|
m link [rR]adioactive contamination
|
→Fermi 1: Fixed grammar
Tags: canned edit summary Mobile edit Mobile app edit Android app edit
|
||
| Line 56: | Line 56: | ||
Fermi 1 was a [[Sodium-cooled fast reactor|liquid metal (sodium) cooled fast breeder reactor]] design. It was capable of producing 200 megawatts thermal (MWt) power or 69 MW electrical power with 26% enriched metallic uranium fuel. The [[enriched uranium]] section of the reactor (core) was a 30 inch in diameter cylinder by 30 inches high and contained 92 fuel assemblies. The core was surrounded by 548 additional assemblies containing depleted uranium. These assemblies were about 2.5 inches square by about 8 feet tall. Only the core section contained the enriched uranium while [[depleted uranium]] was placed above and below within the assemblies. The core also contained 2 control rods and 8 safety rods. The plant was designed for 430 MWt and 125 MWe using a newer uranium oxide fuel, but the plant was closed before the fuel was ever ordered. |
Fermi 1 was a [[Sodium-cooled fast reactor|liquid metal (sodium) cooled fast breeder reactor]] design. It was capable of producing 200 megawatts thermal (MWt) power or 69 MW electrical power with 26% enriched metallic uranium fuel. The [[enriched uranium]] section of the reactor (core) was a 30 inch in diameter cylinder by 30 inches high and contained 92 fuel assemblies. The core was surrounded by 548 additional assemblies containing depleted uranium. These assemblies were about 2.5 inches square by about 8 feet tall. Only the core section contained the enriched uranium while [[depleted uranium]] was placed above and below within the assemblies. The core also contained 2 control rods and 8 safety rods. The plant was designed for 430 MWt and 125 MWe using a newer uranium oxide fuel, but the plant was closed before the fuel was ever ordered. |
||
The shield plug was a rotating part of the inner reactor vessel and sat over the fuel. It could be rotated |
The shield plug was a rotating part of the inner reactor vessel and sat over the fuel. It could be rotated to facilitate fuel movements. The shield plug also provided radioactive shielding. During fuel loading, new assemblies were lowered down a tube into an adjacent Transfer Rotor which was integral with the reactor vessel. Then an Offset Handling Mechanism lifted the assembly from the Transfer Rotor and placed it into the vessel. Once all of the assemblies were loaded, a Hold Down Mechanism sat atop them to prevent them from moving upwards during operation. The Hold Down Mechanism also contained temperature measuring devices (resistance temperature detectors) to monitor sodium outlet temperatures from the assemblies. |
||
The (primary) sodium which flowed through the core exchanged heat with a secondary sodium system which then exited the containment. The secondary sodium then passed through the tube side of 3 parallel steam generators and transferred heat to water on the shell side. The “once through” design produced superheated steam which turned the main turbine-generator. |
The (primary) sodium which flowed through the core exchanged heat with a secondary sodium system which then exited the containment. The secondary sodium then passed through the tube side of 3 parallel steam generators and transferred heat to water on the shell side. The “once through” design produced superheated steam which turned the main turbine-generator. |
||
| Line 62: | Line 62: | ||
A 168 [[MWe]] oil-fired boiler was added in 1966 to utilize the turbine-generator during periods when the reactor was not producing power. |
A 168 [[MWe]] oil-fired boiler was added in 1966 to utilize the turbine-generator during periods when the reactor was not producing power. |
||
The main cause of the partial meltdown was |
