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{{short description|City in West Sumatra, Indonesia}} |
{{short description|City in West Sumatra, Indonesia}} |
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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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|official_name = City of Bukittinggi<br />{{nobold| |
|official_name = City of Bukittinggi<br />{{nobold|{{lang|id|Kota Bukittinggi}}}} |
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|translit_lang1 = Other |
|translit_lang1 = Other |
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|translit_lang1_type1 = [[Jawi script|Jawi]] |
|translit_lang1_type1 = [[Jawi script|Jawi]] |
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|settlement_type = [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|City]] |
|settlement_type = [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|City]] |
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|motto = ''Saayun Salangkah'' <br />([[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]: ''Same turn, same step'') |
|motto = ''Saayun Salangkah'' <br />([[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]: ''Same turn, same step'') |
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|image_skyline = |
|image_skyline = {{Photomontage|border=0|color_border=transparent|color=transparent|spacing=1|size=275 |
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|photo1a=Jam Gadang Okt 2020 2.jpg{{!}}Salah satu sudut Kota Bukittinggi |
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|imagesize = |
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|photo3a=Kantor Walikota Bukit Tinggi.jpg{{!}}Balai Kota Bukittinggi |
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|image_caption = [[Jam Gadang]] and main square |
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|photo3b=Bukittinggi Okt 2020.jpg {{!}}Jalan Ahmad Yani dilihat dari Jembatan Limpapeh |
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|photo4a= Tembok Gadang Koto Gadang.JPG{{!}}Jenjang Koto Gadang |
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|photo4b=Ngaraisianok.jpg{{!}}Ngarai Sianok |
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|foot_montage = |
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}} |
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|image_caption = {{hlist|View of Bukittinggi with [[Jam Gadang]]|Bukittinggi Town Hall|Ahmad Yani Street|{{ill|Janjang Koto Gadang|id|Jenjang Koto Gadang|min|Janjang Saribu}}|{{ill|Ngarai Sianok|id||min}}}} |
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|image_flag = |
|image_flag = |
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|image_seal = Logo Kota Bukittinggi.png |
|image_seal = |
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|image_shield = Logo Kota Bukittinggi.png |
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|image_shield = |
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|image_map = Lokasi Sumatra Barat Kota Bukittinggi.svg |
|image_map = Lokasi Sumatra Barat Kota Bukittinggi.svg |
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|mapsize = |
|mapsize = |
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|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Southern Sumatra, [[Sumatra]] and [[Indonesia]] |
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Southern Sumatra, [[Sumatra]] and [[Indonesia]] |
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|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |
|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |
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|subdivision_name = {{ |
|subdivision_name = {{IDN}} |
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|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province]] |
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province]] |
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|subdivision_name1 = {{flag|West Sumatra}} |
|subdivision_name1 = {{flag|West Sumatra}} |
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|government_type = |
|government_type = |
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|leader_title = Mayor |
|leader_title = Mayor |
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|leader_name = [[Erman Safar]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-02-26|title=Dilantik Gubernur, Erman Safar Wali Kota Termuda di Bukittinggi|url=https://langgam.id/dilantik-gubernur-erman-safar-wali-kota-termuda-di-bukittinggi/|work=Langgam.id|access-date=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-02-26|title=DILANTIK GUBERNUR MAHYELDI, H. Erman Safar-H. Marfendi Resmi Jadi Walikota dan Wakil Walikota Bukittinggi|url=https://hariankoranpadang.com/uncategorized/dilantik-gubernur-mahyeldi-h-erman-safar-h-marfendi-resmi-jadi-walikota-dan-wakil-walikota-bukittinggi/|work=Koran Padang|access-date=2022-08-30|archive-date=2022-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830141054/https://hariankoranpadang.com/uncategorized/dilantik-gubernur-mahyeldi-h-erman-safar-h-marfendi-resmi-jadi-walikota-dan-wakil-walikota-bukittinggi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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|leader_name = Muhammad Ramlan Nurmatias<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpud-bukittinggikota.go.id/2015/12/kpu-bukittinggi-tetapkan-walikota-dan.html|title=KPU Bukittinggi Tetapkan Walikota dan Wakil Walikota Bukittinggi Terpilih periode 2016-2021|date=22 December 2015|language=Indonesian|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131200831/http://www.kpud-bukittinggikota.go.id/2015/12/kpu-bukittinggi-tetapkan-walikota-dan.html|archivedate=31 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ramlan-irwandi.com/2016/02/selamat-atas-pelantikan-walikota-dan.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310171806/http://www.ramlan-irwandi.com/2016/02/selamat-atas-pelantikan-walikota-dan.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-03-10|title=Selamat Atas Pelantikan Walikota Dan Wakil Walikota Bukittinggi|date=2016|language=Indonesian}}</ref> |
