Changing short description from "Wikimedia disambiguation page" to "Rules regulating jurisdiction of courts" (Shortdesc helper)
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{{Short description|Rules regulating jurisdiction of courts}} |
{{Short description|Rules regulating jurisdiction of courts}} |
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{{redirect|Brussels Convention|the 1974 Brussels Convention relating to satellite transmission|Convention Relating to the Distribution of Programme-Carrying Signals Transmitted by Satellite}} |
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[[File:Brussels Regime.svg|thumb|300px|States applying Brussels regime instruments |
[[File:Brussels Regime.svg|thumb|300px|States applying Brussels regime instruments |
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{{legend|#0088cc|Brussels regulation, EU-Denmark agreement, Lugano Convention}} |
{{legend|#0088cc|Brussels regulation, EU-Denmark agreement, Lugano Convention}} |
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===Brussels Convention (1968)=== |
===Brussels Convention (1968)=== |
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Recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial cases was originally accomplished within the [[European Communities]] by the 1968 '''Brussels Convention''' |
Recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial cases was originally accomplished within the [[European Communities]] by the 1968 '''Brussels Convention''', a treaty signed by the then six members of the Communities.<ref name=c1968>{{cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:C:1998:027:FULL|title=Convention on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (consolidated)|access-date=2022-09-21|publisher=[[Council of the European Union]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/agreements-conventions/agreement/?aid=1968001|title=Convention on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters|access-date=2014-11-06|publisher=[[Council of the European Union]]}}</ref> This treaty was amended on several occasions and was almost completely superseded by a [[regulation (EU law)|regulation]] adopted in 2001, the Brussels I Regulation. Today the convention only applies between the 15 pre-2004 members of the European Union and certain territories of EU member states that are outside the Union: [[Aruba]], the [[overseas territory (France)|French overseas territories]] and [[Mayotte]].<ref>Advisory opinion of the ECJ on the competence of the Community to conclude the new Lugano Convention ([http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62003CV0001:EN:HTML Opinion 1/03], para. 15.)</ref> It is intended that the Brussels Convention will be replaced by the new Lugano Convention, the latter being open to ratification by EU member states acting on behalf of non-European territories which belong to that member state. |
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===Lugano Convention (1988)=== |
===Lugano Convention (1988)=== |
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===Lugano Convention (2007)=== |
===Lugano Convention (2007)=== |
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In 2007, the European Community |
In 2007, the European Community and Denmark <ref>Denmark signed separately as a result of its opt-out from the judicial cooperation provisions of the EU treaties.</ref> signed with Iceland, Switzerland and Norway the new '''Lugano Convention'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eda.admin.ch/content/dam/eda/fr/documents/mt_110302_lug2partf.pdf|title=Convention concernant la compétence judiciaire, la reconnaissance et l'exécution des décisions en matière civile et commerciale|access-date=2014-11-10|publisher=[[Federal Department of Foreign Affairs|Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eda.admin.ch/dam/eda/fr/documents/aussenpolitik/voelkerrecht/autres-conventions/Lugano2/Lugano-2-parties_fr.pdf|title=Convention concernant la compétence judiciaire, la reconnaissance et l'exécution des décisions en matière civile et commerciale|access-date=2018-05-21|publisher=[[Federal Department of Foreign Affairs|Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/agreements-conventions/agreement/?aid=2007081|title=Convention on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters|access-date=2014-11-10|publisher=[[Council of the European Union]]}}</ref> This treaty was intended to replace both the old Lugano Convention of 1988 and the Brussels Convention and as such was open to signature to both EFTA member states and to EU member state on behalf of their extra-EU territories. While the former purpose was achieved in 2011 with the ratification of all EFTA member states (bar Liechtenstein which never signed the 1988 Convention), no EU member state has yet acceded to the convention on behalf of its extra-EU territories. |
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The 2007 Convention is substantially the same as the 2001 Brussels I Regulation: the main difference being that the word "Regulation" is replaced with the word "Convention" throughout the text. Furthermore, the convention has a slightly different definition of the concept "court" and the 2007 convention is not adapted to the recast of the Brussels Regulation. It is also open to accession by other EFTA states as well as EU states acting on behalf of territories which are not part of the EU. Other states may join subject to approval of the present parties to the treaty. No accessions have taken place so far,<ref>europa.eu [http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/judicial_cooperation_in_civil_matters/l16029_en.htm Strengthening cooperation with Switzerland, Norway and Iceland: the Lugano Convention] 2007.</ref><ref>European Treaties Office Database, [http://ec.europa.eu/world/agreements/prepareCreateTreatiesWorkspace/treatiesGeneralData.do?step=0&redirect=true&treatyId=7481 ''Lugano Convention Summary''.] Retrieved on 5 December 2012</ref> but the Kingdom of the Netherlands planned to present to parliament an approval act for accession on behalf of Aruba, Caribbean Netherlands, Curaçao and possibly Sint Maarten in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/blg-302399.html|title=Lijst I Verdragen die dit jaar naar verwachting ter parlementaire goedkeuring worden ingediend|language=nl|access-date=13 March 2014|date=13 March 2014|work=Government of the Netherlands}}</ref> |
