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spelling; "eXperiment" already in lede; just a regular SQUID IIUC, "exotic" is just newsy hype
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→Progress: updates and sources for the 2016 upgrade
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===SQUID amplifiers=== |
===SQUID amplifiers=== |
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In the first implementation of the experiment in 1996, the amplifier [[noise temperature]] was around 2 K.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Asztalos |first=S. J. |last2=Carosi |first2=G. |last3=Hagmann |first3=C. |last4=Kinion |first4=D. |last5=van Bibber |first5=K. |last6=Hotz |first6=M. |last7=Rosenberg |first7=L. J |last8=Rybka |first8=G. |last9=Hoskins |first9=J. |last10=Hwang |first10=J. |last11=Sikivie |first11=P. |last12=Tanner |first12=D. B. |last13=Bradley |first13=R. |last14=Clarke |first14=J. |date=2010-01-28 |title=SQUID-Based Microwave Cavity Search for Dark-Matter Axions |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.041301 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=041301 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.041301}}</ref> In 2009, the first stage amplifier was replaced bya SQUID amplifier, which greatly lowered the noise (to less than 100 mK) and vastly improved sensitivity.<ref name=":0" /> ADMX has demonstrated that the SQUID amplifier allows for quantum-limited-power sensitivity. In 2016, ADMX acquired Josephson Parametric Amplifiers which allow quantum noise limited searches at higher frequencies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brubaker |first=B. M. |last2=Zhong |first2=L. |last3=Gurevich |first3=Y. V. |last4=Cahn |first4=S. B. |last5=Lamoreaux |first5=S. K. |last6=Simanovskaia |first6=M. |last7=Root |first7=J. R. |last8=Lewis |first8=S. M. |last9=Al Kenany |first9=S. |last10=Backes |first10=K. M. |last11=Urdinaran |first11=I. |last12=Rapidis |first12=N. M. |last13=Shokair |first13=T. M. |last14=van Bibber |first14=K. A. |last15=Palken |first15=D. A. |date=2017-02-09 |title=First Results from a Microwave Cavity Axion Search at 24µeV |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.061302 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=118 |issue=6 |pages=061302 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.061302}}</ref> |
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===Dilution refrigerator=== |
===Dilution refrigerator=== |
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{{main|Dilution refrigerator}} |
{{main|Dilution refrigerator}} |
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The addition of a dilution refrigerator |
The addition of a dilution refrigerator was the main focus of the 2016 upgrade program.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=Leslie |date=2018-01-01 |title=Searching for the Dark: The Hunt for Axions |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/searching-for-the-dark-the-hunt-for-axions/ |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref> The dilution refrigerator allows cooling the apparatus to 100 mK or less, reducing the noise to 150 mK, which makes data taking 400 times faster. This makes it the "Definitive Experiment". |
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=== Related searches === |
=== Related searches === |
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The Axion Dark Matter Experiment (ADMX, also written as Axion Dark Matter eXperiment in the project's documentation) uses a resonant microwave cavity within a large superconducting magnet to search for cold dark matter axions in the local galactic dark matter halo. Unusual for a dark matter detector, it is not located deep underground. Sited at the Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics (CENPA) at the University of Washington, ADMX is a large collaborative effort with researchers from universities and laboratories around the world.
The axion is a hypothetical elementary particle originally postulated to solve the strong CP problem. The axion is also an extremely attractive dark matter candidate. The axion is the puzzle piece allowing these two mysteries to fit naturally into our understanding of the universe.
The axion was originally postulated to exist as part of the solution to the "strong CP problem". This problem arose from the observation that the strong force holding nuclei together and the weak force making nuclei decay differ in the amount of CP violation in their interactions. Weak interaction was expected to feed into the strong interactions (QCD), yielding appreciable QCD CP violation, but no such violation has been observed to very high accuracy. One solution to this Strong CP Problem introduces a new particle called the axion. If the axion is very light, it interacts so weakly that it would be nearly impossible to detect but would be an ideal dark matter candidate. The ADMX experiment aims to detect this extraordinarily weakly coupled particle.