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|leader_title1 = Vice Mayor |
|leader_title1 = Vice Mayor |
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|leader_name1 = |
|leader_name1 = [[Marfendi]] |
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|leader_title2 = |
|leader_title2 = |
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|leader_name2 = |
|leader_name2 = |
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|area_metro_km2 = |
|area_metro_km2 = |
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|area_metro_sq_mi = |
|area_metro_sq_mi = |
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|population_as_of = |
|population_as_of = mid 2022 estimate |
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|population_note = <ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2023">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023, ''Kota Bukittinggi Dalam Angka 2023'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.1375)</ref> |
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|population_note = |
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|population_total = |
|population_total = 122311 |
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|population_density_km2 = auto |
|population_density_km2 = auto |
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|population_density_sq_mi = |
|population_density_sq_mi = |
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|timezone = [[Time in Indonesia|Indonesia Western Time]] |
|timezone = [[Time in Indonesia|Indonesia Western Time]] |
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|utc_offset = +7 |
|utc_offset = +7 |
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| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2022) |
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| blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.814 ({{fontcolor|#007B00|very high}}) |
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|timezone_DST = |
|timezone_DST = |
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|utc_offset_DST = |
|utc_offset_DST = |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Bukittinggi''' ( |
'''Bukittinggi''' ({{lang-min|Bukiktinggi}}, [[Jawi script|Jawi]]: {{lang|ar|بوكيق تيڠڬي}}, formerly {{lang-nl|Fort de Kock}}) is the third largest city in [[West Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]], with a population of 111,312 in 2010<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and 121,028 in 2020,<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> and an official estimate as at mid 2022 of 122,311 - comprising 61,198 males and 61,113 females.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2023">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023, ''Kota Bukittinggi Dalam Angka 2023'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.1375)</ref> It covers an area of 25.24 km<sup>2</sup>.<ref>[https://bukittinggikota.bps.go.id/publikasi.html BPS Kota Bukittinggi]</ref> It is located in the [[Minangkabau Highlands]], 90 km by road from the West Sumatran capital city of [[Padang, Indonesia|Padang]]. The whole area directly borders to the [[Agam Regency]] (Bukittinggi was its [[regency seat]] until 1998), making it an [[enclave and exclave|enclave]], and is located at {{Coord|0|18|20|S|100|22|9|E|}}, near the volcanoes [[Mount Singgalang]] (inactive) and [[Mount Marapi]] (still active). At 930 m above sea level, the city has a cool climate with temperatures between 16.1° to 24.9 °C. |
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Bukittinggi used to be known as [[Fort de Kock]] and was once dubbed |
Bukittinggi used to be known as [[Fort de Kock]] and was once dubbed as '{{lang|nl|Parijs van Sumatera}}'. The city was the [[capital of Indonesia]] during the [[Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia]] (PDRI). Before it became the capital of PDRI, the city was a centre of government at the time of the Dutch East Indies and during the Japanese colonial period. |
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Bukittinggi is also known as a leading tourist city in West Sumatra. It is twinned with [[Seremban]] in [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Malaysia]]. The [[Jam Gadang]], a clock tower located in the heart of the city, is a symbol for the city and a well-visited tourist spot. |
Bukittinggi is also known as a leading tourist city in West Sumatra. It is twinned with [[Seremban]] in [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Malaysia]]. The [[Jam Gadang]], a clock tower located in the heart of the city, is a symbol for the city and a well-visited tourist spot. |
