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{{Short description|Class of planetary rover}} |
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'''CubeRover''' is a class of [[planetary rover]] with a standardized modular format meant to accelerate the pace of space exploration. The idea is equivalent to that of the successful [[CubeSat]] format, with standardized off-the-shelf components and architecture to assemble small units that will be all compatible, modular, and inexpensive.<ref name= |
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The rover class concept is being developed by [[Astrobotic Technology]] in partnership with [[Carnegie Mellon University]], and it is partly funded by NASA awards.<ref name='SI Campbell 2018'/> A Carnegie Mellon University initiative - completely independent of NASA awards - developed Iris, the first flightworthy cuberover. Its 2022 lunar mission will make CMU the first university in the world, and the first American entity, to successfully develop and pilot a lunar rover.<ref name="CMU Art">{{cite web |date=June 6, 2019 |title=Carnegie Mellon Robot, Art Project To Land on Moon in 2021 |url=https://www.ri.cmu.edu/carnegie-mellon-robot-art-project-to-land-on-moon-in-2021/ |publisher=Carnegie Mellon University's Robotics Institute}}</ref> |
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The idea is to create a practical modular concept similar that used for [[CubeSat]]s and apply it to rovers, effectively creating a new standardized architecture of small modular planetary rovers with compatible parts, systems, and even instruments so that each mission can be easily tailored to its objectives.<ref name='SI Campbell 2018'/><ref name='David 2018'>{{cite news |url=https://www.space.com/40000-astrobotic-cuberover-moon-launch-2020.html |title=This Tiny Private CubeRover Could Reach the Moon by 2020 |first=David |last=Leonard |website=Space.com |date=16 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.autonomousvehicletech.com/articles/64-astrobotic-to-develop-cuberover-standard-for-planetary-surface-mobility |title=Astrobotic to develop CubeRover standard for planetary surface mobility |first=Kevin |last=Jost |work=Autonomous Vehicle Technology |date=8 May 2018 |
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⚫ | The CubeRover program intends that standardizing small rover design with a common architecture will open access to planetary bodies for companies, governments, and universities around the world at a low cost, while increasing functionality, just as the CubeSat has in Earth orbit.<ref name='David 2018'/> This would motivate other members of the space exploration community to develop new systems and instruments that are all compatible with the CubeRover's architecture.<ref name='SI Campbell 2018'/><ref name='David 2018'/> |
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{{Infobox spaceflight |
{{Infobox spaceflight |
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| name |
| name = ''CubeRover'' |
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| names_list |
| names_list = <!--list of previous names if the spacecraft has been renamed.--> |
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<!--image of the spacecraft/mission--> |
<!--image of the spacecraft/mission-->| image = Astrobotic's CubeRover (KSC-20220630-PH-GEB01 0096).jpeg |
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| image = <!--omit the "file" prefix--> |
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<!--Basic details--> |
<!--Basic details-->| mission_type = Technology demonstrator |
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| operator = Astrobotic Lab and Carnegie Mellon University |
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| COSPAR_ID = <!--spacecraft launched since 1963 only (aka NSSDC ID; eg. 1998-067A)--> |
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| SATCAT = <!--satellite catalogue number, omit leading zeroes (e.g. 25544)--> |
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| SATCAT = <!--satellite catalogue number, omit leading zeroes (e.g. 25544)--> |
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⚫ | | distance_travelled = <!--How far the spacecraft travelled (if known)--> |
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| distance_travelled |
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⚫ | <!--Spacecraft properties-->| spacecraft = ''Iris''<ref>[https://irislunarrover.space "Iris Lunar Rover".] Carnegie Mellon University's Robotics Institute. </ref><ref>[https://www.ri.cmu.edu/robot/iris/ Carnegie Mellon Unveils Lunar Rover "Iris".] Carnegie Mellon University's Robotics Institute.</ref> |
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<!--Spacecraft properties--> |
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| spacecraft |
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| spacecraft_bus = CubeRover |
