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The '''Bread and Puppet Theater''' (often known simply as '''Bread & Puppet''') is a [[Political radicalism|politically radical]] [[puppet theater]], active since the 1960s, based in [[Glover, Vermont]] |
The '''Bread and Puppet Theater''' (often known simply as '''Bread & Puppet''') is a [[Political radicalism|politically radical]] [[puppet theater]], active since the 1960s, based in [[Glover, Vermont]]. The theater was co-founded by Elka and [[Peter Schumann]]. Schumann is the artistic director. |
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The name '''Bread & Puppet''' is derived from the theater's practice of sharing its own fresh bread, served for free with [[aïoli]], with the audience of each performance to create community, and from its central principle art should be as basic as bread to life. Some have heard echoes of the Roman phrase "[[bread and circuses]]" or the labor slogan "[[Bread and Roses]]" in the theater's name as well, though these are not often mentioned in Bread & Puppet's own explanations of its name. |
The name '''Bread & Puppet''' is derived from the theater's practice of sharing its own fresh bread, served for free with [[aïoli]], with the audience of each performance to create community, and from its central principle art should be as basic as bread to life. Some have heard echoes of the Roman phrase "[[bread and circuses]]" or the labor slogan "[[Bread and Roses]]" in the theater's name as well, though these are not often mentioned in Bread & Puppet's own explanations of its name. |
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Peter and Elka Schumann founded The Bread & Puppet Theater in 1963 in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About B & P's 50 Year History |url=https://breadandpuppet.org/about-b-ps-50-year-history |website=Bread and Puppet Theater |access-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622214736/https://breadandpuppet.org/about-b-ps-50-year-history |archive-date=22 June 2022 |quote=Peter and Elka decided on the name Bread and Puppet Theater. The name stuck. The year was 1963. |url-status=live}}</ref> It was active during the [[Vietnam War]] in [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|anti-war]] protests, primarily in New York City, prompting ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' reviewer T.E. Kalem to remark in 1971, "This virtual dumb show is as contemporary as tomorrow's bombing raid."<ref>Cited in [[Gary Botting]], ''The Theatre of Protest in America'' (Edmonton: Harden House, 1972), 21-22</ref> Many people remember it as central to the political spectacle of the time, as its enormous puppets (often ten to fifteen feet tall) were a fixture of many demonstrations. A Sicilian puppet show had inspired Schumann, and TB&PT inspired other groups across the continent, including [[Gary Botting]]'s Edmonton-based People & Puppets Incorporated, which in the early 1970s also used effigies yards-high to depict political themes and social commentary in radical street theatre.<ref>Tihemme Gagnon, "Introduction", ''Streaking! The Collected Poems of [[Gary Botting]]'' (Miami: Strategic, 2014) xxviii</ref> In 1970 the Theater moved to [[Vermont]], first to [[Goddard College]] in [[Plainfield, Vermont|Plainfield]], and then to a [[farm]] in Glover where it remains. The farm is home to a cow, several pigs, chickens, and puppeteers, as well as indoor and outdoor performance spaces, a printshop, a store, and a large museum showcasing over four decades of the company's work. TB&PT has received [[National Endowment for the Arts]] grants, awards from the [[Puppeteers of America]], and other organizations. |
Peter and Elka Schumann founded The Bread & Puppet Theater in 1963 in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About B & P's 50 Year History |url=https://breadandpuppet.org/about-b-ps-50-year-history |website=Bread and Puppet Theater |access-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622214736/https://breadandpuppet.org/about-b-ps-50-year-history |archive-date=22 June 2022 |quote=Peter and Elka decided on the name Bread and Puppet Theater. The name stuck. The year was 1963. |url-status=live}}</ref> It was active during the [[Vietnam War]] in [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|anti-war]] protests, primarily in New York City, prompting ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' reviewer T.E. Kalem to remark in 1971, "This virtual dumb show is as contemporary as tomorrow's bombing raid."<ref>Cited in [[Gary Botting]], ''The Theatre of Protest in America'' (Edmonton: Harden House, 1972), 21-22</ref> Many people remember it as central to the political spectacle of the time, as its enormous puppets (often ten to fifteen feet tall) were a fixture of many demonstrations. A Sicilian puppet show had inspired Schumann, and TB&PT inspired other groups across the continent, including [[Gary Botting]]'s Edmonton-based People & Puppets Incorporated, which in the early 1970s also used effigies yards-high to depict political themes and social commentary in radical street theatre.<ref>Tihemme Gagnon, "Introduction", ''Streaking! The Collected Poems of [[Gary Botting]]'' (Miami: Strategic, 2014) xxviii</ref> In 1970 the Theater moved to [[Vermont]], first to [[Goddard College]] in [[Plainfield, Vermont|Plainfield]], and then to a [[farm]] in Glover where it remains. The farm is home to a cow, several pigs, chickens, and puppeteers, as well as indoor and outdoor performance spaces, a printshop, a store, and a large museum showcasing over four decades of the company's work. TB&PT has received [[National Endowment for the Arts]] grants, awards from the [[Puppeteers of America]], and other organizations. |