The 2007 Convention is substantially the same as the 2001 Brussels I Regulation: the main difference being that the word "Regulation" is replaced with the word "Convention" throughout the text. Furthermore, the convention has a slightly different definition of the concept "court" and the 2007 convention is not adapted to the recast of the Brussels Regulation. It is also open to accession by other EFTA states as well as EU states acting on behalf of territories which are not part of the EU. Other states may join subject to approval of the present parties to the treaty. No accessions have taken place so far,<ref>europa.eu [http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/judicial_cooperation_in_civil_matters/l16029_en.htm Strengthening cooperation with Switzerland, Norway and Iceland: the Lugano Convention] 2007.</ref><ref>European Treaties Office Database, [http://ec.europa.eu/world/agreements/prepareCreateTreatiesWorkspace/treatiesGeneralData.do?step=0&redirect=true&treatyId=7481 ''Lugano Convention Summary''.] Retrieved on 5 December 2012</ref> but the Kingdom of the Netherlands planned to present to parliament an approval act for accession on behalf of Aruba, Caribbean Netherlands, Curaçao and possibly Sint Maarten in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/blg-302399.html|title=Lijst I Verdragen die dit jaar naar verwachting ter parlementaire goedkeuring worden ingediend|language=nl|access-date=13 March 2014|date=13 March 2014|work=Government of the Netherlands}}</ref> |
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===Effect in the UK=== |
===Effect in the UK=== |
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Until 1 February 2020 all instruments applied in the UK as a result of its EU membership. Until 1 January 2021, under the conditions of the [[Brexit withdrawal agreement]], the instruments remained applicable there, despite [[Brexit]], during a transition period. |
Until 1 February 2020 all instruments applied in the UK as a result of its EU membership. Until 1 January 2021, under the conditions of the [[Brexit withdrawal agreement]], the instruments remained applicable there, despite [[Brexit]], during a transition period.{{when|date=April 2023}} |
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The UK has sought participation in the Lugano |
The UK has sought participation in the Lugano Convention after [[Brexit]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmjust/651/651.pdf|work=House of Commons Justice Committee|title=The implications of Brexit for the justice system: Government Response to the Committee's Ninth Report of Session 2016–17|access-date=1 January 2018|date=13 December 2017}}</ref> and has secured support from Iceland, Norway and Switzerland for accession. As of January 2021, the accession had not been approved.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/support-for-the-uks-intent-to-accede-to-the-lugano-convention-2007|title=Support for the UK's intent to accede to the Lugano Convention 200|date=28 January 2020|work=Government of the UK|access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref> In May 2021, the European Commission reported to the European Parliament its view that the European Union should not give consent to the accession of the UK, arguing that "the consistent policy of the European Union (with regard to [[Third-country economic relationships with the European Union|third-countries]]) is to promote cooperation within the framework of the multilateral Hague Conventions".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021DC0222&qid=1623426760569|title=COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL: Assessment on the application of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to accede to the 2007 Lugano Convention|access-date=11 June 2021|date=4 May 2021}}</ref> |
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====Gibraltar==== |
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The Brussels convention of 1968 (as amended) applied between the UK and Gibraltar before Brexit and, in modified form, still applies today.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2022/1569.html|work=[[BAILII]]|access-date=30 November 2022|title=[2022] EWCA Civ 1569. Case No: CA-2022-000219}}</ref> |
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==Scope and content== |
==Scope and content== |
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The regime prescribes that, subject to specific rules set out in the various instruments, a person ([[legal person|legal]] or [[natural person|natural]]) may only be sued in the member state in which he or she has its [[habitual residence]] or domicile. This is determined by the law of the court hearing the case, so that a person can be domiciled in more than one state simultaneously. However, "domicile" does not have the same meaning as that given to it [[Domicile (law)|by common law]].<ref>Both Ireland and the United Kingdom–the only common law countries to sign the Brussels Convention–enacted national laws which define the term "domicile" in terms of residence rather than the common law concept of domicile. In Ireland, the [http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1988/en/act/pub/0003/sched5.html#sched5 Fifth Schedule of the Jurisdiction of Courts and Enforcement of Judgments (European Communities) Act 1988] and in the UK, Part V of the [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1982/27 Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982]</ref> |
The regime prescribes that, subject to specific rules set out in the various instruments, a person ([[legal person|legal]] or [[natural person|natural]]) may only be sued in the member state in which he or she has its [[habitual residence]] or domicile. This is determined by the law of the court hearing the case, so that a person can be domiciled in more than one state simultaneously. However, "domicile" does not have the same meaning as that given to it [[Domicile (law)|by common law]].<ref>Both Ireland and the United Kingdom–the only common law countries to sign the Brussels Convention–enacted national laws which define the term "domicile" in terms of residence rather than the common law concept of domicile. In Ireland, the [http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1988/en/act/pub/0003/sched5.html#sched5 Fifth Schedule of the Jurisdiction of Courts and Enforcement of Judgments (European Communities) Act 1988] and in the UK, Part V of the [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1982/27 Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982]</ref> |
