Dodonaea viscosa: Difference between revisions

{{short description|Species of flowering plant in the family Sapindaceae}}

| image = Dodonaea viscosa (Hopbush) W2 IMG 1899.jpg

| image_caption = Flowers of Dodonaea viscosa

| status = LC

| status_system = IUCN3.1

| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). |author2=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |date=2019 |title=''Dodonaea viscosa'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T66292425A146224257 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T66292425A146224257.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>

| genus = Dodonaea

| species = viscosa

| authority = [[Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]]<ref>{{GRIN | access-date=2009-11-21}}</ref>

'''''Dodonaea viscosa''''', also known as the '''broadleaf hopbush''', is a species of [[flowering plant]] in the ''[[Dodonaea]]'' (hopbush) genus that has a [[cosmopolitan distribution]] in [[Tropics|tropical]], [[Subtropics|subtropical]] and warm [[temperate]] regions of Africa, the Americas, southern Asia and [[Australasia]]. ''Dodonaea'' is part of [[Sapindaceae]], the soapberry family.<ref name="Harrington M. pages 431-442">{{cite journal |last1=Harrington |first1=M.G. |last2=Gadek |first2=P.A. |date=December 2010 |title=Phylogenetics of hopbushes and pepperflowers (Dodonaea, Diplopeltis – Sapindaceae), based on nuclear ribosomal ITS and partial ETS sequences incorporating secondary-structure models |url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/sb/SB10002 |journal=Australian Systematic Botany |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=431–442 |doi=10.1071/SB10002}}</ref>

This species is notable for its extremely wide distribution, which it achieved only over the last 2 million years (from its region of origin in [[Australia]]) via [[oceanic dispersal]]. Harrington and Gadek (2009) referred to ''D. viscosa'' as having "a distribution equal to some of the world’s greatest transoceanic dispersers".<ref name="Harrington Gadek 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Harrington |first1=Mark |last2=Gadek |first2=Paul |title=A species well travelled – the Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae) complex based on phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal ITS and ETSf sequences |journal=Journal of Biogeography |issue=36 |pages=2313–2323 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02176.x |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02176.x |access-date=24 November 2023}}</ref>

''D. viscosa'' is a [[shrub]] growing to {{convert|1|-|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/14636-1-0.pdf |first=V. |last=Selvam |title=Trees and Shrubs of the Maldives |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2007 |access-date=2009-11-21}}</ref> rarely a small [[tree]] to {{convert|9|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are variable in shape: generally obovate but some of them are lanceolate, often sessile,<ref>Dodonaea viscosoides Berry, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper, Volume 84, page 142, 1914.</ref> {{convert|4|-|7.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1|-|1.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} broad, alternate in arrangement, and secrete a [[resin]]ous substance. Many specimens have a pointed or rounded apex. Leaf base is extended. Leaf texture is leathery, tough, but also pliable. Midribs are medium becoming less visible close to the [[Apical meristem|apex]]. Secondary [[veins]] are thin, generally indistinct; Veins: often 6 to 10 pairs, indifferently opposite, subopposite, and alternate, camptodrome. Venation branches from the midrib at different angles, which may vary from 12° to 70°. The basal veins are very ascending in some plants: the angle of divergence may be close to 45°. The basal secondary venation branches from a point near the base of the main vein and becomes parallel with the leaf margin, with the distance of 1 millimeter to 2 millimeters from the edges. Margins are usually toothed or undulating. The remaining secondary veins lay at regular intervals with [[flower]]s usually growing at the branches’ ends.

The flowers are yellow to orange-red and produced in [[panicle]]s about {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length. The flowers may be only male or female ones, and one plant bears either male or female flowers. However, sometimes they are observed to bear flowers of both sexes. The pollen is transported by [[anemophily]]. It is believed that the flowers lack petals during evolution to increase exposure to the wind. The [[fruit]] is a [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] {{convert|1.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} broad, red ripening brown, with two to four wings.<ref name="CFTH">{{cite web |url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/trees/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Dodonaea_viscosa.pdf |title=ʻAʻaliʻi |first=Elbert L. |last=Little Jr. |author2=Roger G. Skolmen |work=Common Forest Trees of Hawaii |publisher=United States Forest Service |year=1989 |access-date=2009-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228225935/http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/trees/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Dodonaea_viscosa.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The common name '''hopbush''' is used for ''D. viscosa'' specifically and also for the genus as a whole.