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In 1984 and 1985 they toured colleges with an indoor play, ''The Door'', which told the story of "the massacre of [[Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#Guatemala|Guatemalan]] and [[Salvadorans#Indigenous_Salvadorans|El Salvadorian Indians] |
In 1984 and 1985 they toured colleges with an indoor play, ''The Door'', which told the story of "the massacre of [[Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#Guatemala|Guatemalan]] and [[Salvadorans#Indigenous_Salvadorans|El Salvadorian Indians]] and the plight of refugees trying to escape through a diabolically opening and closing door to the North."<ref>Van Erven, Eugène: |
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''Radical People's Theatre'' Indiana University Press, 2000</ref> With "only minimal use of the spoken word", the play made its points "with great simplicity and beauty."<ref>Jaques, Damien ''Play says a lot by saying little'' Milwaukee Journal, May 5, 1985</ref> |
''Radical People's Theatre'' Indiana University Press, 2000</ref> With "only minimal use of the spoken word", the play made its points "with great simplicity and beauty."<ref>Jaques, Damien ''Play says a lot by saying little'' Milwaukee Journal, May 5, 1985</ref> |
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[[Image:Bread and Puppet Circus.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Our Domestic Resurrection Circus - Mid-1980s]] |
[[Image:Bread and Puppet Circus.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Our Domestic Resurrection Circus - Mid-1980s]] |
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Until 1998, Bread & Puppet hosted its annual Pageant and [[Circus]] (in full, ''Our Domestic Resurrection Circus''), in and around a natural [[amphitheater]] on its Glover grounds. In the 1990s, the festival began drawing crowds of tens of thousands, who camped on nearby farmers' land during the annual, summer weekend of the pageant. The event became unmanageable, and concerned itself less with the theater's performance. In 1998, a man was killed by accident in a fight while camping overnight for the festival, forcing director Peter Schumann to cancel the festival.<ref>{{cite web|url= |
Until 1998, Bread & Puppet hosted its annual Pageant and [[Circus]] (in full, ''Our Domestic Resurrection Circus''), in and around a natural [[amphitheater]] on its Glover grounds. In the 1990s, the festival began drawing crowds of tens of thousands, who camped on nearby farmers' land during the annual, summer weekend of the pageant. The event became unmanageable, and concerned itself less with the theater's performance. In 1998, a man was killed by accident in a fight while camping overnight for the festival, forcing director Peter Schumann to cancel the festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chelseagreen.com/2004/items/rehearsingwithgods/Reviews|title=Reviews and awards for Ecology on Milkweed Edition's site - Chelsea Green Publishing|website=chelseagreen.com|date=9 November 2017 }}</ref> Since then, the theater offers smaller weekend performances all summer, and traveled around [[New York (state)|New York]] and [[New England]], with occasional tours around the U.S. and abroad. The theater runs a program where apprentices help produce and act in performances.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.breadandpuppet.org/apprenticeship-and-workshops|title=Apprenticeship - Bread and Puppet Theater|website=www.breadandpuppet.org}}</ref> In New York City, Bread & Puppet performs at [[Theater for the New City]] during the holiday season each year. |
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=== "Cheap Art" and Theater Funding === |
=== "Cheap Art" and Theater Funding === |
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The Bread & Puppet Theater operates under what they call the “Why Cheap Art” Manifesto.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Why Cheap Art Manifesto – Bread and Puppet Theater |url=https://breadandpuppet.org/cheap-art/why-cheap-art-manifesto |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=breadandpuppet.org}}</ref> This a principle that states art should be accessible to the public, not “a privilege of museums & the rich.”<ref name=":1" /> The theater is quoted as claiming: "art is not a business."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-18 |title=The Bread & Puppet Theatre: A Living Museum of American Hippie Culture |url=https://www.messynessychic.com/2020/02/18/the-bread-puppet-theatre-a-living-museum-of-american-hippie-culture/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Messy Nessy Chic |language=en-US}}</ref> Bread & Puppet productions are free or paid for by donation, and related art is for sale "for very little money."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Eby |first=Lois |date=2002-12-16 |title=Great thoughts: Bread and Puppet Theater |url=https://archive.vpr.org/commentary-series/great-thoughts-bread-and-puppet-theater/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Welcome to the VPR Archive |language=en-US}}</ref> |