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The city is the birthplace of [[Mohammad Hatta]], Indonesian co-proclamator and [[Assaat]], then Indonesian (acting) president. Koto Gadang village in the southwest of city produces an abundance of statesmen, ministers, doctors, economist, artist and scholars who make great contribution to Indonesia, namely [[Sutan Sjahrir]], [[Agus Salim]], [[Bahder Djohan]], [[Rohana Kudus]], [[Emil Salim]], [[Syahrir|Dr. Syahrir]], etc. |
The city is the birthplace of [[Mohammad Hatta]], Indonesian co-proclamator and [[Assaat]], then Indonesian (acting) president. Koto Gadang, a village in the southwest of the city, produces an abundance of statesmen, ministers, doctors, economist, artist and scholars who make great contribution to Indonesia, namely [[Sutan Sjahrir]], [[Agus Salim]], [[Bahder Djohan]], [[Rohana Kudus]], [[Emil Salim]], [[Syahrir|Dr. Syahrir]], etc. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The city has its origins in five villages that served as the basis for a marketplace.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Indonesian Town Revisited |last=Nas |first=Peter J. M. |year=2002 |publisher=LIT Verlag |isbn=978-3-8258-6038-7}}</ref> |
The city has its origins in five villages that served as the basis for a marketplace.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Indonesian Town Revisited |last=Nas |first=Peter J. M. |year=2002 |publisher=LIT Verlag |isbn=978-3-8258-6038-7}}</ref> It was known as [[Fort de Kock]] in colonial times in reference to the Dutch outpost established here in 1825 during the [[Padri War]]. |
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The fort was founded by Captain Bauer at the top of Jirek hill and later named after the then [[Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies|Lieutenant Governor-General]] of the [[Dutch East Indies]], [[Hendrik Merkus de Kock]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Indonesian Houses |year=2004 |last=Domenig |author2=Nas, P |author3-link=Reimar Schefold |author3=Schefold, Reimar |first=Gaudenz |publisher=National University of Singapore Press |isbn=978-9971-69-292-6}}</ref> The first road connecting the region with the west coast was built between 1833 and 1841 via the Anai Gorge, easing troop movements, cutting the costs of transportation and providing an economic stimulus for the agricultural economy.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Moving History of Middle Sumatra, 1600–1870 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=1–38 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |year=2005 |last=Colombijn |first=Freek |doi=10.1017/S0026749X04001374|s2cid=146399326 |url=https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/16df8c23-a7d9-4cf6-b012-076a27ae81d9 }}</ref> |
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In 1856 a teacher-training college (''Kweekschool'') was founded in the city, the first in Sumatra, as part of a policy to provide education opportunities to the indigenous population.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mission Schools in Batakland (Indonesia), 1861-1940 |last=Aritonang |first=Jan S. |publisher=BRILL |year=1994 |isbn=978-90-04-09967-8}}</ref> A rail line connecting the city with Payakumbuh and Padang was constructed between 1891 and 1894.<ref>{{cite web |author=Krishnamurti, Indra |title=History of Railways in Indonesia |date=9 December 2004 |url=http://keretapi.tripod.com/history.html |access-date=3 October 2007}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ |
During the [[Japanese occupation of |
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| ⚫ | During the [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies]] in [[World War II]], the city was the headquarters for the Japanese 25th Army, the force that occupied [[Sumatra]]. The headquarters was moved to the city in April 1943 from [[Singapore]] and remained until the Japanese surrender in August 1945.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Some preliminary observations on West Sumatra during the revolution |last=Kahin |first=Audrey |journal=Indonesia |issue=Oct |year=1974 |pages=76–117 |doi=10.2307/3350695 |volume=18 |jstor=3350695 |hdl=1813/53591 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ |
[[File: |
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| ⚫ |
During the [[Indonesian National Revolution]], the city saw a [[3 March affair|failed coup attempt]] by Islamist militias against the Indonesian republican government in 1947.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kronik revolusi Indonesia |publisher=Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia |isbn=978-979-9023-46-9 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9C7NuTllisC&pg=PA57 |language=id}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | [[File:Masjid Raya Bukittinggi Okt 2020.jpg|left|thumbnail|[[Mosque]] in central Bukittinggi]] |