In the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], this plant is called ''virāli'' (விராலி).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dodonaea viscosa - Hop Bush |url=http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Hop%20Bush.html |access-date=2016-11-03 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref>

Australian common names include: broad leaf hopbush, candlewood, giant hopbush, narrow leaf hopbush, sticky hopbush, native hop bush, soapwood, switchsorrel, wedge leaf hopbush, and native hop.<ref>Robson, P. J. 1993. Checklist of Australian Trees.</ref> The [[Wiradjuri]] people of [[New South Wales]] use the name ''Bururr''.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Williams |editor1-first=Alice |editor2-last=Sides |editor2-first=Tim |date=2008 |title=Wiradjuri Plant Use in the Murrumbidgee Catchment |publisher=Murrumbidgee Catchment Management Authority |page=46 |isbn=978-0-7347-5856-9}}</ref>

Additional common names include: {{okina}}a{{okina}}ali{{okina}}i and ‘a‘ali‘i-ku ma kua and ‘a‘ali‘i ku makani in the [[Hawaiian language]]; akeake ([[New Zealand]]); lampuaye ([[Guam]]); mesechelangel ([[Palau]]); chirca ([[Uruguay]], [[Argentina]]); Xayramad ([[Somalia]]); romerillo ([[Sonora]], [[Mexico]]); jarilla (southern Mexico); hayuelo ([[Colombia]]); ch'akatea ([[Bolivia]]); casol caacol ([[Seri people|Seri]]);<ref name="Felger, R. S 1985">{{cite book |last1=Felger |first1=R.S. |title=People of the Desert and Sea: Ethnobotany of the Seri Indians |last2=Moser |first2=M.B. |publisher=University of Arizona Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-8165-3475-3 |orig-year=1985}}</ref> ghoraskai ([[Afghanistan]]); vassoura-vermelha ([[Brazil]]).

== Taxonomy ==

Phylogenetic evidence supports ''D. viscosa'' being the [[Sister group|sister species]] to ''[[Dodonaea camfieldii|D. camfieldii]]'', a species [[Endemism|endemic]] to a small portion of coastal [[New South Wales]] in [[Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PlantNET - FloraOnline |url=https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Dodonaea~camfieldii |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au}}</ref>

=== Subspecies and synonyms ===

There are several [[subspecies]] as follows:<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30058367-2 |title=''Dodonaea viscosa'' Jacq. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=16 March 2023}}</ref>

*[[Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustifolia|''Dodonaea viscosa'' subsp. ''angustifolia'']] {{small|(L.f.) J.G.West}}

*''Dodonaea viscosa'' subsp. ''angustissima'' {{small|(DC.) J.G.West}}

*''Dodonaea viscosa'' subsp. ''arizonica'' {{small|(A.Nelson) A.E.Murray}}

*''Dodonaea viscosa'' subsp. ''cuneata'' {{small|(Sm.) J.G.West}}

*''Dodonaea viscosa'' subsp. ''elaeagnoides'' {{small|(Rudolphi ex Ledeb. & Adlerstam) Acev.-Rodr.}}

*''Dodonaea viscosa'' subsp. ''mucronata'' {{small|J.G.West}}

*''Dodonaea viscosa'' subsp. ''spatulata'' {{small|(Sm.) J.G.West}}

*''Dodonaea viscosa'' {{small|L.}} subsp. ''viscosa''

Botanical synonyms

* ''D. eriocarpa'' Sm.

* ''D. sandwicensis'' Sherff

* ''D. stenocarpa'' Hillebr.