The Bread & Puppet Theater operates under what they call the “Why Cheap Art” Manifesto.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Why Cheap Art Manifesto – Bread and Puppet Theater |url=https://breadandpuppet.org/cheap-art/why-cheap-art-manifesto |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=breadandpuppet.org}}</ref> This a principle that states art should be accessible to the public, not “a privilege of museums & the rich.”<ref name=":1" /> The theater is quoted as claiming: "art is not a business."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-18 |title=The Bread & Puppet Theatre: A Living Museum of American Hippie Culture |url=https://www.messynessychic.com/2020/02/18/the-bread-puppet-theatre-a-living-museum-of-american-hippie-culture/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Messy Nessy Chic |language=en-US}}</ref> Bread & Puppet productions are free or paid for by donation, and related art is for sale "for very little money."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Eby |first=Lois |date=2002-12-16 |title=Great thoughts: Bread and Puppet Theater |url=https://archive.vpr.org/commentary-series/great-thoughts-bread-and-puppet-theater/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Welcome to the VPR Archive |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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The theater operates on a “shoestring" budget.<ref name=":2" /> This means that staff are historically paid as low as $35 a week (in 1977) and that many items used in the production of the theater, including clothing and raw puppet materials, are obtained second hand or by donation.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |
The theater operates on a “shoestring" budget.<ref name=":2" /> This means that staff are historically paid as low as $35 a week (in 1977) and that many items used in the production of the theater, including clothing and raw puppet materials, are obtained second hand or by donation.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal | jstor=20158745 | title=Peter Schumann's Bread and Puppet Theater | last1=Goldensohn | first1=Barry | journal=The Iowa Review | year=1977 | volume=8 | issue=2 | pages=71–82 | doi=10.17077/0021-065X.2206 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.5406/radicalteacher.89.0020 | doi=10.5406/radicalteacher.89.0020 | title=The Sustainable Energy of the Bread & Puppet Theater: Lessons Outside the Box | year=2011 | last1=Estrin | first1=Marc | journal=The Radical Teacher | issue=89 | pages=20–30 }}</ref> The theater typically has been known to generate the funds necessary for production by going on tour.<ref name=":3" /> Although government grants are available to the theater, Schumann rejects the "absurdity" of grants for protest, insisting the lack of aid "leaves him freer to experiment."<ref name=":3" /> This attitude towards business led Schumann to disband the communal company of the theater in 1973 out of concern that the theater was coming too close to a "pattern of the professional theater."<ref name=":3" /> Disbanding the company gave Schumann "uncompromising control" over production.<ref name=":3" /> |
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"Cheap art" is said to be a core principle of the theater, and is reflected both in its ethics and in its aesthetics. Ethically, the theater is described as [[Anti-capitalism|anticapitalist]] and generally is regarded as having a "[[hippie]]" viewpoint,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chiasson |first=Dan |title=Larger Than Life {{!}} Dan Chiasson |language=en |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2021/09/23/bread-and-puppet-larger-than-life/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |issn=0028-7504}}</ref> Aesthetically, the theater is often described as "slapdash" or "unsightly," as well as modest and "distinctively homemade."<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> |
"Cheap art" is said to be a core principle of the theater, and is reflected both in its ethics and in its aesthetics. Ethically, the theater is described as [[Anti-capitalism|anticapitalist]] and generally is regarded as having a "[[hippie]]" viewpoint,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chiasson |first=Dan |title=Larger Than Life {{!}} Dan Chiasson |language=en |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2021/09/23/bread-and-puppet-larger-than-life/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |issn=0028-7504}}</ref> Aesthetically, the theater is often described as "slapdash" or "unsightly," as well as modest and "distinctively homemade."<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> |
