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{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}} |
{{Short description|Welsh king and saint}}{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}} |
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{{About|fifth-century Welsh king|sixth-century Welsh saint|Brynach}} |
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[[File:Brychan (straightened) Eglwys Aberhonddu (Brecon, Wales) 02.jpg|thumb|right|Brychan depicted in a window of the church in [[Brecon, Wales]].]] |
[[File:Brychan (straightened) Eglwys Aberhonddu (Brecon, Wales) 02.jpg|thumb|right|Brychan depicted in a window of the church in [[Brecon, Wales]].]] |
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'''Brychan Brycheiniog''' was a [[legend]]ary |
'''Brychan Brycheiniog''' was a [[legend]]ary 5th-century king of [[Brycheiniog]] (Brecknockshire, alternatively Breconshire)<ref>Richard Morgan & R. F. Peter Powell, ''A Study of Breconshire Place-Names'', ( Llanrwst Wells: Gwasg Carreg Gwalch, 1999).</ref> in [[Mid Wales]]. |
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==Name variations== |
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Brychan had Irish ancestry and came from Ireland to Wales, therefore his original name was likely to have been Irish prior to his being called ''Brychan'' which is of Welsh [[etymology]]. In some sources he is called ''Brocanus'' which is the [[Latinisation of names|latinized]] version of the Irish name ''Broccan''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EBK: King Brychan Brycheiniog of Brycheiniog |url=http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/bios/brychbbg.html |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.earlybritishkingdoms.com}}</ref> He is also sometimes referred to as Braccan, Brachan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pedigree: Brychan (Brachan) (II; Prince) of MANAU |url=https://fabpedigree.com/s042/f750950.htm |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=fabpedigree.com}}</ref> Brecin and Breccan. |
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==Life== |
==Life== |
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{{See also|Uí Liatháin}} |
{{See also|Uí Liatháin}} |
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According to [[Celt]]ic [[hagiography]] Brychan was born in [[Ireland]], the son of a Prince [[Anlach]], son of [[Coronac]], and his wife, Marchel, heiress of the [[Wales|Welsh]] kingdom of Garthmadrun (Brycheiniog), which the couple later inherited. Upon his father's death, he returned to Garthmadrun and changed its name to Brycheiniog.<ref>Koch, John T. ''Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia'' Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio (15 March 2006) {{ISBN|978-1-85109-440-0}} p. 301</ref> Brychan's name may be a Welsh version of the Irish name Broccán and that of his grandfather Coronac may represent Cormac.<ref>Thornton, "Brychan Brycheiniog (''fl''. c. 500)." ''[[ODNB]]''.</ref> Brychan's education was entrusted to one Drichan.<ref> |
According to [[Celt]]ic [[hagiography]] Brychan was born in [[Ireland]], the son of a Prince [[Anlach]], son of [[Coronac]], and his wife, Marchel, heiress of the [[Wales|Welsh]] kingdom of Garthmadrun (Brycheiniog), which the couple later inherited. Upon his father's death, he returned to Garthmadrun and changed its name to Brycheiniog.<ref>Koch, John T. ''Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia'' Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio (15 March 2006) {{ISBN|978-1-85109-440-0}} p. 301</ref> Brychan's name may be a Welsh version of the Irish name Broccán and that of his grandfather Coronac may represent Cormac.<ref>Thornton, "Brychan Brycheiniog (''fl''. c. 500)." ''[[ODNB]]''.</ref> Brychan's education was entrusted to one Drichan.<ref>{{Cite DWB|id=s-BRYC-APA-0419|last=Emmanuel|first=Hywel David|title=Brychan|year=1959}}</ref> |
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The ''Life of St. [[Cadoc]]'' by Lifris (''c''. 1100) portrays Brychan fighting [[King Arthur|Arthur]], [[Sir Kay|Cai]] and [[Bedivere]] because of King [[Gwynllyw]] of [[Gwynllwg]]'s abduction of his daughter St. [[Gwladys]] from his court in [[Talgarth]]. |
The ''Life of St. [[Cadoc]]'' by Lifris (''c''. 1100) portrays Brychan fighting [[King Arthur|Arthur]], [[Sir Kay|Cai]] and [[Bedivere]] because of King [[Gwynllyw]] of [[Gwynllwg]]'s abduction of his daughter St. [[Gwladys]] from his court in [[Talgarth]]. |