=== Systematics ===

{{one source|section|date=November 2023}}

It has been identified that ''D. viscosa'' split into two [[intraspecific]] groups, known as groups I and II, in the [[Pleistocene]], about 1.1–2.1 Ma (million years ago) (95% Highest Posterior Density, HPD).<ref name="Harrington M. pages 431-442" /> These two intraspecific groups are distributed differently within Australia. Group I plants are strandline shrubs growing from north-eastern [[Queensland]] to the [[New South Wales]] border. This [[clade]] has a number of genetically divergent lineages (I:a,b,c,d,e,f,g,). It is identified that subclade Ib shared a last common ancestor with subclade Ia in the mid-Pleistocene, 0.5–1.2 Ma.

* Group I a: ''D. viscosa Pagan, D. viscosa ssp viscosa Yorkeys Knob Beach, D. viscosa ssp viscosa Trinity Beach, D. viscosa ssp viscosa Clifton Beach, D. viscosa ssp viscosa Wonga Beach, D. viscosa Tanzania2, D. viscosa ssp viscosa Airlie Beach, D. viscosa Virgin Islands''.

* Group I b: ''D. viscosa Maui Ulupalakua, D. viscosa, Hawaii Pohakuloa, D. viscosa Maui PoliPoli, D. viscosa Hawaii Kona, D. viscosa Hawaii Kauai''.

* Group I c: ''D. viscosa Arizona 1, D. viscosa Arizona 2, D. viscosa Mexico, D. viscosa Brazil, D. viscosa Columbia, D. viscosa Bolivia''

* Group I d: ''D. viscosa Taiwan 1, D. viscosa Taiwan 2, D. viscosa Japan, D. viscosa China, D. viscosa Tanzania1''.

* Group I e: ''D. viscosa Oman, D. viscosa South Africa1, D. viscosa India''

* Group I f: ''D. viscosa South Africa 3, D. viscosa South Africa 4, D. South Africa 2, D. viscosa New Caledonia 1, D. viscosa New Caledonia 2, D. viscosa Papua New Guinea''

* Group I g: ''D. viscosa ssp burmanniana 1, D. viscosa ssp burmanniana 2''

The Group II of ''D. viscosa'' is present almost everywhere on the continent. Group II has at least three evolutionary lineages (II a, b and c), which distributions generally overlap. According to West<ref>{{cite journal |last=West |first=J.G. |year=1984 |title=A revision of ''Dodonaea Miller'' (Sapindaceae) in Australia |url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/sb/BRU9840001 |journal=Brunonia |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–194 |doi=10.1071/BRU9840001}}</ref> these subspecies have morphological intergradation, particularly in the higher-rainfall regions of Australia, but not in the arid zone, where they generally overlap. There is also a hypothesis of ongoing gene flow between D. procumbens and D. viscosa's Group II resulting from hybridization events of two populations in central regions of South Australia.<ref name="Harrington M. pages 431-442" /> The Group II members are believed to have dispersed in the mid-Pleistocene (0.5–1.2 Ma) from mainland Australia to New Zealand.

* Group II a: ''D. viscosa New Zealand South Island 2, D. viscosa New Zealand South Island 3, D. viscosa New Zealand South Island 1, D. viscosa New Zealand North Island 4, D. viscosa ssp angustissima 1, D.viscosa ssp angustissima 3, D. viscosa ssp angustissima 2''.

* Group II b: ''D. viscosa ssp spatulata, D. viscosa ssp cuneata, D. viscosa ssp angustifolia, D. procumbens, D. procumbens 2''.

* Group II c: ''D. biloba, D. viscosa ssp mucronata''.