Although dark matter can't be seen directly, its gravitational interactions with familiar matter leave unmistakable evidence for its existence.[citation needed] The universe today would not look the same without dark matter. Approximately five times more abundant than ordinary matter, the nature of dark matter remains one of the biggest mysteries in physics. In addition to solving the strong CP problem, the axion could provide an answer to the question "what is dark matter made of?" The axion is a neutral particle that is extraordinarily weakly interacting and could be produced in the right amount to constitute dark matter. If the dark matter accounting for the bulk of all matter in our universe is axions, ADMX is one of only a few experiments able to detect it.
Pierre Sikivie invented the axion haloscope in 1983.[1] After smaller scale experiments at the University of Florida demonstrated the practicality of the axion haloscope, ADMX was constructed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in 1995. In 2010 ADMX moved to the Center for Experimental Physics and Astrophysics (CENPA) at the University of Washington. Led by Dr. Leslie Rosenberg,[2] ADMX is undergoing an upgrade that will allow it to be sensitive to a broad range of plausible dark matter axion masses and couplings.
The experiment is designed to detect the weak conversion of dark matter axions into microwave photons in the presence of a strong magnetic field. If the hypothesis is correct, an apparatus consisting of an 8 tesla magnet and a cryogenically cooled high-Q tunable microwave cavity should stimulate the conversion of axions into photons. When the cavity's resonant frequency is tuned to the axion mass, the interaction between nearby axions in the Milky Way halo and ADMX's magnetic field is enhanced. This results in the deposit of a tiny amount of power (less than a yoctowatt) into the cavity.
An extraordinarily sensitive microwave receiver allows the weak axion signal to be extracted from the noise. The experiment receiver features quantum-limited noise performance delivered by a Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID) amplifier and lower temperatures from a 3He refrigerator. ADMX is the first experiment sensitive to realistic dark-matter axion masses and couplings and the improved detector allows a more sensitive search.
The microwave cavity within the magnet bore is at the heart of ADMX. It is a circular cylinder, 1 meter long and 0.5 meter diameter. ADMX searches for axions by slowly scanning the cavity resonant frequency by adjusting positions of two tuning rods within the cavity. A signal appears when the cavity resonant frequency matches the axion mass.
The expected signal from axion decay is so small that the entire experiment is cooled to well below 4.2 kelvin with a liquid helium refrigerator to minimize thermal noise. The electric field within the cavity is sampled by a tiny antenna connected to an ultra-low-noise microwave receiver.
The ultra-low noise microwave receiver makes the experiment possible. The dominant background is thermal noise arising from the cavity and the receiver electronics. Signals from the cavity are amplified by a Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID) amplifier followed by ultralow noise cryogenic HFET amplifiers. The receiver then downconverts microwave cavity frequencies to a lower frequency that can be easily digitized and saved. The receiver chain is sensitive to powers smaller than 10 rontowatts; this is the world's lowest-noise microwave receiver in a production environment.
In 2010, ADMX2010 eliminated one of the two axion benchmark models from 1.9 μeV to 3.53 μeV, assuming axions saturate the Milky Way's halo.[3] ADMX hopes to exclude or discover 2 μeV to 20 μeV dark matter axions within the next 10 years. ADMX is undergoing an upgrade to the "Definitive Experiment"; this is sensitive to a very broad range of plausible dark-matter axion masses and couplings. Greater sensitivity will be possible with the upgrade to SQUID amplifiers and the addition of a dilution refrigerator.[citation needed]
In the first implementation of the experiment in 1996, the amplifier noise temperature was around 2 K.[4] In 2009, the first stage amplifier was replaced by a SQUID amplifier, which greatly lowered the noise (to less than 100 mK) and vastly improved sensitivity.[4] ADMX has demonstrated that the SQUID amplifier allows for quantum-limited-power sensitivity. In 2016, ADMX acquired Josephson Parametric Amplifiers which allow quantum noise limited searches at higher frequencies.[5]
The addition of a dilution refrigerator was the main focus of the 2016 upgrade program.[6] The dilution refrigerator allows cooling the apparatus to 100 mK or less, reducing the noise to 150 mK, which makes data taking 400 times faster. This makes it the "Definitive Experiment".
The Haloscope at Yale Sensitive to Axion CDM, or HAYSTAC (formerly known as ADMX-High Frequency), hosted at Yale University, is using a Josephson Parametric Amplifier, 9 T magnet, and microwave cavity with radius of 5 cm and height 25 cm to search masses 19–24 µeV.
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