The main cause of the partial meltdown was a temperature increase caused by a blockage in one of the lower support plate orifices that allowed the flow of liquid sodium into the reactor. The blockage caused an insufficient amount of coolant to enter the fuel assembly; this was not noticed by the operators until the core temperature alarms sounded. Several fuel rod subassemblies reached high temperatures of around {{convert|700|°F|°C|sigfig=2}} (with an expected range near 580 °F, 304 °C), causing them to melt.<ref name=nrcinfo_fermi1_feb_2011/> |
||
Following an extended shutdown that involved fuel replacement, repairs to vessel, and cleanup, Fermi 1 restarted in July 1970 and reached full power. Due to lack of funds and aging equipment, it was finally shut down permanently on November 27, 1972, and was officially [[Nuclear decommissioning|decommissioned]] December 31, 1975 under the definition of the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|Atomic Energy Commission]]. Later, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) replaced the AEC and under their new definitions, Fermi was re-designated as being in [[SAFSTOR]] due to some remaining radioactivity at the site. On May 16, 1996, decommissioning was restarted. However, by November 2011 with very little activity remaining, a decision was made to halt further work. It is currently in [[SAFSTOR]].<ref name=nrcinfo_fermi1_feb_2011/> |
Following an extended shutdown that involved fuel replacement, repairs to vessel, and cleanup, Fermi 1 restarted in July 1970 and reached full power. Due to lack of funds and aging equipment, it was finally shut down permanently on November 27, 1972, and was officially [[Nuclear decommissioning|decommissioned]] December 31, 1975, under the definition of the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|Atomic Energy Commission]]. Later, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) replaced the AEC and under their new definitions, Fermi was re-designated as being in [[SAFSTOR]] due to some remaining radioactivity at the site. On May 16, 1996, decommissioning was restarted. However, by November 2011 with very little activity remaining, a decision was made to halt further work. It is currently in [[SAFSTOR]].<ref name=nrcinfo_fermi1_feb_2011/> |
||
A number of accounts of the accident are available. One book is ''Fermi-1 New Age for Nuclear Power''<ref>{{Cite book |isbn = 0-89448-017-0|title = Fermi-I: New Age for Nuclear Power : A History of the Enrico Fermi Atomic Power Project, the First Large Fast Breeder Reactor Electric Power Plant, and Its Contributions to the Development of a Long-range Source of Energy|last1 = Pauline Alexanderson|first1 = E.|year = 1979}}</ref> and published by the [[American Nuclear Society]] in 1979. A book, ''[[We Almost Lost Detroit]]'', was written by local Detroit newsman [[John G. Fuller|John Grant Fuller]] (subtitled "This Is Not A Novel" to point out that it was not a work of fiction).<ref>Originally published 1975 by Reader's Digest Press, republished 1984 by Berkley, {{ISBN|0-425-06700-9}}</ref> The song "[[We Almost Lost Detroit (song)|We Almost Lost Detroit]]", by [[Gil Scott-Heron]] is also about the Fermi 1 meltdown.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Reindl|first=J. C.|date=October 9, 2016|title=Did we really 'almost lose Detroit' in Fermi 1 mishap 50 years ago?|url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2016/10/09/detroit-fermi-accident-nuclear-plant/91434816/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-30|work=Detroit Free Press|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Spignesi | first = Stephen J. | title = Catastrophe!: The 100 Greatest Disasters Of All Time | publisher = [[Citadel Press]] | date = December 1, 2004 | page = 304 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OO-av5YTAJAC&pg=PA304 | isbn = 978-0806525587}}</ref> |