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| ⚫ | During the [[Indonesian National Revolution]], the city saw a [[3 March affair|failed coup attempt]] by Islamist militias against the Indonesian republican government in 1947.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kronik revolusi Indonesia |publisher=Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia |isbn=978-979-9023-46-9 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9C7NuTllisC&pg=PA57 |language=id}}</ref> During the second 'Police Action' Dutch forces invaded and occupied the city on 22 December 1948, having earlier bombed it in preparation. The city was surrendered to Republican officials in December 1949 after the Dutch government recognised Indonesian sovereignty.<ref name="Kahin1999">{{cite book |title=Rebellion to Integration: West Sumatra and the Indonesian Polity |last=Kahin |first=Audrey |year=1999 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-5356-395-3}}</ref> |
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The city was officially renamed Bukittinggi in 1949, replacing its colonial name. From 1950 until 1957, Bukittinggi was the capital city of a province called Central Sumatra, which encompassed [[West Sumatra]], [[Riau]] and [[Jambi]]. In February 1958, during a revolt in Sumatra against the Indonesian government, rebels proclaimed the [[Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia|Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia]] (PRRI) in Bukittinggi. The Indonesian government had recaptured the town by May the same year. |
The city was officially renamed Bukittinggi in 1949, replacing its colonial name. From 1950 until 1957, Bukittinggi was the capital city of a province called Central Sumatra, which encompassed [[West Sumatra]], [[Riau]] and [[Jambi]]. In February 1958, during a revolt in Sumatra against the Indonesian government, rebels proclaimed the [[Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia|Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia]] (PRRI) in Bukittinggi. The Indonesian government had recaptured the town by May the same year. |
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A group of Muslim men had planned to bomb a cafe in the city frequented by foreign tourists in October 2007, but the plot was aborted due to the risk of killing Muslim individuals in the vicinity.<ref>{{cite web |title=S'porean admits terror plot |date=21 January 2009 |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/SE%2BAsia/Story/STIStory_328916.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130035526/http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking+News/SE+Asia/Story/STIStory_328916.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 January 2009 | |
A group of [[Muslim]] men had planned to bomb a cafe in the city frequented by foreign tourists in October 2007, but the plot was aborted due to the risk of killing Muslim individuals in the vicinity.<ref>{{cite web |title=S'porean admits terror plot |date=21 January 2009 |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/SE%2BAsia/Story/STIStory_328916.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130035526/http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking+News/SE+Asia/Story/STIStory_328916.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 January 2009 |access-date=14 February 2009 }}</ref> Since 2008, the city administration has banned [[Valentine's Day]] and [[New Year]]'s celebrations as they consider them not in line with Minangkabau traditions or Islam that can lead to "immoral acts" such as young couples hugging and kissing.<ref>{{cite web |author=Syofiardi Bachyul Jb |title=Valentine's celebrations banned in Bukittinggi |date=14 February 2008 |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/02/14/valentine039s-celebrations-banned-bukittinggi.html |access-date=14 February 2009}}</ref> |
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==Administrative districts== |
==Administrative districts== |
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[[File:Balai Kota Bukittinggi simetris.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bukittinggi city hall]] |
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Bukittinggi is divided into three [[Districts of Indonesia|districts]] (''kecamatan''), which are further divided into five villages (''nagari'') and 24 ''kelurahan''. The districts are: |
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Bukittinggi is divided into three [[Districts of Indonesia|districts]] (''kecamatan''), which are further divided into 24 urban villages (''kelurahan''). The districts are tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and the 2020 Census,<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> together with the official estimates as at mid 2022.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2023">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023, ''Kota Bukittinggi Dalam Angka 2023'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.1375)</ref> The table also includes the numbers of villages within each district. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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* Guguk Panjang |
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|- |
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* Mandiangin Koto Selayan |
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! Name of <br>District<br>(''kecamatan'') !!Area <br>in <br>km<sup>2</sup>!! Pop'n <br> 2010 <br>Census!! Pop'n <br> 2020 <br>Census !! Pop'n <br> mid 2022 <br>Estimate!!No.<br>of<br>''kelurahan'' |
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* Aur Birugo Tigo Baleh |
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|- |
