Added hybrid information
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NOTE: prev edit of 23:39, 7 January 2021 contained material copied from White crappie & Black crappie; see their history for attribution
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{{Short description|Common name for two species of game fish}}
{{redirect|Calico Bass|the marine blue fish|Paralabrax clathratus}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=
{{automatic taxobox
| image = Black crappie and white crappie fish.jpg
| image_caption = [[Black crappie|Black]] (top) and [[white crappie]]<br /> (''P. nigromaculatus'' & ''P. annularis'')
| taxon = Pomoxis
| authority = [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1818<ref name = CofF>{{Cof record | genid=964 | title = Pomoxis | access-date = 24 May 2020}}</ref>
| type_species = ''Pomoxis annularis''
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== Etymology ==
The genus name ''Pomoxis'' literally means "sharp cover", referring to the fish's spiny [[gill cover]]s (opercular bones).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ross|first1=Stephen T.|last2=Brenneman|first2=William Max|title=The Inland Fishes of Mississippi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WEaKXWRt10kC&pg=PA436|year=2001|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-57806-246-1|page=436|quote= ''Pomoxis'': sharp opercle, in reference to the opercle bone ending in two spines}}</ref> It is composed of the Greek {{transliteration|grc|poma}} ({{wikt-lang|grc|πῶμα}}, cover) and {{transliteration|grc|oxys}} ({{wikt-lang|grc|ὀξύς}}, "sharp").<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wallus|first1=Robert|last2=Simon|first2=Thomas P. |title=Reproductive Biology and Early Life History of Fishes in the Ohio River Drainage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZ2rHfYHYncC&pg=PA355|volume=6|year=2008|publisher=CRC|isbn=978-1-4200-0361-1|page=355|quote= ''Pomoxis'', Greek: ''poma'', "lid, cover" and ''oxys'', "sharp", alluding to the opercles ending in two flat points instead of an ear flap}}</ref>
The common name (also spelled ''croppie''<ref>{{M-W|croppie}}: "variant of ''crappie''"</ref> or ''crappé''<ref>{{cite book|last=Murray|first=James Augustus Henry |display-authors=etal |title=A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oickAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1141 |year=1893|publisher=Clarendon Press|page=1141|quote= Crappie. U.S. Also crappé, croppie. A species of sunfish, ''Pomoxys annularis''}}</ref>) derives from the [[Canadian French]] {{lang|fr|crapet}}, which refers to many different fishes of the sunfish family. Other names for crappie are '''papermouths''', '''strawberry bass''', '''speckled bass''' or '''specks''' (especially in [[Michigan]]), '''speckled perch''', '''white perch''',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Louisiana Fisheries
In[[Louisiana]], it is called '''sacalait'''<ref name=MW/> ({{lang-frc|sac-à-lait}}, {{literally|milk bag}}),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Hugh M. |title=Common Names of the Basses and Sun-fishes |journal=Report of the Commissioner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gblFAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA357 |year=1904|publisher= Gov't Printing Office|page=357 |quote=The euphonious French name {{lang|fr|sac-à-lait}} (bag of milk), which is heard in the [[lower Mississippi Valley]] and now apparently is applied to other [[centrarchids]], as well as to ''P. annularis'', to which it was originally given, has been corrupted to "suckley perch" in Louisiana near New Orleans.}}</ref> seemingly an allusion to its milky white flesh or silvery skin.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bulletin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SG7VAdA8F0gC|year=1917|publisher= Louisiana Dept. of Conservation|page=9|quote= When properly cooked the white, flaky, juicy flesh ({{lang|fr|sac-à-lait}} means a