A number of accounts of the accident are available. One book is ''Fermi-1 New Age for Nuclear Power''<ref>{{Cite book |isbn = 0-89448-017-0|title = Fermi-I: New Age for Nuclear Power : A History of the Enrico Fermi Atomic Power Project, the First Large Fast Breeder Reactor Electric Power Plant, and Its Contributions to the Development of a Long-range Source of Energy|last1 = Pauline Alexanderson|first1 = E.|year = 1979}}</ref> and published by the [[American Nuclear Society]] in 1979. A book, ''[[We Almost Lost Detroit]]'', was written by local Detroit newsman [[John G. Fuller|John Grant Fuller]] (subtitled "This Is Not A Novel" to point out that it was not a work of fiction).<ref>Originally published 1975 by Reader's Digest Press, republished 1984 by Berkley, {{ISBN|0-425-06700-9}}</ref> The song "[[We Almost Lost Detroit (song)|We Almost Lost Detroit]]", by [[Gil Scott-Heron]] is also about the Fermi 1 meltdown.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Reindl|first=J. C.|date=October 9, 2016|title=Did we really 'almost lose Detroit' in Fermi 1 mishap 50 years ago?|url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2016/10/09/detroit-fermi-accident-nuclear-plant/91434816/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-30|work=Detroit Free Press|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Spignesi | first = Stephen J. | title = Catastrophe!: The 100 Greatest Disasters Of All Time | publisher = [[Citadel Press]] | date = December 1, 2004 | page = 304 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OO-av5YTAJAC&pg=PA304 | isbn = 978-0806525587}}</ref> |
||
| Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station | |
|---|---|
The Fermi Station (NRC image)
| |
 | |
| Official name | Fermi Power Plant |
| Country | United States |
| Location | Newport, Berlin Charter Township, Monroe County, Michigan |
| Coordinates | 41°57′46″N 83°15′27″W / 41.96278°N 83.25750°W / 41.96278; -83.25750 |
| Status | Operational |
| Construction began | Unit 1: August 8, 1956 Unit 2: September 26, 1972 |
| Commission date | Unit 1: August 7, 1966 Unit 2: January 23, 1988 |
| Decommission date | Unit 1: November 29, 1972 |
| Construction cost | $6.110 billion (2007 USD)[1] |
| Owner(s) | DTE Energy |
| Operator(s) | DTE Energy |
| Nuclear power station | |
| Reactor type | BWR/4 |
| Reactor supplier | General Electric |
| Cooling towers | 2 × Natural Draft |
| Cooling source | Lake Erie |
| Thermal capacity | 1 × 3486 MWth |
| Power generation | |
| Units operational | 1 × 1202 MW |
| Make and model | Unit 1: Liquid Metal FBRTooltip Fast Breeder Reactor Unit 2: BWR/4 (Mark 1) |
| Units planned | 1 × 1520 MW ESBWR |
| Units decommissioned | 1 × 61 MW Liquid Metal FBRTooltip Fast Breeder Reactor |
| Nameplate capacity | 1150 MW |
| Capacity factor | 99.01% (2019) 76.3% (lifetime, excluding Unit 1) |
| Annual net output | 10.25 TWh (2019) |
| External links | |
| Website | Fermi 2 Power Plant |
| Commons | Related media on Commons |
The Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station is a nuclear power plant on the shore of Lake Erie near Monroe, in Frenchtown Charter Township, Michigan on approximately 1,000 acres (400 ha). All units of the plant are operated by the DTE Energy Electric Company and owned (100 percent) by parent company DTE Energy. It is approximately halfway between Detroit, Michigan, and Toledo, Ohio. It is also visible from parts of Amherstburg and Colchester, Ontario as well as on the shore of Lake ErieinOttawa County, Ohio. Two units have been constructed on this site. The first unit's construction started on August 4, 1956 and reached initial criticality on August 23, 1963, and the second unit received its construction permit on September 26, 1972. It reached criticality (head on) on June 21, 1985 and was declared commercial on November 18, 1988. The plant is connected to two single-circuit 345 kV Transmission Lines and three 120 kV lines. They are operated and maintained by ITC Transmission.
The plant is named after the Italian nuclear physicist Enrico Fermi, most noted for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor as well as many other major contributions to nuclear physics. Fermi won the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on induced radioactivity.