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Specific causes supported by the theater include: |
Specific causes supported by the theater include: |
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*Opposition to warfare |
*Opposition to warfare |
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*Opposition to registering for the [[conscription in the United States|draft]]<ref>{{cite web|url= |
*Opposition to registering for the [[conscription in the United States|draft]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.objector.org/Resources/AWOL3.pdf|title=objector.org - objector Resources and Information.|website=www.objector.org|access-date=2007-03-06|archive-date=2021-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204161358/https://www.objector.org/Resources/AWOL3.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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*Opposition to the [[World Trade Organization]]<ref>{{cite web|url= |
*Opposition to the [[World Trade Organization]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indyweek.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid:16272|title=Puppet Masters|first=Ristin|last=Cooks|website=indyweek.com|access-date=2018-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525094558/https://www.indyweek.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A16272|archive-date=2008-05-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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*Support of the shut down of [[Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant]]<ref>[ |
*Support of the shut down of [[Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant]]<ref>[https://safeamericanhome.blogspot.com/search?updated-min=2006-01-01T00%3A00%3A00-08%3A00&updated-max=2007-01-01T00%3A00%3A00-08%3A00&max-results=50 Failure is the New Progress<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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*Support for the [[Sandinista National Liberation Front]] revolution in [[Nicaragua]] (1979–1990) |
*Support for the [[Sandinista National Liberation Front]] revolution in [[Nicaragua]] (1979–1990) |
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*The [[Zapatista Army of National Liberation|Zapatista]] Uprising of 1994 |
*The [[Zapatista Army of National Liberation|Zapatista]] Uprising of 1994 |
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==== ''Fire'' (1965) ==== |
==== ''Fire'' (1965) ==== |
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An hour long play that critiqued the ongoing war in Vietnam. It was dedicated to American protesters who died after setting fire to themselves and depicted life for Vietnamese villagers during the war.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Grail at Reed College — Radical Puppets! Bread and Puppet Performs "Fire" at Reed|url= |
An hour long play that critiqued the ongoing war in Vietnam. It was dedicated to American protesters who died after setting fire to themselves and depicted life for Vietnamese villagers during the war.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Grail at Reed College — Radical Puppets! Bread and Puppet Performs "Fire" at Reed|url=https://reedthegrail.org/newsandfeatures/2015/11/10/radical-puppets-bread-and-puppet-performs-fire-at-reed|access-date=2021-10-23|website=The Grail at Reed College|date=29 October 2015 |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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==== ''Birdcatcher in Hell'' (1971) ==== |
==== ''Birdcatcher in Hell'' (1971) ==== |
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==== ''Stations of the Cross'' (1972) ==== |
==== ''Stations of the Cross'' (1972) ==== |
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Described by [[Larry Gordon (musician)|Larry Gordon]], at the time the general manager of the company, as a "partially metaphoric [and] partially literal" rendering, ''Stations of the Cross'' was a contemporary interpretation of the [[New Testament]] story of Jesus' suffering on the way to his eventual [[Crucifixion_of_Jesus|crucifixion]]. Gordon provided the music direction for the production, the first time [[Sacred Harp]] music was performed at Bread and Puppet.<ref>{{cite news |last1= |
Described by [[Larry Gordon (musician)|Larry Gordon]], at the time the general manager of the company, as a "partially metaphoric [and] partially literal" rendering, ''Stations of the Cross'' was a contemporary interpretation of the [[New Testament]] story of Jesus' suffering on the way to his eventual [[Crucifixion_of_Jesus|crucifixion]]. Gordon provided the music direction for the production, the first time [[Sacred Harp]] music was performed at Bread and Puppet.<ref name=bc>{{cite news |last1=Crossette |first1=Barbara |title=Bread and Puppet Group's 'Stations of the Cross' Comes to St. John the Divine; One Group Working in France |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1980/04/25/archives/bread-and-puppet-groups-stations-of-the-cross-comes-to-st-john-the.html |access-date=12 November 2021 |agency=The New York Times |publisher=The New York Times Company |date=April 25, 1980|author-link=Barbara Crossette}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kalish |first1=John |title=Larry Gordon, creator of community choruses in Vermont, dies |url=https://vtdigger.org/2021/11/10/larry-gordon-creator-of-community-choruses-in-vermont-dies/ |access-date=11 November 2021 |agency=VTDigger |publisher=The Vermont Journalism Trust |date=November 10, 2021}}</ref> Elka Schumann stated that the production was also a metaphor for the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]].<ref name=bc/> |
