (10 Muharram), Husayn organized his supporters, some seventy-two men.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012}} He then spoke to the enemy lines and asked them why they considered it lawful to kill the grandson of Muhammad.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012}} Probably after this speech, the Umayyad commander [[Al-Hurr ibn Yazid Al-Tamimi|al-Hurr ibn Yazid al-Tamimi]] defected to Husayn's side.{{Sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=66}} The Umayyad army then showered the camp with arrows,{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012}} thus commencing the battle which lasted from morning till sunset and consisted of incidents of single combat, at least throughout the morning,{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=69}} skirmishes, assaults, and retreats.{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}} By the early afternoon, however, the Umayyad army had encircled the camp,{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=69}} and the companions had all fallen.{{Sfn|Hyder|2006|p=89}}

==== Death ====

[[File:Ashoora.jpg|thumb|Husayn standing over the body of his dead son, Ali al-Akbar, in a reenactment of Ashura in [[Bahrain]] ]]

Among the [[Alids]], that is, the descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib, Ali a-Akbar was the first to receive permission to fight and enter the battlefield.{{Sfn|Calmard|1985}}{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}} The accounts presented in popular literature, however, sometimes place him among the last to be killed. For instance, Ali is presented as the seventeenth casualty in {{Transl|ar|Rawzat al-shohada}} by [[Husayn Kashifi]] ({{Died in|1504}}), the [[Timurid Empire|Timurid]]-era poet and preacher.{{Sfn|Calmard|1985}} Ali al-Akbar is said to have charged multiple times at the enemy lines. After one of his charges, he returned from the battlefield, injured and parched with thirst, and complained of thirst. Husayn consoled him that his thirst would soon be quenched at the hands of his great-grandfather Muhammad. Ali al-Akbar then returned to fight and was finally felled by Murra ibn Sa'd, who is said to have struck Ali from behind. He fell and was surrounded by Umayyad soldiers who "cut him to pieces." In most reports, his killer is named Murra ibn Munqidh al-Abdi,{{Sfn|Calmard|1985}}{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}} who later survived a revenge attempt by the pro-Alid revolutionary [[Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]] ({{Died in|687}}), but was severely wounded.{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}} A grief-stricken Husayn wept over the body of his dead son and,{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}} and lamented, "The world has ended," and, "There will be [only] dust on the world after you," according to {{Transl|ar|al-Irshad}}.{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}}{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=77}} Husayn's sister [[Zaynab bint Ali|Zaynab]] rushed there too and Husayn finally returned to the camp with her inconsolable sister. He then asked other young men to carry the body of Ali al-Akbar back to the camp.{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}}

The battle ended when the lone-standing Husayn was killed in the afternoon.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=30}} The severed heads of Ali al-Akbar and others were afterward taken to Ibn Ziyad in Kufa and then to Yazid in [[Damascus]], where his head was likely buried in the [[Bab al-Saghir]] cemetery.{{Sfn|Calmard|1985}} The women and children, taken captive after the battle, were marched alongside to Kufa and then Damascus.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=30{{ndash}}31}}

== Shrine ==

[[File:The shrine of Imam Hussain in Karbala.jpg|thumb|The shrine of Husayn and the nearby shrine of his half-brother Abbas in Karbala, Iraq]]

The fallen supporters of Husayn were buried by some men of the [[Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah|Banu Asad]] tribe from the al-Ghadiriyya village. In particular, Ali al-Akbar was buried next to his father. Today, the two tombs are located under the central dome of the [[Imam Husayn Shrine|shrine of Husayn]] in the city of Karbala, in present-day [[Iraq]].{{Sfn|Calmard|1985}} The city developed around the shrine and has become a destination for pilgrimage and a center for religious learning.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=33}} There are also passages devoted to Ali al-Akbar in the supplications recited by pilgrims.{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}} He left no descendents.{{Sfn|Mir|}}