On October 5, 1966, Fermi 1, a prototype fast breeder reactor, suffered a partial fuel meltdown, although no radioactive material was released. After repairs it was shut down by 1972.[2]
On August 8, 2008, John McCain was taken on a 45-minute tour of the plant, becoming the first actively campaigning presidential candidate to visit a nuclear plant.[3]
The 69 MWe prototype fast breeder reactor Fermi 1 unit was under construction and development at the site from 1956 to 1963. Initial criticality was achieved on August 23, 1963. On October 5, 1966 Fermi 1suffered a partial fuel meltdown. Two of the 92 fuel assemblies were partially damaged. According to the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, there was no abnormal radioactivity released into the environment.[4]
Fermi 1 was a liquid metal (sodium) cooled fast breeder reactor design. It was capable of producing 200 megawatts thermal (MWt) power or 69 MW electrical power with 26% enriched metallic uranium fuel. The enriched uranium section of the reactor (core) was a 30 inch in diameter cylinder by 30 inches high and contained 92 fuel assemblies. The core was surrounded by 548 additional assemblies containing depleted uranium. These assemblies were about 2.5 inches square by about 8 feet tall. Only the core section contained the enriched uranium while depleted uranium was placed above and below within the assemblies. The core also contained 2 control rods and 8 safety rods. The plant was designed for 430 MWt and 125 MWe using a newer uranium oxide fuel, but the plant was closed before the fuel was ever ordered.
The shield plug was a rotating part of the inner reactor vessel and sat over the fuel. It could be rotated to facilitate fuel movements. The shield plug also provided radioactive shielding. During fuel loading, new assemblies were lowered down a tube into an adjacent Transfer Rotor which was integral with the reactor vessel. Then an Offset Handling Mechanism lifted the assembly from the Transfer Rotor and placed it into the vessel. Once all of the assemblies were loaded, a Hold Down Mechanism sat atop them to prevent them from moving upwards during operation. The Hold Down Mechanism also contained temperature measuring devices (resistance temperature detectors) to monitor sodium outlet temperatures from the assemblies.
The (primary) sodium which flowed through the core exchanged heat with a secondary sodium system which then exited the containment. The secondary sodium then passed through the tube side of 3 parallel steam generators and transferred heat to water on the shell side. The “once through” design produced superheated steam which turned the main turbine-generator.
A 168 MWe oil-fired boiler was added in 1966 to utilize the turbine-generator during periods when the reactor was not producing power.
The main cause of the partial meltdown was a temperature increase caused by a blockage in one of the lower support plate orifices that allowed the flow of liquid sodium into the reactor. The blockage caused an insufficient amount of coolant to enter the fuel assembly; this was not noticed by the operators until the core temperature alarms sounded. Several fuel rod subassemblies reached high temperatures of around 700 °F (370 °C) (with an expected range near 580 °F, 304 °C), causing them to melt.[4]
Following an extended shutdown that involved fuel replacement, repairs to vessel, and cleanup, Fermi 1 restarted in July 1970 and reached full power. Due to lack of funds and aging equipment, it was finally shut down permanently on November 27, 1972, and was officially decommissioned December 31, 1975, under the definition of the Atomic Energy Commission. Later, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) replaced the AEC and under their new definitions, Fermi was re-designated as being in SAFSTOR due to some remaining radioactivity at the site. On May 16, 1996, decommissioning was restarted. However, by November 2011 with very little activity remaining, a decision was made to halt further work. It is currently in SAFSTOR.[4]
A number of accounts of the accident are available. One book is Fermi-1 New Age for Nuclear Power[5] and published by the American Nuclear Society in 1979. A book, We Almost Lost Detroit, was written by local Detroit newsman John Grant Fuller (subtitled "This Is Not A Novel" to point out that it was not a work of fiction).[6] The song "We Almost Lost Detroit", by Gil Scott-Heron is also about the Fermi 1 meltdown.[7][8]
Fermi 2 is a 1,202 MWe General Electric boiling water reactor owned and operated by DTE Energy. Plans to build were announced in July 1968. Initial criticality was achieved in July 1985, and full commercial operation commenced on January 23, 1988.[9]
The reactor vessel holds 764 fuel assemblies and 185 control rods which modulate the power. The fuel assemblies are about 6 inches (15 cm) square by about 12 feet (3.7 m) long. The original turbine generator was an English Electric unit. After a turbine blade incident in 1993, the company replaced the turbine with a General Electric unit.[10] Water flowing through the reactor vessel changes to saturated steam and then travels to the main turbine-generator to produce electricity. After that, the steam drops into a main condenser where it is condensed to liquid water and is recycled. A secondary loop of water which enters the tube side of the condenser is non-radioactive. It flows to two large cooling towers which stand 400 feet (120 m) tall where the hot water is cooled by natural circulation with ambient air. This is a closed loop with only a small amount of make-up water needed from Lake Erie to replace any evaporation.