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| launch_date = 8 January 2024 07:18:36 UTC |
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| manufacturer = Planetary Robotics Lab<ref name='Andy from PRL'>{{Cite web |url=http://lunar.cs.cmu.edu/#andy-banner |title=Andy — CMU |website=CMU Planetary Robotics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416114029/http://lunar.cs.cmu.edu/andy/ |archive-date=2016-04-16 |access-date=2019-09-08}}</ref> |
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| dry_mass = {{cvt|2|kg|abbr=on}}{{CN|date=April 2022}} |
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| dimensions = Height: 19 cm{{CN|date=April 2022}} |
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| launch_date = 2022<ref name="ars-20210625">{{cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/06/rocket-report-china-to-copy-spacexs-super-heavy-vulcan-slips-to-2022/2/ |title=Rocket Report: China to copy SpaceX's Super Heavy? Vulcan slips to 2022 |work=[[Ars Technica]] |date=25 June 2021 |access-date=30 June 2021}}</ref> on the ''Peregrine'' lander<ref name='CMU Art'/> |
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|interplanetary = |
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|type = rover |
|type = rover |
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|object = [[Moon]] |
|object = [[Moon]] |
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|arrival_date = |
|arrival_date = 23 February 2024 (originally planned) |
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|location = Planned: [[ |
|location = Planned: [[Mons Gruithuisen Gamma]] |
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⚫ | '''CubeRover''' is a class of [[planetary rover]] with a standardized modular format meant to accelerate the pace of space exploration. The idea is equivalent to that of the successful [[CubeSat]] format, with standardized off-the-shelf components and architecture to assemble small units that will be all compatible, modular, and inexpensive.<ref name="SI Campbell 2018">{{cite news |url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/commercial/astrobotic-wins-nasa-award-produce-small-lunar-rover/ |title=Astrobotic wins NASA award to produce small lunar rover |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814140120/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/commercial/astrobotic-wins-nasa-award-produce-small-lunar-rover/ |archive-date=2019-08-14 |first=Lloyd |last=Campbell |work=Spaceflight Insider |date=18 March 2018}}</ref> |
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The rover class concept is being developed by [[Astrobotic Technology]] in partnership with [[Carnegie Mellon University]], and it is partly funded by NASA awards.<ref name="SI Campbell 2018"/> A Carnegie Mellon University initiative - completely independent of NASA awards - developed ''Iris'', the first flightworthy CubeRover. It was launched on 8 January 2024 along with [[Peregrine Mission One]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Belam |first=Martin |date=2024-01-08 |title=Nasa Peregrine 1 launch: Vulcan Centaur rocket carrying Nasa moon lander lifts off in Florida – live updates |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/live/2024/jan/08/nasa-peregrine-1-launch-rocket-moon-latest-news-updates-live |access-date=2024-01-08 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Surface operations phased out along with landing of ''Peregrine'' lander due to excessive propellant leak.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wattles |first=Jackie |last2=Fisher |first2=Kristin |date=2024-01-08 |title=Peregrine mission abandons moon landing attempt after suffering 'critical' fuel loss |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/08/world/peregrine-lunar-lander-anomaly-astrobotic-nasa-scn/index.html |access-date=2024-05-17 |work=CNN}}</ref> |
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⚫ | The idea is to create a practical modular concept similar that used for [[CubeSat]]s and apply it to rovers, effectively creating a new standardized architecture of small modular planetary rovers with compatible parts, systems, and even instruments so that each mission can be easily tailored to its objectives.<ref name='SI Campbell 2018'/><ref name='David 2018'>{{cite news |url=https://www.space.com/40000-astrobotic-cuberover-moon-launch-2020.html |title=This Tiny Private CubeRover Could Reach the Moon by 2020 |first=David |last=Leonard |website=Space.com |date=16 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.autonomousvehicletech.com/articles/64-astrobotic-to-develop-cuberover-standard-for-planetary-surface-mobility |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209212622/https://www.autonomousvehicletech.com/articles/64-astrobotic-to-develop-cuberover-standard-for-planetary-surface-mobility |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 9, 2018 |title=Astrobotic to develop CubeRover standard for planetary surface mobility |first=Kevin |last=Jost |work=Autonomous Vehicle Technology |date=8 May 2018 }}</ref> The rovers are expendable and do not use solar arrays for electrical power, depending solely on non-rechargeable batteries. This allows it to be lighter, have a larger cooling radiator panel for electronics, and have a simpler avionics design.<ref> [https://andrewtallaksen.com/2018/02/19/cuberover-2-kg-lunar-rover/ CubeRover – 2-kg Lunar Rover]. Andrew Tallaksen's blog, lead systems engineer for CubeRover. 2018.</ref> |
