CONELRAD (Control of Electromagnetic [orElectronic] Radiation) was a method of emergency broadcasting to the public of the United States in the event of enemy attack during the Cold War. It was intended to serve two purposes; to prevent Soviet bombers from homing in on American cities by using radioorTV stations as beacons, and to provide essential civil defense information. U.S. President Harry S. Truman established CONELRAD in 1951. After the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles reduced the likelihood of a bomber attack, CONELRAD was replaced by the Emergency Broadcast SystemonAugust 5, 1963, which was later replaced with the Emergency Alert Systemin1997; all were administered by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).[1]
Prior to 1951, there was no method that the U.S. government could use to broadcast warnings to citizens in the event of an emergency. However, radio stations and networks could interrupt normal programming and issue a bulletin in the event of an emergency, as happened during the attack on Pearl HarboronDecember 7, 1941, as well as the first successful tornado warning near Tinker Air Force BaseinOklahoma Cityin1948. This type of broadcasting was the forerunner to CONELRAD.
The CONELRAD concept was originally known as the Key Station System. According to an FCC document created during the "Informal Government - Industry Technical Conference" on March 26, 1951:
"The primary plan for alerting broadcast stations that is currently being considered by the FCC Study Group is known as the Key Station System. The arrangement requires certain telephone circuits (private wire or direct line to Toll Board) between the Air Defense Control Centers (A.D.C.C.) and specified radio stations to be known as "Basic Key Stations".
Additional telephone circuits (direct line to Toll Board) will be required in certain cases, between "Basic Key Stations" and other stations to be known as "Relay Key Stations". Each "Basic Key Station" receiving an alert or warning signal from the A.D.C.C. shall, if so directed, proceed to broadcast a predetermined message and also relay the message by telephone to all "Relay Key Stations" under his control as specified." CONELRAD was officially introduced on December 10, 1951.[2]
CONELRAD had a simple system for alerting the public and other "downstream" stations, consisting of a sequence of shutting the station off for five seconds, returning to the air for five seconds, again shutting down for five seconds, and then transmitting a tone for 15 seconds. Key stations would be alerted directly. All other broadcast stations would monitor a designated station in their area.
In the event of an emergency, all United States television and FM radio stations were required to stop broadcasting. Upon alert, most AM medium wave stations shut down. The stations that stayed on the air would transmit on either 640 or 1240 kHz. They would transmit for several minutes, and then go off the air and another station would take over on the same frequency in a "round robin" chain. This was to confuse enemy aircraft who might be navigating using Radio Direction Finding. By law, radio sets manufactured between 1953 and 1963 had these frequencies marked by the triangle-in-circle ("CD Mark") symbol of Civil Defense.[3]
Although the system by which the CONELRAD process was initiated (switching the transmitter on and off) was simple, it was prone to numerous false alarms, especially during lightning storms. [1] Transmitters could also be damaged by the quick cycling. The switching later became known informally as the "EBS Stress Test" (due to many transmitters failing during tests) and was eventually discontinued when broadcast technology advanced enough to make it unnecessary.
Beginning January 2, 1957, U.S. amateur radio came under CONELRAD rules and all stations, while operating, were required to verify at least once every 10 minutes that a normal broadcast station was on the air. If not, the amateur operators were required to stop transmitting. Several companies marketed special receivers that would sound an alarm and automatically deactivate the amateur's transmitter when the monitored broadcast station went off the air.[4]
The National Emergency Alarm Repeater (N.E.A.R.) program was developed in 1956 during the cold war to supplement the CONELRAD warning system. The N.E.A.R. device is a 2-3" square box that acts as a personal civilian warning system. It is plugged into a home power outlet to receive a special signal sent over the electrical power grid. Research and testing for the N.E.A.R. program was developed in 1956 during the cold war to supplement the existing siren warning systems and radio broadcasts in the event of a nuclear attack. For unspecified reasons, the program went defunct and the devices were destroyed by their respective manufacturers.[5]
Fictional treatments of how CONELRAD would work can be found in the novel Alas, BabylonbyPat Frank, and the 1962 movie Panic in Year Zero, the 1955 "Medic" TV episode entitled "Flash of Darkness" starring Richard Boone, as well as the CBS television network's 1958 made-for-TV movie A Day Called 'X'. The movie The Omega Man (1971) contains an anachronistic depiction of a CONELRAD transmission during a biological warfare attack ("CONELRAD channel! This is a Class 1 emergency! Stay in your homes!") - the attack is shown as taking place in 1975, 12 years after CONELRAD was discontinued.
There was also a hardcore punk-rock band in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, named Conelrad, and there is currently an electronic musician operating under the same name.
There is also a teleplay for "The Twilight Zone" called "The Shelter" involving the CONELRAD station[citation needed] as well as an episode of Quantum Leap called "Nuclear Family" that plays part of a CONELRAD broadcast.[citation needed]
Bob Dylan references the system in the song "Talkin' World War III Blues".
In the 1963 comedy album Jose Jimenez - Our Secret Weapon, Bill Dana played a Civil Defense volunteer. When asked what he would listen to during the event of an atomic attack, he said he would listen to Comrade. When corrected and asked if he meant CONELRAD, he explained "No, Comrade will know about it first!"[citation needed]