▲The common name (also spelled ''croppie''<ref>{{M-W|croppie}}: "variant of ''crappie''"</ref> or ''crappé''<ref>{{cite book|last=Murray|first=James Augustus Henry |display-authors=etal |title=A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oickAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1141 |year=1893|publisher=Clarendon Press|page=1141|quote= Crappie. U.S. Also crappé, croppie. A species of sunfish, ''Pomoxys annularis''}}</ref>) derives from the [[Canadian French]] {{lang|fr|crapet}}, which refers to many different fishes of the sunfish family. Other names for crappie are '''papermouths''', '''strawberry bass''', '''speckled bass''' or '''specks''' (especially in [[Michigan]]), '''speckled perch''', '''white perch''',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Louisiana Fisheries - Fact Sheets |url=https://www.seagrantfish.lsu.edu/resources/factsheets/sackofmilk.htm|website=www.seagrantfish.lsu.edu |access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref> '''crappie bass''', '''calico bass''' (throughout the [[Mid-Atlantic US|Middle Atlantic]] states and [[New England]]),<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Massachusetts Wildlife'' |url=http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/publications/mwmag/pdf/fishing_issue.pdf |access-date=16 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008215020/http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/publications/mwmag/pdf/fishing_issue.pdf}}</ref> and '''Oswego bass'''.<ref>Schultz, Ken. ''Ken Schultz's Field Guide to Freshwater Fish.'' Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2010.</ref>
▲In Louisiana, it is called '''sacalait'''<ref name=MW/> ({{lang-frc|sac-à-lait}}, {{literally|milk bag}}),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Hugh M. |title=Common Names of the Basses and Sun-fishes |journal=Report of the Commissioner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gblFAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA357 |year=1904|publisher= Gov't Printing Office|page=357 |quote=The euphonious French name {{lang|fr|sac-à-lait}} (bag of milk), which is heard in the [[lower Mississippi Valley]] and now apparently is applied to other [[centrarchids]], as well as to ''P. annularis'', to which it was originally given, has been corrupted to "suckley perch" in Louisiana near New Orleans.}}</ref> seemingly an allusion to its milky white flesh or silvery skin.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bulletin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SG7VAdA8F0gC|year=1917|publisher= Louisiana Dept. of Conservation|page=9|quote= When properly cooked the white, flaky, juicy flesh ({{lang|fr|sac-à-lait}} means a “bag of milk” therefore our French-speaking population has most appropriately named this fish) has an exceptionally fine and delicate flavor.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Louisiana Conservation Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=847kAAAAMAAJ|volume=9-10|year=1940|page=31|quote= believed to have received its name {{lang|fr|sac à lait}}, {{abbr|m.|masculine}}, "milk bag" because of the silvery olive appearance of the fish, or because of its extraordinarily white flesh. Read's further investigations, however, revealed that the Choctaw Indian {{lang|cho|sakli}}, "trout"}}</ref> The supposed French meaning is, however, [[folk etymology]], because the word is ultimately from [[Choctaw language|Choctaw]] {{wikt-lang|cho|sakli}}, meaning "trout".<ref name=MW>{{M-W|sacalait}} "Louisiana French {{lang|fr|sac-à-lait}}, by folk etymology (influence of French {{lang|fr|sac}} bag, French {{lang|fr|à}} to, for, and French {{lang|fr|lait}} milk) from Choctaw {{lang|cho|sakli}} trout "</ref>
==Species==
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== Biology ==
Both species of crappie as adults feed predominantly on smaller fish species, including the young of their own predators (which include the [[northern pike]], [[muskellunge]], and [[walleye]]). They have diverse diets, however, including [[zooplankton]], [[insect]]s, and [[crustacean]]s.<ref name="fishbase_white">{{FishBase|genus=Pomoxis|species=annularis|year=2006|month=March}}</ref><ref name="fishbase_black">{{FishBase|genus=Pomoxis|species=nigromaculatus|year=2006|month=March}}</ref> Larval crappies rely on crustacean zooplankton as a food source. The availability of zooplankton can have an effect on larval populations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Michaletz |first1=P.H |last2=Obrecht |first2=D.V |last3=Jones |first3=J.R |title=Influence of Environmental Variables and Species Interactions on Sport Fish Communities in Small Missouri Impoundments |journal=North American Journal of Fisheries Management |date=2012 |doi=
