Edda Ciano née Mussolini (1 September 1910 – 9 April 1995) was the daughter of Benito Mussolini, Italy's fascist dictator from 1922 to 1943. Upon her marriage to the fascist propagandist and Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano, she became Edda Ciano, Countess of Cortellazzo and Buccari. Her husband was executed in January 1944 for his role in Mussolini's ouster. She strongly denied her involvement in the National Fascist Party regime and had an affair with Chinese warlord and communist political figure Chang Hsüeh-liang (Zhang Xueliang)[1] after her father's execution by the Italian partisans in April 1945.[2]
Biography
Early life
She was born out of wedlock to Benito Mussolini and Rachele GuidiinForlì, Romagna. Her parents did not marry until December 1915. In her early years, while her father was editor of Il Popolo d'Italia in Milan, Edda lived with Rachele in Forlì. Her father became Prime Minister of Italy in October 1922 and dictator after January 1925.
In March 1925, Rachele and Edda with her brothers and sisters, moved from MilantoCarpegna and then to Rome in November 1929 to live with their father. Edda was a rebellious woman in her youth. Her powerful father made dating difficult, as most young men feared him. She has been described as being opinionated and outspoken. It was while in Rome that she met Galeazzo Ciano, son of Admiral Count Costanzo Ciano, a loyal Fascist and supporter of Benito Mussolini before his March on Rome. They were married on 24 April 1930 in a lavish ceremony attended by 4,000 guests.
Her husband was appointed ItalianConsulinShanghai, and it was there their first son, Fabrizio Ciano, was born on 1 October 1931. The couple moved back to Italy in 1932, where Galeazzo took the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs. By many accounts, theirs was an open marriage, and both had lovers. One of hers was the Chinese general Chang Hsüeh-liang (Zhang Xueliang).[3] However, her father liked Galeazzo and so his career prospered.
Second World War
After the Italian invasionofAlbania in June 1939, the city of Santi Quaranta (Sarandë in Albanian) was renamed "Porto Edda" in her honour during the annexation.
An illustration of Edda on the Cover of Time, 24 July 1939.
In July 1939, she was depicted on the front cover of Time in a feature entitled "Lady of the Axis".[4]
During the Greco-Italian War, Edda Ciano volunteered for service with the Italian Red Cross. On 14 March 1941, she was embarked near the Albanian port of Valona (now Vlorë) on the Lloyd Triestino liner Po, which had been converted into a hospital ship. British planes attacked and sank the ship, with some loss of life. The ship was moored among other vessels with her lights switched off on the orders of the port authorities and was, therefore, a legitimate target and would not have been easily identifiable as a hospital ship. Edda managed to survive, being picked up from the water by another ship. She continued to work for the Red Cross until 1943.[5]
It is rumoured that Heinrich Himmler bestowed Edda the rank of an honorary SS leader (SS Ehrenführerin) in 1943, although this is still not known for certain.[6]
After Edda's close call in the Adriatic Sea, Rachele and Benito Mussolini were doubly distressed when her brother, Bruno, died in August of the same year.[5]
Execution of Ciano and escape to Switzerland
In July 1943, when internal opposition against Mussolini finally emerged in the Fascist Grand Council, Galeazzo Ciano voted against his father-in-law. For this act, he was arrested for treason, tried and executed on 11 January 1944.
Edda Ciano escaped to Switzerland on 9 January 1944, disguised as a peasant woman. She managed to smuggle out the Count's wartime diaries, which had been hidden in her clothing by her confidant Emilio Pucci. At that time he was a lieutenant in the Italian Air Force but later found fame as a fashion designer.[7] War correspondent Paul Ghali of the Chicago Daily News learned of her secret internment in a Swiss convent in Neggio and arranged the publication of the diaries.[8] They reveal much of the secret history of the Fascist regime between 1939 and 1943 and are considered a prime historical source. The diaries are strictly political and contain little of the Cianos' personal lives.
After the war
After returning to Italy from Switzerland, Edda was arrested and held in detention on the island of Lipari. On 20 December 1945, she was sentenced to two years' imprisonment for aiding Fascism.[citation needed]
An Italian film is dedicated to the residence of Edda in Lipari and her relationship with a young communist of the place.
Her autobiography, La mia vita, was published in translation as My TruthbyWeidenfeld & Nicolson in 1975.
Ciano, Fabrizio (1991). Quando il nonno fece fucilare papà ("When Grandpa had Daddy Shot") Milano: Mondadori
Ciano, Galeazzo (1948). Ciano's Diplomatic Papers: being a record of nearly 200 conversations held during the years 1936-42 with Hitler, Mussolini, Franco; together with important memoranda, letters, telegrams etc.; edited by Malcolm Muggeridge; translated by Stuart Hood; London: Odhams Press
Ciano, Galeazzo (2000). The Ciano Diaries 1939-1943: The Complete, Unabridged Diaries of Count Galeazzo Ciano, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1936-1943ISBN1-931313-74-1
Guerri, Giordano Bruno (2005). Un amore fascista. Benito, Edda e Galeazzo. Mondadori ISBN88-04-53467-2
Malaparte, Curzio, Kaputt: After he wrote 'The Technique of Coup d'Etat', Malaparte was jailed by the fascist regime. He was freed on the personal intervention of Count Galeazzo Ciano. In 'Kaputt' Malaparte refers to Count Ciano and his wife Edda. Like Edda Ciano, Malaparte spent time in forced excile on the island of Lipari.
Moseley, Ray (1999). Mussolini's Shadow: The Double Life of Count Galeazzo Ciano Yale University Press ISBN0-300-07917-6
Ridley, Jasper (1997). Mussolini, St. Martins Press
Salter, Michael, and Lorie Charlesworth, "Ribbentrop and the Ciano Diaries at the Nuremberg Trial" in Journal of International Criminal Justice 2006 4(1):103-127 doi:10.1093/jicj/mqi095
^Akten des RFSS, Filmrolle 33, bei Höhne, S. 129, Anmerkung 21 auf Seite 549
^McGaw Smyth, Howard (1969). "The Ciano Papers: Rose Garden". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2008. Detailed CIA history of the events leading up to the Count's death and Edda's flight to Switzerland
^James H. Walters. (2006). Scoop: How the Ciano Diary Was Smuggled From Rome to Chicago Where It Made Worldwide News. Booksurge. ISBN978-1-4196-3639-4.
^"Lady of the Axis". TIME Magazine. 24 July 1939. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Herr & Frau Göring became her fast friends (they later named their daughter after her).