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==Portraiture and veneration== |
==Portraiture and veneration== |
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He is occasionally described as an [[Pre-congregational saint|undocumented saint]]<ref>[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=1849 Catholic Online, "St Brychan"]</ref> but the traditional literature does not call him a [[saint]], referring to him as a [[patriarch]] instead, and he has no |
He is occasionally described as an [[Pre-congregational saint|undocumented saint]]<ref>[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=1849 Catholic Online, "St Brychan"]</ref> but the traditional literature does not call him a [[saint]], referring to him as a [[patriarch]] instead, and he has no churches named for him.<ref>Orme, Nicholas (2000) ''The Saints of Cornwall'' [[Oxford]]: [[Oxford University Press]] (6 January 2000) {{ISBN|978-0-19-820765-8}} p. 77</ref> A 15th-century [[stained glass]] window in the [[parish church]] at [[St Neot, Cornwall|St Neot]] in Cornwall, supposedly depicts Brychan, seated and crowned, holding in his arms eleven children. This, however, has been described by a standard modern guide as "God with Souls in his lap".<ref>Pevsner, N. (1970) ''Cornwall''; 2nd ed., revised by Enid Radclife. Harmondsworth: Penguin; p. 198</ref> He is given a saint day on 6 April.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/KalenderApril/6.htm|title=April 6|website=Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon}}</ref> |
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==Children of Brychan== |
==Children of Brychan== |
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===Sons in Welsh sources=== |
===Sons in Welsh sources=== |
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The sons listed in the ''Cognacio Brychan'', ''De Situ Brecheniauc'' and the [[Genealogies from Jesus College MS 20|genealogies of Jesus College MS 20]] are [[Cynog ap Brychan|Cynog]], Rhain Dremrudd, Clydwyn, Arthen, Papai, [[Dingad of Llandingat|Dingad]], Berwyn and Rhydog. Also listed, but not in all three, are Cynon, Pasgen, Cylflifer, Marthaerun and Rhun. Other Welsh sources claim the following additional sons: Caian, Cynbryd, Cynfran, Cynin, Dogfan, [[Saint Dyfnan|Dyfnan]], Dyfrig, Hychan, Llecheu, Neffei, Rhawin, Llofan, Llonio, Heilin, Afallach |
The sons listed in the ''Cognacio Brychan'', ''De Situ Brecheniauc'' and the [[Genealogies from Jesus College MS 20|genealogies of Jesus College MS 20]] are [[Cynog ap Brychan|Cynog]], Rhain Dremrudd, Clydwyn, Arthen, Papai, [[Dingad of Llandingat|Dingad]], Berwyn and Rhydog. Also listed, but not in all three, are Cynon, Pasgen, Cylflifer, Marthaerun and Rhun. Other Welsh sources claim the following additional sons: Caian, Cynbryd, Cynfran, Cynin, Dogfan, [[Saint Dyfnan|Dyfnan]], Dyfrig, Hychan, Llecheu, Neffei, Rhawin, Llofan, Llonio, Heilin, Afallach and Gwynnws.<ref name=EBK>{{cite web |url=http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/articles/brychild.html |title=Children of Brychan Brycheiniog |last=Ford |first=David Nash |date=2001 |website=Early British Kingdoms |publisher=Nash Ford Publishing |access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref> |
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===Daughters in Welsh sources=== |
===Daughters in Welsh sources=== |
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The ''De Situ Brecheniauc'' lists: |
The ''De Situ Brecheniauc'' lists: [[Meleri]], Hunydd, Gwladys, Ceingar, Tudglid, Nyfain, Gwawr, Marchell, Lluan, Gwrygon Goddeu, Arianwen, Bethan, Ceinwen ([[saint Keyne|Keyne]]), Cerddych, Clydai, Cynheiddon (identified with [[Saint Endelienta]]), [[Dwynwen]], [[Saint Eluned|Eiliwedd]], Goleudydd, Gwen, Lludd, [[Tydfil|Tudful]], Tudwystl and Tybie. Other Welsh sources claim the following additional daughters: Beiol ([[Saint Bilo|Bilo]]), Tydieu, Eufail, Hawystl, Edwen, Gwenrhiw, Tudwen, [[Saint Callwen|Callwen]], [[Saint Gwenfyl|Gwenfyl]], Gwennan and Mwynwen.<ref name=EBK /> |
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===Descendants in Cornish sources=== |
===Descendants in Cornish sources=== |
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Listed in the ''Life of Saint Nectan'' are, by his wife, Gwladys:<BR> |
Listed in the ''Life of Saint Nectan'' are, by his wife, Gwladys:<BR> |