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==== ''Joan of Arc'' (1979) ==== |
==== ''Joan of Arc'' (1979) ==== |
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A show that incorporated musical instruments and puppetry into a retelling of the story of [[Joan of Arc|St. Joan]]. This work also had a revival in 1999.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Critic|first=Richard Christiansen, Tribune Chief|title=BREAD AND PUPPET OFFERS SOME ENCHANTING EVENING|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-03-15-9903150143-story.html|access-date=2021-10-24|website=chicagotribune.com|language=en-US}}</ref> |
A show that incorporated musical instruments and puppetry into a retelling of the story of [[Joan of Arc|St. Joan]]. This work also had a revival in 1999.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Critic|first=Richard Christiansen, Tribune Chief|title=BREAD AND PUPPET OFFERS SOME ENCHANTING EVENING|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-03-15-9903150143-story.html|access-date=2021-10-24|website=chicagotribune.com|date=15 March 1999 |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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Taiwan is the first Asian country to show the new version of Joan of Arc in 2009. |
Taiwan is the first Asian country to show the new version of Joan of Arc in 2009. |
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==Critics' comments== |
==Critics' comments== |
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[[File:Bread and Puppet bus on tour.jpeg|thumb]] |
[[File:Bread and Puppet bus on tour.jpeg|thumb | The Bread and Puppet bus on tour, parked in front of the Ant Hill Cooperative in Rochester, NY.]] |
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Writers to have praised Bread & Puppet include historian [[Howard Zinn]], who cited its "magic, beauty, and power", and poet and [[National Public Radio|NPR]] commentator [[Andrei Codrescu]], who wrote: "The Bread & Puppet Theater has been so long a part of America's conscious struggle for our better selves, that it has become, paradoxically, a fixture of our subconscious."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rehearsing with Gods – Bread and Puppet Theater |url=https://breadandpuppet.org/product/rehearsing-with-gods |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=breadandpuppet.org}}</ref> |
Writers to have praised Bread & Puppet include historian [[Howard Zinn]], who cited its "magic, beauty, and power", and poet and [[National Public Radio|NPR]] commentator [[Andrei Codrescu]], who wrote: "The Bread & Puppet Theater has been so long a part of America's conscious struggle for our better selves, that it has become, paradoxically, a fixture of our subconscious."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rehearsing with Gods – Bread and Puppet Theater |url=https://breadandpuppet.org/product/rehearsing-with-gods |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=breadandpuppet.org}}</ref> |
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*[[Cantastoria]] |
*[[Cantastoria]] |
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*[[In the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theatre]] |
*[[In the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theatre]] |
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*[[Paperhand Puppet Intervention]] |
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==Footnotes== |
==Footnotes== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Commons}} |
{{Commons}} |
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*[ |
*[https://www.breadandpuppet.org/ Bread and Puppet Theater official Web site] |
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*[ |
*[https://www.theaterofmemory.com/photography/rehearsing_with_gods.html Photographer Ronald T. Simon's Bread & Puppet photos] |
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*[ |
*[https://www.theaterofmemory.com/art/bread/index.php Photos of the Theater] |
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*[ |