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⚫ | The CubeRover program intends that standardizing small rover design with a common architecture will open access to planetary bodies for companies, governments, and universities around the world at a low cost, while increasing functionality, just as the CubeSat has in Earth orbit.<ref name='David 2018'/> This would motivate other members of the space exploration community to develop new systems and instruments that are all compatible with the CubeRover's architecture.<ref name='SI Campbell 2018'/><ref name='David 2018'/> |
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In May 2017 [[Astrobotic Technology]], in partnership with [[Carnegie Mellon University]], were selected by NASA's [[Small Business Innovation Research]] (SBIR) to receive a $125,000 award<ref>[https://www.sbir.gov/sbirsearch/detail/1425501 Cuberover for Lunar Resource Site Evaluation]. SBIR, US Government. Accessed on 8 December 2018.</ref> to develop a small lunar rover architecture capable of performing small-scale science and exploration on the Moon and other planetary surfaces. During Phase I, the team built a 2-kg rover and performed engineering studies to determine the architecture of a novel chassis, power, computing systems, software and navigation techniques. |
In May 2017 [[Astrobotic Technology]], in partnership with [[Carnegie Mellon University]], were selected by NASA's [[Small Business Innovation Research]] (SBIR) to receive a $125,000 award<ref>[https://www.sbir.gov/sbirsearch/detail/1425501 Cuberover for Lunar Resource Site Evaluation]. SBIR, US Government. Accessed on 8 December 2018.</ref> to develop a small lunar rover architecture capable of performing small-scale science and exploration on the Moon and other planetary surfaces. During Phase I, the team built a 2-kg rover and performed engineering studies to determine the architecture of a novel chassis, power, computing systems, software and navigation techniques. |
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In future missions, CubeRovers may be designed to take advantage of lander-based systems to shelter for the cold lunar night, that lasts for 14 Earth days.<ref name='David 2018'/> Similarly, future larger CubeRovers may be able to incorporate thermal insulation and systems qualified for ultra-low temperatures.<ref name='David 2018'/> |
In future missions, CubeRovers may be designed to take advantage of lander-based systems to shelter for the cold lunar night, that lasts for 14 Earth days.<ref name='David 2018'/> Similarly, future larger CubeRovers may be able to incorporate thermal insulation and systems qualified for ultra-low temperatures.<ref name='David 2018'/> |
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CMU students developed the first flightworthy cuberover, Iris. Iris will fly to the Moon on Astrobotic's ''Peregrine'' lander<ref>{{cite web|last=Spice|first=Byron|url=https://www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2020/may/iris-meets-milestone.html|title=Iris Lunar Rover Meets Milestone for Flight|work=Carnegie Mellon University News|date=14 May 2020|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> in 2022. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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*[https://cuberover.com/ CubeRover official web site] |
*[https://cuberover.com/ CubeRover official web site] |
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*[https://irislunarrover.space/ Iris Lunar Rover official web site] |
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*[https://www.astrobotic.com/2017/5/4/astrobotic-to-develop-cuberover-standard-for-planetary-surface-mobility Astrobotic to Develop CubeRover Standard for Planetary Surface Mobility]. Astrobotic Technology. Press release on 4 May 2017. |
*[https://www.astrobotic.com/2017/5/4/astrobotic-to-develop-cuberover-standard-for-planetary-surface-mobility Astrobotic to Develop CubeRover Standard for Planetary Surface Mobility] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123917/https://www.astrobotic.com/2017/5/4/astrobotic-to-develop-cuberover-standard-for-planetary-surface-mobility |date=2018-12-09 }}. Astrobotic Technology. Press release on 4 May 2017. |