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[[Adwen]], Canauc (Cynog), Cleder (Clether), Dilic (Illick), [[Endelient]] (Endelienta), Helie, Johannes (Sion), Iona, Juliana (Ilud), Kenhender (Cynidr), Keri (Curig), Mabon ([[Mabyn]]), [[Saint Menefrida|Menfre]] (Menefrewy), Merewenne (Marwenna), Morewenna ([[Morwenna]]), Nectanus ([[Saint Nectan|Nectan]]), Tamalanc, Tedda (Tetha), Wencu (Gwencuff, Gwengustle, name of Saint Nennocha), Wenheden (Enoder), [[Saint Wenna|Wenna]] (Gwen), Wensent, Wynup (Gwenabwy) and Yse (Issey). |
[[Adwen]], Canauc (Cynog), Cleder (Clether), Dilic (Illick), [[Endelient]] (Endelienta), Helie, Johannes (Sion), Iona, Juliana (Ilud), Kenhender (Cynidr), Keri (Curig), Mabon ([[Mabyn]]), [[Saint Menefrida|Menfre]] (Menefrewy), Merewenne (Marwenna), Morewenna ([[Morwenna]]), Nectanus ([[Saint Nectan|Nectan]]), Tamalanc, Tedda ([[Tetha]]), Wencu (Gwencuff, Gwengustle, name of Saint Nennocha), Wenheden ([[Enoder]]), [[Saint Wenna|Wenna]] (Gwen), Wensent, Wynup (Gwenabwy) and Yse (Issey).<ref name=EBK /> |
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Of the holy children that settled in Cornwall, the following gave their names to Cornish churches: |
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# Johannes at [[St Ive]] |
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# [[Saint Endelienta|Endelient]] at [[St Endellion]] |
# [[Saint Endelienta|Endelient]] at [[St Endellion]] |
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# [[Menfre]] at [[St Minver]] |
# [[Menfre]] at [[St Minver]] |
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===Irish sources=== |
===Irish sources=== |
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The [[Book of Leinster]] lists the following sons by Brychan's wife, Dína daughter of the King of the Saxons: [[Mo-Goróc]], Mo-Chonóc (Cynog), Diraid, Dubán (Dyfnan), Cairinne (Caian), Cairpre, Iast, Ellóc (Dilic), Paan, Cáemán and Mo-Beóc |
The [[Book of Leinster]] lists the following sons by Brychan's wife, Dína daughter of the King of the Saxons: [[Mo-Goróc]], Mo-Chonóc (Cynog), Diraid, Dubán (Dyfnan), Cairinne (Caian), Cairpre, Iast, Ellóc (Dilic), Paan, Cáemán and Mo-Beóc.<ref name=EBK /> |
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===Breton sources=== |
===Breton sources=== |
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Breton tradition says that Brychan married Menedoc daughter of Constantine, King of the Scots. Together they were the parents of Saint Nennocha. |
Breton tradition says that Brychan married Menedoc daughter of Constantine, King of the Scots. Together they were the parents of [[Saint Ninnoc|Saint Nennocha]].<ref name=EBK /> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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[[Category:5th-century Irish people]] |
[[Category:5th-century Irish people]] |
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[[Category:5th-century monarchs in Europe]] |
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[[Category:Monarchs of Brycheiniog]] |
[[Category:Monarchs of Brycheiniog]] |
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[[Category:5th-century Welsh |
[[Category:5th-century Welsh monarchs]] |
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[[Category:5th-century births]] |
[[Category:5th-century births]] |
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[[Category:Medieval Welsh saints]] |
[[Category:Medieval Welsh saints]] |
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[[Category:Children of Brychan]] |
[[Category:Children of Brychan]] |
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[[Category:Year of birth unknown]] |
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]] |
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[[Category:Welsh royalty]] |
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[[Category:Year of death unknown]] |
[[Category:Year of death unknown]] |
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[[Category:5th-century Christian saints]] |
[[Category:5th-century Christian saints]] |
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Brychan Brycheiniog was a legendary 5th-century king of Brycheiniog (Brecknockshire, alternatively Breconshire)[1]inMid Wales.
Brychan had Irish ancestry and came from Ireland to Wales, therefore his original name was likely to have been Irish prior to his being called Brychan which is of Welsh etymology. In some sources he is called Brocanus which is the latinized version of the Irish name Broccan.[2] He is also sometimes referred to as Braccan, Brachan,[3] Brecin and Breccan.