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Originally the regime only applied to individuals domiciled in the [[European Economic Area]] (EEA) or Switzerland. However, the 2012 Regulation also sets out rules applicable to suing individuals domiciled elsewhere. Until that regulation takes effect, if a defendant is domiciled outside the EEA, then the Regime does not apply and the national court hearing the case is left to determine jurisdiction based on the traditional rules otherwise governing such questions in their legal system.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} |
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Article 4 also allows a person domiciled in any member state to take advantage of another member state's exorbitant bases of jurisdiction on the same basis as a national of that state. This is useful in cases where a member state, such as [[France]], allows its nationals to sue anyone in their courts, so that someone domiciled in a member state like [[Finland]] may sue someone domiciled in a non-member state like [[Canada]], in the courts of a third party member state, like France, where the defendant may have [[asset]]s. |
Article 4 also allows a person domiciled in any member state to take advantage of another member state's exorbitant bases of jurisdiction on the same basis as a national of that state. This is useful in cases where a member state, such as [[France]], allows its nationals to sue anyone in their courts, so that someone domiciled in a member state like [[Finland]] may sue someone domiciled in a non-member state like [[Canada]], in the courts of a third party member state, like France, where the defendant may have [[asset]]s. |
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The Brussels Regime generally allows jurisdiction clauses in contracts, which preserves the right of parties to reach agreement at the time of contracting as to which court should govern any dispute. After the 2012 regulation enters into force, such a decision should in principle be respected, even if a court outside the Brussels Regime states is selected and is in compliance with the 2005 [[Hague Choice of Court convention]]. |
The Brussels Regime generally allows jurisdiction clauses in contracts, which preserves the right of parties to reach agreement at the time of contracting as to which court should govern any dispute. After the 2012 regulation enters into force, such a decision should in principle be respected, even if a court outside the Brussels Regime states is selected and is in compliance with the 2005 [[Hague Choice of Court convention]]. |
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===Public policy clauses=== |
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The regime applies only in the courts where the Lugano Convention is applicable, so there is nothing to prevent a non-party state from allowing parallel proceedings in their courts, although this may contribute to a finding of ''[[forum non conveniens]]'', which would in practice halt an action.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} |
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Article 27(1) of the Brussels Convention and Article 34(1) of the Brussels Regulation contain a public policy clause (or "public policy exception") which states that judgments should not be recognised "if such recognition is contrary to public policy in the State in which recognition is sought".<ref name=c1968 /> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* {{Annotated link |Spider in the web doctrine}} |
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* {{Annotated link |Cross-border injunction}} |
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* {{Annotated link |Enforcement of European patents}} |
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* {{Annotated link |Inter-American Convention on Extraterritorial Validity of Foreign Judgments and Arbitral Awards|Inter-American convention on extraterritorial validity of foreign judgments and arbitral awards}} |
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* {{Annotated link |Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations 1980|Rome Convention}} |
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Implementation in UK law: |
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⚫ | |||
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* {{Annotated link |Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982}} |
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⚫ | * {{Annotated link |Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1991}} |
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* [[Rome Convention (contract)|Rome Convention]] on the choice of law to be made in contract disputes |
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==References== |
==References== |
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[[Category:Conflict of laws]] |
[[Category:Conflict of laws]] |
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[[Category:European Union law]] |
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[[Category:Treaties of the European Union]] |
[[Category:Treaties of the European Union]] |
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[[Category:European Union regulations]] |
[[Category:European Union regulations]] |
European Union regulation | |
Title | Regulation on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (recast) |
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Made by | European Parliament and Council |
Made under | Article 67(4) and points (a), (c) and (e) of Article 81(2) TFEU |
Journal reference | L351, 20 December 2012, pp. 1-32 |
History | |
Date made | 12 December 2012 |
Came into force | 1 January 2013 |
Implementation date | 10 January 2015 |
Other legislation | |
Replaces | Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 |
Amended by | Regulation (EU) No 542/2014 |
Current legislation |
European Union regulation | |
Title | Council Regulation on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters |
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Made by | Council |
Made under | Article 61(c) and Article 67(1) TEC |
Journal reference | L012, 16 January 2001, pp. 1-23 |
History | |
Date made | 22 December 2000 |
Came into force | 1 March 2002 |
Other legislation | |
Replaced by | (EU) No 1215/2012 |
Recast with new legislation |
The Brussels Regime is a set of rules regulating which courts have jurisdiction in legal disputes of a civil or commercial nature between individuals resident in different member states of the European Union (EU) and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). It has detailed rules assigning jurisdiction for the dispute to be heard and governs the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments.