Two 345 kV lines send power to the customers. Those same lines are used to supply electricity to the site's safety equipment. Three additional 120 kV lines are also available to supply any needed back-up power to safety equipment. Additionally, four diesel generators and four combustion turbine generators are on site to power plant safety equipment during an emergency.
The original Fermi 3 project was to be a companion unit identical to Fermi 2. It was ordered in 1972 and cancelled in 1974. See DOE data page 67 and WNA Fermi 3 data.
In September 2008, Detroit Edison filed an application with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for a Combined Construction and Operating License (COL) for a third reactor.[11] The new unit is supposed to be built on the same site, slightly to the southwest of Fermi 2. The reactor design selected is the 1,550 MWe GE-designed passive Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (ESBWR). Review of the 17,000-page application could take four years, after which construction could take six years. The cost is estimated at as much as $10 billion.[12] CEO Anthony Earley said that DTE's analysis "so far shows that nuclear power will, over the long term, be the most cost-effective baseload option for our customers, ... We expect nuclear to remain the low-cost option, but we will continue to evaluate nuclear against other resources and will commit to proceeding with construction only at the right time and at the right cost".[13]
In March 2009, a coalition of citizen groups asked federal regulators to reject plans for Fermi 3, contending that it would pose a range of threats to public health and the environment. The groups have filed 14 contentions with the NRC, claiming that a new plant would pose "radioactive, toxic and thermal impacts on Lake Erie's vulnerable western basin."[14][15]
In May 2015, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission approved a combined construction and operating license for Fermi 3, but DTE Energy stated there were no plans for construction at that time.[16]
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of 10 miles (16 km), concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and an ingestion pathway zone of about 50 miles (80 km), concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity.[17]
The 2010 U.S. population within 50 miles (80 km) of Enrico Fermi was 4,799,526, a decrease of 3.4 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data for msnbc.com. Cities within 50 miles (80 km) include Detroit (30 miles (48 km) to city center) and Toledo (27 miles (43 km)). Additional population within 50 miles (80 km) is in Canada, including Windsor, Ontario, 26 miles (42 km).[18]
A 2021 report found a correlative pattern in the rate of death due to cancer with a steadily rising rate in Monroe County during the 2009-2018 decade.[19]
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's 2010 estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Fermi was 1 in 238,095 making it the 88th least likely to be damaged of all US nuclear generating stations.[20][21]
The Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station consists of one operational reactor, one closed unit and one additional is planned.
| Reactor Unit[22] | Reactor Type | Electrical Generation Capacity | Construction Start | Initial Criticality | Commercial Operation Start | Permanent Shutdown | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net | Gross | ||||||
| Fermi 1 | LMFBR | 60 MW | 69 MW | 8/8/1956 | 8/23/1963 | 7/8/1966 | 11/29/1972 |
| Fermi 2 | BWR-4 | 1150 MW | 1202 MW | 9/26/1972 | 7/2/1985 | 1/23/1988 | |
| Fermi 3 (planned)[23] | ESBWR | 1490 MW | 1550 MW | ||||
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
Energy portal
Nuclear technology portal
|
| |
|---|---|
| NRC Region I (Northeast) |
|
| NRC Region II (South) |
|
| NRC Region III (Midwest) |
|
| NRC Region IV (West) |
|
| Converted |
|
| Closed |
|
| Cancelled (incomplete list, whole plants only) |
|
| Future |
|
| |
| International |
|
|---|---|
| National |
|