According to Celtic hagiography Brychan was born in Ireland, the son of a Prince Anlach, son of Coronac, and his wife, Marchel, heiress of the Welsh kingdom of Garthmadrun (Brycheiniog), which the couple later inherited. Upon his father's death, he returned to Garthmadrun and changed its name to Brycheiniog.[4] Brychan's name may be a Welsh version of the Irish name Broccán and that of his grandfather Coronac may represent Cormac.[5] Brychan's education was entrusted to one Drichan.[6]
The Life of St. Cadoc by Lifris (c. 1100) portrays Brychan fighting Arthur, Cai and Bedivere because of King GwynllywofGwynllwg's abduction of his daughter St. Gwladys from his court in Talgarth.
He is occasionally described as an undocumented saint[7] but the traditional literature does not call him a saint, referring to him as a patriarch instead, and he has no churches named for him.[8] A 15th-century stained glass window in the parish churchatSt Neot in Cornwall, supposedly depicts Brychan, seated and crowned, holding in his arms eleven children. This, however, has been described by a standard modern guide as "God with Souls in his lap".[9] He is given a saint day on 6 April.[10]
According to Christian tradition, Brychan was married three times – to Prawst ferch Tydwal, Banhadlwedd ferch Banadi, and Gwladys – and had a very large family. These wives are mentioned in several manuscripts, including those by William Worcester, John Leland, and Nicholas Roscarrock. The number of children attributed to him varies from twelve to sixty-three, the number most frequently encountered being twenty-four. There are two main lists however, one of Welsh origin and one of Cornish origin. Most of his children appear to have travelled from Brecon to evangelise Cornwall and North Devon, where they are now venerated, but there is little agreement between the two lists.
The number of Brychan's children may have grown over time, as more and more secular people as well as saints wished to claim descent from one of the "Holy Families of Britain". Listed below are children from Welsh, Cornish, Irish, and Breton sources:
The sons listed in the Cognacio Brychan, De Situ Brecheniauc and the genealogies of Jesus College MS 20 are Cynog, Rhain Dremrudd, Clydwyn, Arthen, Papai, Dingad, Berwyn and Rhydog. Also listed, but not in all three, are Cynon, Pasgen, Cylflifer, Marthaerun and Rhun. Other Welsh sources claim the following additional sons: Caian, Cynbryd, Cynfran, Cynin, Dogfan, Dyfnan, Dyfrig, Hychan, Llecheu, Neffei, Rhawin, Llofan, Llonio, Heilin, Afallach and Gwynnws.[11]
The De Situ Brecheniauc lists: Meleri, Hunydd, Gwladys, Ceingar, Tudglid, Nyfain, Gwawr, Marchell, Lluan, Gwrygon Goddeu, Arianwen, Bethan, Ceinwen (Keyne), Cerddych, Clydai, Cynheiddon (identified with Saint Endelienta), Dwynwen, Eiliwedd, Goleudydd, Gwen, Lludd, Tudful, Tudwystl and Tybie. Other Welsh sources claim the following additional daughters: Beiol (Bilo), Tydieu, Eufail, Hawystl, Edwen, Gwenrhiw, Tudwen, Callwen, Gwenfyl, Gwennan and Mwynwen.[11]
Listed in the Life of Saint Nectan are, by his wife, Gwladys:
Adwen, Canauc (Cynog), Cleder (Clether), Dilic (Illick), Endelient (Endelienta), Helie, Johannes (Sion), Iona, Juliana (Ilud), Kenhender (Cynidr), Keri (Curig), Mabon (Mabyn), Menfre (Menefrewy), Merewenne (Marwenna), Morewenna (Morwenna), Nectanus (Nectan), Tamalanc, Tedda (Tetha), Wencu (Gwencuff, Gwengustle, name of Saint Nennocha), Wenheden (Enoder), Wenna (Gwen), Wensent, Wynup (Gwenabwy) and Yse (Issey).[11]
Of the holy children that settled in Cornwall, the following gave their names to Cornish churches:
The Book of Leinster lists the following sons by Brychan's wife, Dína daughter of the King of the Saxons: Mo-Goróc, Mo-Chonóc (Cynog), Diraid, Dubán (Dyfnan), Cairinne (Caian), Cairpre, Iast, Ellóc (Dilic), Paan, Cáemán and Mo-Beóc.[11]
Breton tradition says that Brychan married Menedoc daughter of Constantine, King of the Scots. Together they were the parents of Saint Nennocha.[11]