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*[https://www.astrobotic.com/2018/9/27/cuberover-to-develop-next-generation-planetary-rovers-in-luxembourg CubeRover to Develop Next Generation Planetary Rovers in Luxembourg]. Astrobotic Technology, press release on 27 September 2018. |
*[https://www.astrobotic.com/2018/9/27/cuberover-to-develop-next-generation-planetary-rovers-in-luxembourg CubeRover to Develop Next Generation Planetary Rovers in Luxembourg]. Astrobotic Technology, press release on 27 September 2018. |
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* {{cite news |title= |
* {{cite news |title=Astrobotic's Cuberover Program Awarded $2 Million Contract By NASA |date=October 2, 2019 |work=Astrobiotic |url=https://www.astrobotic.com/2019/10/2/astrobotic-s-cuberover-program-awarded-2-million-contract-by-nasa |access-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030221035/https://www.astrobotic.com/2019/10/2/astrobotic-s-cuberover-program-awarded-2-million-contract-by-nasa |url-status=dead }} |
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{{Lunar Rovers}} |
{{Lunar Rovers}} |
![]()
Astrobotic's CubeRover
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Mission type | Technology demonstrator |
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Operator | Astrobotic Lab and Carnegie Mellon University |
Website | www |
Spacecraft properties | |
Spacecraft | Iris[1][2] |
Spacecraft type | Robotic lunar rover |
Bus | CubeRover |
Start of mission | |
Launch date | 8 January 2024 07:18:36 UTC |
Rocket | Vulcan Centaur VC2S |
Launch site | Cape Canaveral SLC-41 |
Contractor | United Launch Alliance |
Moon rover | |
Landing date | 23 February 2024 (originally planned) |
Landing site | Planned: Mons Gruithuisen Gamma |
Transponders | |
Band | Wi-Fi |
Instruments | |
Two cameras with 1936 × 1456 resolution | |
CubeRover is a class of planetary rover with a standardized modular format meant to accelerate the pace of space exploration. The idea is equivalent to that of the successful CubeSat format, with standardized off-the-shelf components and architecture to assemble small units that will be all compatible, modular, and inexpensive.[3]
The rover class concept is being developed by Astrobotic Technology in partnership with Carnegie Mellon University, and it is partly funded by NASA awards.[3] A Carnegie Mellon University initiative - completely independent of NASA awards - developed Iris, the first flightworthy CubeRover. It was launched on 8 January 2024 along with Peregrine Mission One.[4] Surface operations phased out along with landing of Peregrine lander due to excessive propellant leak.[5]
The idea is to create a practical modular concept similar that used for CubeSats and apply it to rovers, effectively creating a new standardized architecture of small modular planetary rovers with compatible parts, systems, and even instruments so that each mission can be easily tailored to its objectives.[3][6][7] The rovers are expendable and do not use solar arrays for electrical power, depending solely on non-rechargeable batteries. This allows it to be lighter, have a larger cooling radiator panel for electronics, and have a simpler avionics design.[8]
The CubeRover program intends that standardizing small rover design with a common architecture will open access to planetary bodies for companies, governments, and universities around the world at a low cost, while increasing functionality, just as the CubeSat has in Earth orbit.[6] This would motivate other members of the space exploration community to develop new systems and instruments that are all compatible with the CubeRover's architecture.[3][6]
In May 2017 Astrobotic Technology, in partnership with Carnegie Mellon University, were selected by NASA's Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) to receive a $125,000 award[9] to develop a small lunar rover architecture capable of performing small-scale science and exploration on the Moon and other planetary surfaces. During Phase I, the team built a 2-kg rover and performed engineering studies to determine the architecture of a novel chassis, power, computing systems, software and navigation techniques.
In March 2018, the team was awarded funds to move on to Phase II,[3][6] and under this agreement, Astrobotic and CMU were to produce a flight-ready rover with a mass of approximately 2 kg (4.4 lb).
In future missions, CubeRovers may be designed to take advantage of lander-based systems to shelter for the cold lunar night, that lasts for 14 Earth days.[6] Similarly, future larger CubeRovers may be able to incorporate thermal insulation and systems qualified for ultra-low temperatures.[6]
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Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign † indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned. |