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| Guguk Panjang ||align="right"| 12.16 ||align="right"| 41.643 ||align="right"| 41,391 ||align="right"| 41,294 ||align="center"| 7 |
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|- |
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| Mandiangin Koto Selayan ||align="right"| 6.83 ||align="right"| 44,928 ||align="right"| 53,035 ||align="right"| 54,219 ||align="center"| 9 |
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|- |
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| Aur Birugo Tigo Baleh ||align="right"| 6.25 ||align="right"| 24,741 ||align="right"| 26,602 ||align="right"| 26,798 ||align="center"| 8 |
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|- |
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| '''Totals'''||align="right"| ''25.24'' ||align="right"| ''111,312'' ||align="right"| ''121,028'' ||align="right"| ''122,311'' ||align="center"| ''24'' |
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|} |
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==Transportation== |
==Transportation== |
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Bukittinggi is connected to [[Padang, Indonesia|Padang]] by road. Up until early 1980s there was a railway service from [[Padang Panjang]] that used to serve the city. For inner-city transport, Bukittinggi employs a public transportation system known as "Mersi" (Merapi Singgalang) and "IKABE" that connect locations within the city. The city preserves the traditional horse-cart widely known in the area as ''Bendi'', although the use is limited and more popular with tourists, both domestic and foreign. |
Bukittinggi is connected to [[Padang, Indonesia|Padang]] by road. Up until early 1980s, there was a railway service from [[Padang Panjang]] that used to serve the city. For inner-city transport, Bukittinggi employs a public transportation system known as "Mersi" (Merapi Singgalang) and "IKABE" that connect locations within the city. The city preserves the traditional horse-cart widely known in the area as ''Bendi'', although the use is limited and more popular with tourists, both domestic and foreign. |
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==Tourism== |
==Tourism== |
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[[File:Bukittinggi.jpeg|left|thumbnail|Bukittinggi at Holiday Season]] |
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It is a city popular with tourists due to the climate and central location. Bukittinggi is also a popular shopping destination due to cheap textile and fashion products, especially for [[Malaysia]]n. Best way to see Bukittinggi is by motorbike, car or by foot (trekkings). Attractions within the city include: |
It is a city popular with tourists due to the climate and central location. Bukittinggi is also a popular shopping destination due to cheap textile and fashion products, especially for [[Malaysia]]n. Best way to see Bukittinggi is by motorbike, car or by foot (trekkings). Attractions within the city include: |
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| ⚫ | [[File:HIMPUNAN BERSATU TEGUH.JPG|right|thumbnail|250px|"Himpunan Bersatu Teguh" building which is located at Jend. Ahmad Yani street in Bukittinggi.]] |
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[[File:Ngarai Sianok.jpg|right|thumbnail|Sianok Canyon]] |
[[File:Ngarai Sianok.jpg|right|thumbnail|Sianok Canyon]] |
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| ⚫ |
[[File:HIMPUNAN BERSATU TEGUH.JPG|right|thumbnail| |
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* ''Ngarai Sianok'' (Sianok Canyon) |
* ''Ngarai Sianok'' (Sianok Canyon) |
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* [[Lubang Jepang]] (Japanese Caves) — a network of underground bunkers and tunnels built by the [[Japanese people|Japanese]] during [[World War II]] |
* [[Lubang Jepang]] (Japanese Caves) — a network of underground bunkers and tunnels built by the [[Japanese people|Japanese]] during [[World War II]] |
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* [[Jam Gadang]] — a large clock tower built by the Dutch in 1926.<ref name="jg-kompas">{{cite web|url=http://travel.kompas.com/read/2009/03/19/07532046/jam.gadang.gengsi.kota.bukittinggi|trans-title=Jam Gadang, the Prestige of Bukittinggi |language= |
* [[Jam Gadang]] — a large clock tower built by the Dutch in 1926.<ref name="jg-kompas">{{cite web|url=http://travel.kompas.com/read/2009/03/19/07532046/jam.gadang.gengsi.kota.bukittinggi|trans-title=Jam Gadang, the Prestige of Bukittinggi |language=id |title=Jam Gadang, Gengsi Kota Bukittinggi |work=Kompas |date=March 19, 2009|access-date=February 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013320/http://travel.kompas.com/read/2009/03/19/07532046/jam.gadang.gengsi.kota.bukittinggi|archive-date=March 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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* ''Pasar Atas'' and ''Pasar Aur Kuning'' are traditional markets downtown. |
* ''Pasar Atas'' and ''Pasar Aur Kuning'' are traditional markets downtown. |
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* ''Taman Bundo Kanduang'' park. The park includes a replica [[Rumah Gadang]] (literally: big house) with the distinctive Minangkabau roof architecture) used as a museum of Minangkabau culture and a zoo. The Dutch hilltop outpost Fort de Kock is connected to the zoo by the [[Limpapeh Bridge]] pedestrian overpass. |