Hybrid crappie (''Pomoxis annularis'' × ''nigromaculatus'') have been cultured and occur naturally.<ref name=kellybaumhoer2014>{{cite web|url=https://aquaculture.ca.uky.edu/sites/aquaculture.ca.uky.edu/files/srac_7212_species_profile_hybrid_crappie.pdf|title=Species Profile: Hybrid Crappie|last1=Kelly|first1=Anita M.|last2=Baumhoer|first2=Brandon|publisher=Southern Regional Aquaculture Center|date=June 2014|access-date=2 September 2023|id=SRAC Publication No. 7212}}</ref>
==Fishing==
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===Angling===
{{fly fishing targets}}
[[Angling]] for crappie is popular throughout much of North America. Methods vary, but among the most popular is called "spider rigging", a method characterized by a fisherman in a boat with many long [[fishing rod]]s pointing away from the angler at various angles like spokes from a wheel<ref name="in-fisherman">{{Cite web|title=Super Crappie Systems |url=http://www.in-fisherman.com/magazine/articles/if0403_Crappie/ |publisher=In-Fisherman|access-date=23 February 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061222232002/http://www.in-fisherman.com/magazine/articles/if0403_Crappie/ |archive-date = 22 December 2006}}</ref> (spider rigging is not permitted on some waters. In [[Minnesota]], for example, a fisherman may use only one rod
===Conservation===
In 2023, apparel company Crappie Forever announced a promotion in which it would award prizes to those catching and releasing tagged crappie in certain Mississippi lakes, in order to further crappie conservation and enthusiasm for tournament fishing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clarionledger.com/story/sports/outdoors/2023/06/04/win-cash-or-prizes-in-mississippi-by-catching-a-tagged-crappie/70252588007/|date=
===Commercial fishing===
Before state fisheries departments began to implement more restrictive, conservation-minded regulations, a great number of crappies, especially in the [[Mississippi River]] states, were harvested commercially in the 19th and early 20th centuries. At one point, the annual crappie catch sold at fish markets in the United States was reported to be about {{convert|3|e6lb|MT}}.<ref>"Fisheries." ''The New International Encyclopedia''. 2nd ed. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1930.</ref>
A commercial fishery for crappies existed at [[Reelfoot Lake]] in [[Tennessee]] until 2003. It was one of the few commercial fisheries for crappies in recent decades.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reelfoot.com/commercial_crappie_fishing.htm|publisher=Reelfoot Outdoors|title=Commercial Crappie Fishing Stopped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528214453/https://www.reelfoot.com/commercial_crappie_fishing.htm|archive-date=
==Fishing records==
According to the [[IGFA|International Game Fish Association]], the current all-tackle world records are:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://igfa.org/member-services/world-record/common-name/Crappie,%20black|title=Crappie, black|publisher=International Game Fish Association|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://igfa.org/member-services/world-record/common-name/Crappie,%20white|title=Crappie, white|publisher=International Game Fish Association|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
* Black crappie: {{convert|2.47|kg|lboz|abbr=on}}, caught by Lionel "Jam" Ferguson at Richeison Pond in Tennessee on
* White crappie: {{convert|2.35|kg|lboz|abbr=on}}, caught by Fred Brigh at [[Enid Lake|Enid Dam]], Mississippi on
==References==
|
Crappie | |
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Black (top) and white crappie (P. nigromaculatus & P. annularis) | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Perciformes |
Family: | Centrarchidae |
Subfamily: | Centrarchinae |
Genus: | Pomoxis Rafinesque, 1818[1] |
Type species | |
Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque, 1818[1] | |
Synonyms[2] | |
Hyperistius Gill, 1864: |
Crappies (/ˈkrɒpi, ˈkræpi/)[3][4] are two speciesofNorth American freshwater fish of the genus Pomoxis in the family Centrarchidae (sunfishes). Both species of crappies are popular game fish among recreational anglers.