*[https://www.scenesofvermont.com/bread&puppet/bread.htm Discussion of 1998 Pageant] |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040825002939/ |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040825002939/https://www.aisling.net/am/cheapart.htm The Why Cheap Art? Manifesto] |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040806152325/ |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040806152325/https://www.greenvalleymedia.org/bread_puppet.php3?ticket= Videos of the Bread & Puppet Theater from Green Valley Media] |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050516135004/ |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050516135004/https://1067litefm.theatermania.com/content/news.cfm?int_news_id=1808 TheaterMania]: news feature December 3, 2001 |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080719124139/ |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080719124139/https://www.vmga.org/essex/breadpupper.html Information about the Bread and Puppet Museum] |
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*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=Bread%20%26%20Puppet Archive.org Bread & Puppet Archive] |
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=Bread%20%26%20Puppet Archive.org Bread & Puppet Archive] |
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{{Coord|44|41|03|N|72|10|41|W|region:US-VT_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}} |
{{Coord|44|41|03|N|72|10|41|W|region:US-VT_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}} |
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[[Category:Theatre companies in Vermont]] |
[[Category:Theatre companies in Vermont]] |
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[[Category:Puppetry in the United States]] |
[[Category:Puppetry in the United States]] |
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[[Category:Postmodern theatre]] |
![]()
Puppets on display in the Bread & Puppet Museum
| |
Formation | 1962–1963 |
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Type | Theatre group |
Purpose | Political Puppetry |
Location | |
Artistic director(s) | Peter Schumann |
Website | www |
The Bread and Puppet Theater (often known simply as Bread & Puppet) is a politically radical puppet theater, active since the 1960s, based in Glover, Vermont. The theater was co-founded by Elka and Peter Schumann. Schumann is the artistic director.
The name Bread & Puppet is derived from the theater's practice of sharing its own fresh bread, served for free with aïoli, with the audience of each performance to create community, and from its central principle art should be as basic as bread to life. Some have heard echoes of the Roman phrase "bread and circuses" or the labor slogan "Bread and Roses" in the theater's name as well, though these are not often mentioned in Bread & Puppet's own explanations of its name.
The Bread and Puppet Theater participates in parades including Independence Day celebrations, notably in Cabot, Vermont, with many effigies including a satirical Uncle Sam on stilts.
Peter and Elka Schumann founded The Bread & Puppet Theater in 1963 in New York City.[1] It was active during the Vietnam Warinanti-war protests, primarily in New York City, prompting Time reviewer T.E. Kalem to remark in 1971, "This virtual dumb show is as contemporary as tomorrow's bombing raid."[2] Many people remember it as central to the political spectacle of the time, as its enormous puppets (often ten to fifteen feet tall) were a fixture of many demonstrations. A Sicilian puppet show had inspired Schumann, and TB&PT inspired other groups across the continent, including Gary Botting's Edmonton-based People & Puppets Incorporated, which in the early 1970s also used effigies yards-high to depict political themes and social commentary in radical street theatre.[3] In 1970 the Theater moved to Vermont, first to Goddard CollegeinPlainfield, and then to a farm in Glover where it remains. The farm is home to a cow, several pigs, chickens, and puppeteers, as well as indoor and outdoor performance spaces, a printshop, a store, and a large museum showcasing over four decades of the company's work. TB&PT has received National Endowment for the Arts grants, awards from the Puppeteers of America, and other organizations.
In 1984 and 1985 they toured colleges with an indoor play, The Door, which told the story of "the massacre of Guatemalan and El Salvadorian Indians and the plight of refugees trying to escape through a diabolically opening and closing door to the North."[4] With "only minimal use of the spoken word", the play made its points "with great simplicity and beauty."[5]
Until 1998, Bread & Puppet hosted its annual Pageant and Circus (in full, Our Domestic Resurrection Circus), in and around a natural amphitheater on its Glover grounds. In the 1990s, the festival began drawing crowds of tens of thousands, who camped on nearby farmers' land during the annual, summer weekend of the pageant. The event became unmanageable, and concerned itself less with the theater's performance. In 1998, a man was killed by accident in a fight while camping overnight for the festival, forcing director Peter Schumann to cancel the festival.[6] Since then, the theater offers smaller weekend performances all summer, and traveled around New York and New England, with occasional tours around the U.S. and abroad. The theater runs a program where apprentices help produce and act in performances.[7] In New York City, Bread & Puppet performs at Theater for the New City during the holiday season each year.