* ''Taman Bundo Kanduang'' park. The park includes a replica [[Rumah Gadang]] (literally: big house) with the distinctive Minangkabau roof architecture) used as a museum of Minangkabau culture and a zoo. The Dutch hilltop outpost Fort de Kock is connected to the zoo by the [[Limpapeh Bridge]] pedestrian overpass. |
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* ''Museum Rumah Kelahiran Bung Hatta'' (Museum of Bung Hatta Birthplace), the house where Indonesian founding father [[Mohammad Hatta]] was born, now a museum.<ref>{{cite web |
* ''Museum Rumah Kelahiran Bung Hatta'' (Museum of Bung Hatta Birthplace), the house where Indonesian founding father [[Mohammad Hatta]] was born, now a museum.<ref>{{cite web|title=Museum Rumah Kelahiran Bung Hatta|url=http://www.museum-indonesia.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=300&Itemid=88|access-date=21 March 2010|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021164712/http://www.museum-indonesia.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=300&Itemid=88|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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* ''Janjang Koto Gadang'' also known as Great Wall of Koto Gadang. It is like a miniature of Chinese great wall, with hundred-step stairs connects Taman Panorama and Koto Gadang village. |
* ''Janjang Koto Gadang'' also known as Great Wall of Koto Gadang. It is like a miniature of Chinese great wall, with hundred-step stairs connects Taman Panorama and Koto Gadang village. |
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==Sister cities== |
==Sister cities== |
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*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Seremban]], [[Malaysia]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bukittinggi: Jabaran Rencana Kota Kembar |publisher=Bukittinggi Department |url=http://www.bukittinggikota.go.id/index.php?class=text&file_id=157 | |
*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Seremban]], [[Malaysia]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bukittinggi: Jabaran Rencana Kota Kembar |publisher=Bukittinggi Department |url=http://www.bukittinggikota.go.id/index.php?class=text&file_id=157 |access-date=10 July 2013 |language=id |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324122324/http://www.bukittinggikota.go.id/index.php?class=text&file_id=157 |archive-date=March 24, 2012 }}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929180352/http://www.bukittinggikota.go.id/ Pemerintah Bukittinggi] - Bukittinggi City Council {{in lang|id}} |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929180352/http://www.bukittinggikota.go.id/ Pemerintah Bukittinggi] - Bukittinggi City Council {{in lang|id}} |
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*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Bukittinggi}} |
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Bukittinggi}} |
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Bukittinggi
| |
|---|---|
| City of Bukittinggi Kota Bukittinggi | |
| Other transcription(s) | |
| • Jawi | بوكيق تيڠڬي |
| |
Coat of arms | |
| Motto(s):
Saayun Salangkah
(Minangkabau: Same turn, same step) | |
Location within West Sumatra
| |
  Bukittinggi Location in Southern Sumatra, Sumatra and Indonesia Show map of Southern Sumatra Bukittinggi Bukittinggi (Sumatra) Show map of Sumatra Bukittinggi Bukittinggi (Indonesia) Show map of Indonesia | |
| Coordinates: 0°18′20″S 100°22′9″E / 0.30556°S 100.36917°E / -0.30556; 100.36917 | |
| Country |  Indonesia |
| Province |  West Sumatra |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Erman Safar[1][2] |
| • Vice Mayor | Marfendi |
| Area | |
| • Total | 25.24 km2 (9.75 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 930 m (3,050 ft) |
| Population
(mid 2022 estimate)
| |
| • Total | 122,311 |
| • Density | 4,800/km2 (13,000/sq mi) |
| [3] | |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (Indonesia Western Time) |
| Area code | (+62) 752 |
| HDI (2022) |  0.814 (very high)
|
| Website | bukittinggikota.go.id |
Bukittinggi (Minangkabau: Bukiktinggi, Jawi: بوكيق تيڠڬي, formerly Dutch: Fort de Kock) is the third largest city in West Sumatra, Indonesia, with a population of 111,312 in 2010[4] and 121,028 in 2020,[5] and an official estimate as at mid 2022 of 122,311 - comprising 61,198 males and 61,113 females.[3] It covers an area of 25.24 km2.[6] It is located in the Minangkabau Highlands, 90 km by road from the West Sumatran capital city of Padang. The whole area directly borders to the Agam Regency (Bukittinggi was its regency seat until 1998), making it an enclave, and is located at 0°18′20″S 100°22′9″E / 0.30556°S 100.36917°E / -0.30556; 100.36917, near the volcanoes Mount Singgalang (inactive) and Mount Marapi (still active). At 930 m above sea level, the city has a cool climate with temperatures between 16.1° to 24.9 °C.
Bukittinggi used to be known as Fort de Kock and was once dubbed as 'Parijs van Sumatera'. The city was the capital of Indonesia during the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI). Before it became the capital of PDRI, the city was a centre of government at the time of the Dutch East Indies and during the Japanese colonial period.