Five legal instruments together form the Brussels Regime. All five legal instruments are broadly similar in content and application, with differences in their territory of application. They establish a general rule that individuals are to be sued in their state of domicile and then proceed to provide a list of exceptions. The instruments further provide for the recognition of judgments made in other countries.
Recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial cases was originally accomplished within the European Communities by the 1968 Brussels Convention, a treaty signed by the then six members of the Communities.[1][2] This treaty was amended on several occasions and was almost completely superseded by a regulation adopted in 2001, the Brussels I Regulation. Today the convention only applies between the 15 pre-2004 members of the European Union and certain territories of EU member states that are outside the Union: Aruba, the French overseas territories and Mayotte.[3] It is intended that the Brussels Convention will be replaced by the new Lugano Convention, the latter being open to ratification by EU member states acting on behalf of non-European territories which belong to that member state.
In 1988, the then 12 member states of the European Communities signed a treaty, the Lugano Convention with the then six members of the European Free Trade Association: Austria, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland.[4][5] The Lugano Convention served to extend the recognition regime to EFTA member state who are not eligible to sign the Brussels Convention. Other than the original signatories–three of which left EFTA to join the EU in 1995–only Poland has subsequently acceded to the Lugano Convention. Liechtenstein, the only state to accede to the EFTA after 1988, has not signed either the 1988 Convention or its successor, the 2007 Lugano Convention. The convention is fully superseded by a 2007 version.
The Brussels I Regulation of 2001 was the primary piece of legislation in the Brussels framework from 2002 until January 2015. It substantially replaced the 1968 Brussels Convention, and applied to all EU member states excluding Denmark, which has a full opt-out from implementing regulations under the area of freedom, security and justice. It came into effect on 1 March 2002.[6] The regulation is fully superseded by a recast Brussels I regulation.
In 2005, Denmark signed an international agreement with the European Community to apply the provisions of the 2001 Regulation between the EU and Denmark.[7] The 2005 agreement applies a modified form of the 2001 Regulation between Denmark and the rest of the EU. It also provides a procedure by which amendments to the regulation are to be implemented by Denmark. It applies the 2001 regulation to Denmark and other EU members from 1 July 2007.[8] Should Denmark decide not to implement any change to the Regulation or its successor, then the Agreement ends automatically.
In 2007, the European Community and Denmark [9] signed with Iceland, Switzerland and Norway the new Lugano Convention.[10][11][12] This treaty was intended to replace both the old Lugano Convention of 1988 and the Brussels Convention and as such was open to signature to both EFTA member states and to EU member state on behalf of their extra-EU territories. While the former purpose was achieved in 2011 with the ratification of all EFTA member states (bar Liechtenstein which never signed the 1988 Convention), no EU member state has yet acceded to the convention on behalf of its extra-EU territories.