== Commemoration in Shia Islam ==

Following the precedents of [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Shia imams]] in mourning Husayn,{{Sfn|Osman|2015|p=133}} Shia Muslims [[Mourning of Muharram|commemorate]] the Karbala events throughout the months of Muharram and [[Safar]],{{Sfn|Hyder|2006|p=9}} particularly during the first ten days of Muharram, culminating on Ashura with processions in major Shia cities.{{Sfn|Osman|2015|p=133}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=240}} The main component of these ritual ceremonies ({{Transl|ar|maj'alis}}, {{Singular}} {{Transl|ar|majlis}}) is the narration of the stories of Karbala,{{Sfn|D'Souza|1998}}{{Sfn|Osman|2015|p=133}} intended to raise sympathy and move the audience to tears.{{Sfn|Pinault|2000|p=77}} It is in this context that the memory of Ali al-Akbar is celebrated from the [[West Indies]] to [[Southeast Asia]].{{Sfn|Calmard|1985}} In particular, in [[Iran|Iranian]] ritual [[Ta'zieh|passion-plays]] ({{Transl|ar|ta'zie}}s), Ali al-Akbar is often featured as an unfortunate brave youth who was martyred before he could marry. A parallel is thus drawn in Shia Islam between [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham's]] sacrifice of his son [[Ishmael in Islam|Isma'il]] and Husayn's sacrifice of Ali al-Akbar.{{Sfn|Calmard|1985}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|

* [[Abbas ibn Ali]]

* [[Zaynab bint Ali]]

* [[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin]]

* [[Sakina bint Husayn]]

* [[Ruqayya bint Husayn]]

}}

== Footnotes ==

== References ==

{{refbegin|2}}

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* {{cite thesis |author-last=Adibzadeh |author-first=S. |title=The Journey of Beauty Towards Perfection: Zaynab bint 'Alī Ibn Abī Tālib and the Model of Human Changes Towards Developing Attributes of Walīyat Allāh and al-Insān al-Kāmil |publisher=Temple University |year=2013}}

* {{cite encyclopedia|author-last=Bahramian|author-first=A.|translator-first=F.|translator-last= Negahban|title='Alī b. al-Ḥusayn, Abū al-Ḥasan|encyclopedia= Encyclopaedia Islamica|editor-first= F.|editor-last= Daftary|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_SIM_0253|url-access=subscription|year= 2015|doi=10.1163/1875-9831_isla_SIM_0253 |editor-link=Farhad Daftary}}

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* {{cite book |chapter=The Figure of Zaynab in Shî'î Devotional Life |title=Spiritual Traditions: Essential Visions for Living |pages=201{{ndash}}225 |year=1998 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/32233803 |author-first=D. |author-last=D'Souza|publisher=United Theological College |editor-first=D.E.|editor-last= Singh|isbn=9788172144616 }}

* {{cite book|title=Visualizing Belief and Piety in Iranian Shiism|author-first=I.|author-last= Flaskerud|publisher=A&C Black|year=2010|isbn= 9781441149077}}

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* {{cite journal |author-last=Hamdar |author-first=A. |title=Jihad of words: Gender and contemporary Karbala Narratives |journal=The Yearbook of English Studies |volume=39 |year=2009 |issue=1–2 |pages=84–100 |doi=10.1353/yes.2009.0016 |s2cid=158479476 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/814313/summary|url-access=subscription}}

* {{cite book |author-last=Hawting |author-first=G.R. |year=2000 |title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750 |edition=Second |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0415240727 |author-link=G. R. Hawting}}

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* {{cite journal |author-last=Sindawi |author-first=K. |title=The Image of Ḥusayn ibn 'Alī in '' Maqātil'' Literature |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25802958.pdf |journal=Quaderni di Studi Arabi |year=2002 |pages=79–104 |volume=20/21|jstor=25802958 }}

* {{cite book |last=Tabatabai |first=S.M.H. |url=https://archive.org/details/ShiaInIslamCopy/mode/2up |title=Shi'ite Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |translator-first=S.H. |translator-last=Nasr |translator-link= |year=1975 |isbn=0873953908 |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei |url-access=registration}}

* {{cite encyclopedia |author1-last=Veccia Vaglieri |author1-first=L. |title=(al-)Ḥusayn b. 'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Second |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0304 |year=2012 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0304 |isbn=9789004161214 |author-link=Laura Veccia Vaglieri |url-access=subscription}}

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* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/arabkingdomandit029490mbp |url-access=registration |title=The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall |author-first=J. |author-last=Wellhausen |translator-first=M.G. |translator-last=Weir |publisher=University of Calcutta |year=1927 |oclc=752790641}}

{{refend}}