[[File:akeake.jpg|thumb|right|Fruit]]

[[File:Dodonaea viscosa - Leaves.jpg|thumb|right|Leaves]]

[[Image:Dodonaea viscosa (Hopbush) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9823.jpg|thumb|right|Form]]

==Uses==

The [[wood]] is extremely tough and durable. In New Zealand, where it is the heaviest of any native wood, the [[Māori people|Māori]] have traditionally used it for making weapons, carved walking staves, axe-handles, and weights on drill shafts.<ref name=maoriplantuse>{{cite web |title=''Dodonaea viscosa''. Akeake |url=http://maoriplantuse.landcareresearch.co.nz/WebForms/PeoplePlantsDetails.aspx?firstcome=firstcome&PKey=F9766D6D-2062-44D6-BEC4-BE0771E5AC46 |work=Māori Plant Use |publisher=Landcare Research |access-date=11 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417015736/http://maoriplantuse.landcareresearch.co.nz/WebForms/PeoplePlantsDetails.aspx?firstcome=firstcome&PKey=F9766D6D-2062-44D6-BEC4-BE0771E5AC46 |archive-date=17 April 2015 }}</ref> ''D. viscosa'' is used by the people from the western part of the island of New Guinea, Southeast Asia, West Africa and Brazil for house building and as firewood. Its leaves may also be used as plasters for wounds.<ref name="Kew Royal Botanic Garden">{{cite web|url=http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/dodonaea-viscosa-hopbush|title=Kew Royal Botanic Garden|access-date=2014-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231082226/http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/dodonaea-viscosa-hopbush|archive-date=2016-12-31|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Native Hawaiians]] made ''pou'' (house posts), ''la{{okina}}au melomelo'' ([[fishing lure]]s), and ''{{okina}}ō{{okina}}ō'' ([[digging stick]]s) from ''{{okina}}a{{okina}}ali{{okina}}i'' wood and a red [[dye]] from the fruit.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.hear.org/naturalareas/auwahi/ethnobotany_of_auwahi.pdf |title=Auwahi: Ethnobotany of a Hawaiian Dryland Forest |first=A. C. |last=Medeiros |author2=C.F. Davenport |author3=C.G. Chimera |publisher=Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, [[University of Hawaii at Manoa|University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]] |year=1998}}</ref>

The [[cultivar]] 'Purpurea', with purple foliage, is widely grown as a garden shrub. ''Dodonaea viscosa'' easily occupies open areas and secondary forest, and is resistant to salinity, drought and pollution.<ref name="Kew Royal Botanic Garden"/> It can be used for [[dune]] stabilization, [[Environmental remediation|remediation]] of polluted lands and for reforestation. The plant is tolerant to strong winds, and therefore is commonly used as hedge, windbreak, and decorative shrub.

The [[Seri people|Seri]] use the plant medicinally.<ref name="Felger, R. S 1985"/> It was also used to stimulate lactation in mothers, as a dysentery treatment, to cure digestive system disorders, skin problems and rheumatism in Africa and Asia. In New Guinea, people use it as incense for funerals. In the past ''D. viscosa'' was used instead of hops for beer brewing by Australians (as reflected in the name “hopbush”).<ref name="Kew Royal Botanic Garden"/>

''Dodonaea viscosa'' can be grown from seeds. However, pre-treatment of the seed in very hot water may be needed.<ref name="Kew Royal Botanic Garden"/> The plant can also be cultivated by taking cuttings. Sometimes this method is also used to obtain female plants with their winged fruits for the aesthetic value. Hopbush can survive long dry periods and is easily cultivated without heavy feeding. Due to it being frost sensitive, it grows best under shelter in well-drained, moist soil with full sun.<ref name="Dodonaea viscosa">{{cite web |title=Dodonaea viscosa |url=https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/dodonaea-viscosa/ |website=NZPCN |access-date=January 18, 2023}}</ref><ref name=" 100 Best Native Plants for New Zealand Gardens">{{cite book |last1=Eadie |first1=Fiona |title=100 Best Native Plants for New Zealand Gardens |date=2014 |publisher=Random House |location=Auckland, New Zealand}}</ref> It can grow in a variety of areas but should not be planted in places prone to fire because it burns quite easily.<ref name="Field Guide to New Zealand's Narive Trees">{{cite book |last1=Dawson |first1=J |title=Field Guide to New Zealand’s Native Trees |last2=Lucas |first2=R |date=2012 |publisher=Potton & Burton |location=Nelson, New Zealand}}</ref>

[[Category:Trees of Northern America]]

[[Category:Taxa named by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin]]