The genus name Pomoxis literally means "sharp cover", referring to the fish's spiny gill covers (opercular bones).[5] It is composed of the Greek poma (πῶμα, cover) and oxys (ὀξύς, "sharp").[6]
The common name (also spelled croppie[7]orcrappé[8]) derives from the Canadian French crapet, which refers to many different fishes of the sunfish family. Other names for crappie are papermouths, strawberry bass, speckled bassorspecks (especially in Michigan), speckled perch, white perch,[9] crappie bass, calico bass (throughout the Middle Atlantic states and New England),[10] and Oswego bass.[11]
InLouisiana, it is called sacalait[12] (Cajun French: sac-à-lait, lit. 'milk bag'),[13] seemingly an allusion to its milky white flesh or silvery skin.[14][15] The supposed French meaning is, however, folk etymology, because the word is ultimately from Choctaw sakli, meaning "trout".[12]
The currently recognized species in this genus are:[16]
Image | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
---|---|---|---|
P. annularis Rafinesque, 1818 | White crappie | Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and the Mississippi River basins expanding from New York and southern Ontario westward to South Dakota and southward to Texas. | |
P. nigromaculatus (Lesueur, 1829) | Black crappie | eastern United States and Canada |
Both species of crappie as adults feed predominantly on smaller fish species, including the young of their own predators (which include the northern pike, muskellunge, and walleye). They have diverse diets, however, including zooplankton, insects, and crustaceans.[17][18] Larval crappies rely on crustacean zooplankton as a food source. The availability of zooplankton can have an effect on larval populations.[19] By day, crappie tend to be less active and concentrate around weed beds or submerged objects, such as logs and boulders. They feed during dawn and dusk, by moving into open water or approaching the shore.[20][21]
Hybrid crappie (Pomoxis annularis × nigromaculatus) have been cultured and occur naturally.[22] The crossing of a black crappie female and white crappie male has better survival and growth rates among offspring than the reciprocal cross does.[22] Hybrid crappie are difficult to distinguish from black crappie by appearance alone. Fingerling yields are variable in culture.[22] The hybrid offspring are fertile, black crappie female and white crappie male crosses more so than the reciprocal.[22]
The Pomoxis species are highly regarded panfish and are often considered to be among the best-tasting freshwater food fish. Because of their diverse diets, crappie may be caught in many ways, including casting light jigs, trolling with minnowsorsoft lures, using small spinnerbaits, or using bobbers with common hookbaits. Crappies are also popular with ice anglers, as they are active in winter.[20][21][23]
Fly fishing targets |
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See also |
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Angling for crappie is popular throughout much of North America. Methods vary, but among the most popular is called "spider rigging", a method characterized by a fisherman in a boat with many long fishing rods pointing away from the angler at various angles like spokes from a wheel[24] (spider rigging is not permitted on some waters. In Minnesota, for example, a fisherman may use only one rod during the open water season). Anglers who employ the spider rigging method may choose from among many popular baits, some of the most popular are plastic jigs with lead jigheads, crankbaits or live minnows.[25] Many anglers also chum or dump live groundbait into the water to attract the fish to bite their bait. Crappies are also regularly targeted and caught during the spawning period by fly fishermen, and can be taken from frozen ponds and lakes in winter by ice fishing.[citation needed]
In 2023, apparel company Crappie Forever announced a promotion in which it would award prizes to those catching and releasing tagged crappie in certain Mississippi lakes, in order to further crappie conservation and enthusiasm for tournament fishing.[26]
Before state fisheries departments began to implement more restrictive, conservation-minded regulations, a great number of crappies, especially in the Mississippi River states, were harvested commercially in the 19th and early 20th centuries. At one point, the annual crappie catch sold at fish markets in the United States was reported to be about 3 million pounds (1,400 t).[27]
A commercial fishery for crappies existed at Reelfoot LakeinTennessee until 2003. It was one of the few commercial fisheries for crappies in recent decades.[28][29]
According to the International Game Fish Association, the current all-tackle world records are:[30][31]
Pomoxis: sharp opercle, in reference to the opercle bone ending in two spines
Pomoxis, Greek: poma, "lid, cover" and oxys, "sharp", alluding to the opercles ending in two flat points instead of an ear flap
Crappie. U.S. Also crappé, croppie. A species of sunfish, Pomoxys annularis
The euphonious French name sac-à-lait (bag of milk), which is heard in the lower Mississippi Valley and now apparently is applied to other centrarchids, as well as to P. annularis, to which it was originally given, has been corrupted to "suckley perch" in Louisiana near New Orleans.
When properly cooked the white, flaky, juicy flesh (sac-à-lait means a "bag of milk" therefore our French-speaking population has most appropriately named this fish) has an exceptionally fine and delicate flavor.
believed to have received its name sac à lait, m., "milk bag" because of the silvery olive appearance of the fish, or because of its extraordinarily white flesh. Read's further investigations, however, revealed that the Choctaw Indian sakli, "trout"
Pomoxis |
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