The Bread & Puppet Theater operates under what they call the “Why Cheap Art” Manifesto.[8] This a principle that states art should be accessible to the public, not “a privilege of museums & the rich.”[8] The theater is quoted as claiming: "art is not a business."[9] Bread & Puppet productions are free or paid for by donation, and related art is for sale "for very little money."[10]
The theater operates on a “shoestring" budget.[10] This means that staff are historically paid as low as $35 a week (in 1977) and that many items used in the production of the theater, including clothing and raw puppet materials, are obtained second hand or by donation.[11][12] The theater typically has been known to generate the funds necessary for production by going on tour.[11] Although government grants are available to the theater, Schumann rejects the "absurdity" of grants for protest, insisting the lack of aid "leaves him freer to experiment."[11] This attitude towards business led Schumann to disband the communal company of the theater in 1973 out of concern that the theater was coming too close to a "pattern of the professional theater."[11] Disbanding the company gave Schumann "uncompromising control" over production.[11]
"Cheap art" is said to be a core principle of the theater, and is reflected both in its ethics and in its aesthetics. Ethically, the theater is described as anticapitalist and generally is regarded as having a "hippie" viewpoint,[13] Aesthetically, the theater is often described as "slapdash" or "unsightly," as well as modest and "distinctively homemade."[12][11]
Specific causes supported by the theater include:
An hour long play that critiqued the ongoing war in Vietnam. It was dedicated to American protesters who died after setting fire to themselves and depicted life for Vietnamese villagers during the war.[17]
AKyōgen that critiqued President Nixon's pardoning of soldiers involved in the My Lai Massacre.[18]
Described by Larry Gordon, at the time the general manager of the company, as a "partially metaphoric [and] partially literal" rendering, Stations of the Cross was a contemporary interpretation of the New Testament story of Jesus' suffering on the way to his eventual crucifixion. Gordon provided the music direction for the production, the first time Sacred Harp music was performed at Bread and Puppet.[19][20] Elka Schumann stated that the production was also a metaphor for the Cuban Missile Crisis.[19]
A show that incorporated musical instruments and puppetry into a retelling of the story of St. Joan. This work also had a revival in 1999.[21] Taiwan is the first Asian country to show the new version of Joan of Arc in 2009.
A collaboration between Bread and Puppet Theatre and the 425 Environmental Theatre in Taipei, Taiwan. The play focused on current pollution issues in Taiwan through references to traditional Chinese mythology. In particular, the show depicted the goddess Nüwa and called attention to the pollution of the Tamsui River in its first performances. Later performances focused on different geographical features affected by pollution depending on where the show took place. For example, the work focused on the Love River when it was shown in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Overall, the effectiveness of this collaboration was called into question because many of the members of the 425 Environmental Theatre engaged in environmentally harmful practices (such as smoking) and a part of the show involved burning a puppet which created a considerable amount of black smoke. Still, the work received praise from critics for its relevant social messages.[22]
Performed alongside the revival of Joan of Arc. It was a slow paced play that depicted an old woman's last day on Earth using singers and actors.[21]
In addition to the theater, some of the Bread & Puppet puppeteers operate the Bread & Puppet Press, directed by Elka Schumann, who is Peter Schumann's wife (and granddaughter of Scott Nearing). The press produces posters, cards and books on the Theater's themes as well as other forms of "cheap art."
Publications from the Bread & Puppet Press include:
Notable writers and performers who have participated in the theater, include:
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Bread & Puppet volunteers were among the seventy-nine people arrested at a warehouse in Philadelphia during the 2000 Republican National Convention. The Associated Press reported the scene of the "SWAT-style" raid was broadcast live by news helicopters. Years later, the AP explained there "was tense talk (later proved unfounded) of terrorist plots being hatched in the 'puppetista' headquarters, of bomb building and anarchist-fueled mayhem." Its report did not include the police's side of the story.