Bukittinggi is also known as a leading tourist city in West Sumatra. It is twinned with SerembaninNegeri Sembilan, Malaysia. The Jam Gadang, a clock tower located in the heart of the city, is a symbol for the city and a well-visited tourist spot.
The city is the birthplace of Mohammad Hatta, Indonesian co-proclamator and Assaat, then Indonesian (acting) president. Koto Gadang, a village in the southwest of the city, produces an abundance of statesmen, ministers, doctors, economist, artist and scholars who make great contribution to Indonesia, namely Sutan Sjahrir, Agus Salim, Bahder Djohan, Rohana Kudus, Emil Salim, Dr. Syahrir, etc.
The city has its origins in five villages that served as the basis for a marketplace.[7] It was known as Fort de Kock in colonial times in reference to the Dutch outpost established here in 1825 during the Padri War.
The fort was founded by Captain Bauer at the top of Jirek hill and later named after the then Lieutenant Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, Hendrik Merkus de Kock.[8] The first road connecting the region with the west coast was built between 1833 and 1841 via the Anai Gorge, easing troop movements, cutting the costs of transportation and providing an economic stimulus for the agricultural economy.[9]
In 1856 a teacher-training college (Kweekschool) was founded in the city, the first in Sumatra, as part of a policy to provide education opportunities to the indigenous population.[10] A rail line connecting the city with Payakumbuh and Padang was constructed between 1891 and 1894.[11]
During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East IndiesinWorld War II, the city was the headquarters for the Japanese 25th Army, the force that occupied Sumatra. The headquarters was moved to the city in April 1943 from Singapore and remained until the Japanese surrender in August 1945.[12]
During the Indonesian National Revolution, the city saw a failed coup attempt by Islamist militias against the Indonesian republican government in 1947.[13] During the second 'Police Action' Dutch forces invaded and occupied the city on 22 December 1948, having earlier bombed it in preparation. The city was surrendered to Republican officials in December 1949 after the Dutch government recognised Indonesian sovereignty.[14]
The city was officially renamed Bukittinggi in 1949, replacing its colonial name. From 1950 until 1957, Bukittinggi was the capital city of a province called Central Sumatra, which encompassed West Sumatra, Riau and Jambi. In February 1958, during a revolt in Sumatra against the Indonesian government, rebels proclaimed the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PRRI) in Bukittinggi. The Indonesian government had recaptured the town by May the same year.
A group of Muslim men had planned to bomb a cafe in the city frequented by foreign tourists in October 2007, but the plot was aborted due to the risk of killing Muslim individuals in the vicinity.[15] Since 2008, the city administration has banned Valentine's Day and New Year's celebrations as they consider them not in line with Minangkabau traditions or Islam that can lead to "immoral acts" such as young couples hugging and kissing.[16]
Bukittinggi is divided into three districts (kecamatan), which are further divided into 24 urban villages (kelurahan). The districts are tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census[4] and the 2020 Census,[5] together with the official estimates as at mid 2022.[3] The table also includes the numbers of villages within each district.
| Name of District (kecamatan) |
Area in km2 |
Pop'n 2010 Census |
Pop'n 2020 Census |
Pop'n mid 2022 Estimate |
No. of kelurahan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guguk Panjang | 12.16 | 41.643 | 41,391 | 41,294 | 7 |
| Mandiangin Koto Selayan | 6.83 | 44,928 | 53,035 | 54,219 | 9 |
| Aur Birugo Tigo Baleh | 6.25 | 24,741 | 26,602 | 26,798 | 8 |
| Totals | 25.24 | 111,312 | 121,028 | 122,311 | 24 |
Bukittinggi is connected to Padang by road. Up until early 1980s, there was a railway service from Padang Panjang that used to serve the city. For inner-city transport, Bukittinggi employs a public transportation system known as "Mersi" (Merapi Singgalang) and "IKABE" that connect locations within the city. The city preserves the traditional horse-cart widely known in the area as Bendi, although the use is limited and more popular with tourists, both domestic and foreign.
It is a city popular with tourists due to the climate and central location. Bukittinggi is also a popular shopping destination due to cheap textile and fashion products, especially for Malaysian. Best way to see Bukittinggi is by motorbike, car or by foot (trekkings). Attractions within the city include:
Notable nearby destinations include Lake Maninjau, Lake Tarusan, Kamang Cave, and Tarang Cave.
Bukittinggi travel guide from Wikivoyage| International |
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