The 2007 Convention is substantially the same as the 2001 Brussels I Regulation: the main difference being that the word "Regulation" is replaced with the word "Convention" throughout the text. Furthermore, the convention has a slightly different definition of the concept "court" and the 2007 convention is not adapted to the recast of the Brussels Regulation. It is also open to accession by other EFTA states as well as EU states acting on behalf of territories which are not part of the EU. Other states may join subject to approval of the present parties to the treaty. No accessions have taken place so far,[13][14] but the Kingdom of the Netherlands planned to present to parliament an approval act for accession on behalf of Aruba, Caribbean Netherlands, Curaçao and possibly Sint Maarten in 2014.[15]
An amendment to the Brussels I Regulation, covering maintenance obligations, was adopted in 2008.[16] Neither Denmark nor the United Kingdom participated in the regulation, though Denmark notified the Commission of its acceptance of the amendment in January 2009.[17]
In 2012, the EU institutions adopted a recast Brussels I Regulation which replaced the 2001 regulation with effect from 10 January 2015.[18] The recast regulation now also applies to jurisdiction regarding non EU residents, it abolishes formalities for recognition of judgments and simplifies the procedure for a court chosen by the parties to commence proceedings (even if proceedings have started in another member state already). In December 2012 Denmark notified the Commission of its decision to implement the contents of 2012 regulation.[19] The Lugano Convention Standing committee considered amending the Lugano Convention in accordance with the recast, but "made no recommendation on the possible amendment of the Lugano Convention and did not decide on any further steps."[20]
In 2014, the EU amended the Brussels I Regulation to clarify provisions regarding two courts which are "common to several member states": the Unified Patent Court and the Benelux Court of Justice jurisdiction.[21][22] Denmark again notified the EU that it would apply the amendments.[23] The Lugano Convention Standing Committee considered amending the Lugano Convention with respect to the unitary patent and Unified patent court, but decided to "wait for the results of further study".[20]
Until 1 February 2020 all instruments applied in the UK as a result of its EU membership. Until 1 January 2021, under the conditions of the Brexit withdrawal agreement, the instruments remained applicable there, despite Brexit, during a transition period.[when?]
The UK has sought participation in the Lugano Convention after Brexit,[24] and has secured support from Iceland, Norway and Switzerland for accession. As of January 2021, the accession had not been approved.[25] In May 2021, the European Commission reported to the European Parliament its view that the European Union should not give consent to the accession of the UK, arguing that "the consistent policy of the European Union (with regard to third-countries) is to promote cooperation within the framework of the multilateral Hague Conventions".[26]
The Brussels convention of 1968 (as amended) applied between the UK and Gibraltar before Brexit and, in modified form, still applies today.[27]
The Brussels Regime covers legal disputes of a civilorcommercial nature. In 1978, the convention was amended to include the sentence: "It shall not extend, in particular, to revenue, customs or administrative matters." The 2012 Regulation further specifies that the regulation shall not extend to "the liability of the State for acts and omissions in the exercise of State authority (acta iure imperii)." There are some exceptions limiting the scope of this. Where the principal matter of a dispute is one of family law, bankruptcyorinsolvency, social security, or relates to arbitration, the case is not subject to the rules.
The regulation aims at jurisdiction, i.e., determining which court or courts will have the ability to take the case. That does not mean that the applicable law will be the law of the court. It is possible and frequent to have a national court applying foreign law. In general, it is the domicile of the defendant that determines which of the courts have jurisdiction in a given case.
The regime prescribes that, subject to specific rules set out in the various instruments, a person (legalornatural) may only be sued in the member state in which he or she has its habitual residence or domicile. This is determined by the law of the court hearing the case, so that a person can be domiciled in more than one state simultaneously. However, "domicile" does not have the same meaning as that given to it by common law.[28]
Article 4 also allows a person domiciled in any member state to take advantage of another member state's exorbitant bases of jurisdiction on the same basis as a national of that state. This is useful in cases where a member state, such as France, allows its nationals to sue anyone in their courts, so that someone domiciled in a member state like Finland may sue someone domiciled in a non-member state like Canada, in the courts of a third party member state, like France, where the defendant may have assets.
The Brussels Convention and the Brussels I Regulation are both subject to the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice (ECJ, now known as CJEU) on questions of interpretation. The Lugano Convention does not require non-EU states to refer questions of interpretation to the ECJ, but has a protocol regarding "uniform interpretation" of the convention, requiring courts "pay due account to the principles laid down by any relevant decision" and allowing for the exchange of relevant judgments. Nevertheless, various divergences[which?] have arisen between member states in the interpretation of the Lugano Convention.
The Brussels Regime generally allows jurisdiction clauses in contracts, which preserves the right of parties to reach agreement at the time of contracting as to which court should govern any dispute. After the 2012 regulation enters into force, such a decision should in principle be respected, even if a court outside the Brussels Regime states is selected and is in compliance with the 2005 Hague Choice of Court convention.
Article 27(1) of the Brussels Convention and Article 34(1) of the Brussels Regulation contain a public policy clause (or "public policy exception") which states that judgments should not be recognised "if such recognition is contrary to public policy in the State in which recognition is sought".[1]
Implementation in UK law:
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Choice of law |
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Legal procedure |
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