"A couple of our folks were down there, helping to build puppets", said Linda Elbow, company manager for Bread & Puppet. "The cops went into the studio...arrested people, and took the puppets. So, now, puppets are criminals."[24]
The Bread & Puppet Theater is a regular participant in New York's Village Halloween Parade, noted for its use of giant puppets. In 2001, Bread & Puppet did not march in the parade. The Theater's plans that year included a presentation protesting the War in Afghanistan. The Halloween parade was to occur fifty days after and 1.5 miles away from the September 11, 2001 attack on the World Trade Center. It was this attack which was the pretext for starting the war which Bread & Puppet Theater was protesting, and the company's "anti-war stance" reportedly "...already placed it at odds with some New Yorkers", according to Dan Bacalzo of TheaterMania.com.[24] Many of the parade's macabre elements were suspended that year by its director Jeanne Fleming. It was not known until October 25 whether it would even take place.
Linda Elbow commented, "We certainly weren't saying 'Hooray for the terrorists.' We were saying, 'Look what you're doing to the people of Afghanistan.'"[24] An unattributed quote in Bacalzo's report — "What you're bringing, we don't want" — suggests it was the group's selection of material that was unwelcome, not the group itself. The report did not make it clear how the decision was made, or who made it; the incident was included as secondary background material in a piece publicizing an upcoming Bread and Puppet show. Fleming, who was not interviewed by Bacalzo (but is quoted as if she was), says that Bread and Puppet was not "disinvited", adding that it was she who first invited the company to march in the parade when she took over as organizer.
In December 2001 the Theater returned to New York with The Insurrection Mass with Funeral March for a Rotten Idea: A Special Mass for the Aftermath of the Events of September 11th. It was presented at Theater for the New City, and billed as『a nonreligious service in the presence of several papier-mâché gods.』 The "Insurrection Masses" are a common format for the Bread & Puppet Theater, as are such "Funerals", though the "rotten" ideas change.[24]
Writers to have praised Bread & Puppet include historian Howard Zinn, who cited its "magic, beauty, and power", and poet and NPR commentator Andrei Codrescu, who wrote: "The Bread & Puppet Theater has been so long a part of America's conscious struggle for our better selves, that it has become, paradoxically, a fixture of our subconscious."[25]
The theater’s protestations of the Vietnam war and message of peace generally received positive television coverage, as noted in peace focused magazine WIN.[26] Keith Lampe, in WIN, also positively comments on the theater's 1966 anti-war demonstration by commending Peter Schumann’s “concern for movement,” “sound,” and “appearance.”[26]
In a 2015 criticism of the theater’s production “The Seditious Conspiracy Theater Presents: A Monument to the Puerto Rican Political Prisoner Oscar Lopez Rivera,” Gia Kourlas describes the show as “patchy,” at times “more cute than pointed,” and seemingly “preaching to the converted.”[27]
The Bread & Puppet Theater has a visual reference in the 2007 Julie Taymor film Across the Universe. The movie replicated characters such as Uncle Fatso, Washer Women, White Ladies, and the many armed Mother head. The Bread & Puppet Circus Band also has a reference in the costumes of the circus band during "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!". The difference between the real life costumes and the ones made for the movie is the real life ones are red and black, whereas in the movie they are white and black. The Bread & Puppet Theater is in the film's credits.[28]
In her 2008 memoir "A Freewheelin' Time: A Memoir of Greenwich Village In The Sixties", New York painter and illustrator, Suze Rotolo, notes she worked a fabrication job with TB&PT early in 1963 near Delancy Street on the lower east side of Manhattan. Rotolo, at the time, was the girlfriend and muse of Bob Dylan and was the inspiration for the songs "Suze (The Cough Song)", "Don't Think Twice, It's Alright", "Tomorrow Is a Long Time", "One Too Many Mornings", and "Boots of Spanish Leather".
Peter and Elka decided on the name Bread and Puppet Theater. The name stuck. The year was 1963.
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