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| ⚫ | {{about|the 1991 declaration|the 1918 declaration|Estonian Declaration of Independence|}} |
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{{Short description|20 August 1991 event where Estonia restored full independence}} |
{{Short description|20 August 1991 event where Estonia restored full independence}} |
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| ⚫ | {{about|the 1991 declaration|the 1918 declaration|Estonian Declaration of Independence|the 1988 declaration|Estonian Sovereignty Declaration}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}} |
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{{Multiple issues| |
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'''Estonian Restoration of Independence''', legally defined as the Restoration of the |
'''Estonian Restoration of Independence''', legally defined as the Restoration of the [[Republic of Estonia]], was proclaimed on 20 August 1991. On that day at 23:02<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.estonica.org/et/Augustiput%C5%A1_ja_Eesti_iseseisvumine_1991/|title=Estonica.org - Augustiputš ja Eesti iseseisvumine 1991|website=www.estonica.org|access-date=20 August 2017|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717160758/http://www.estonica.org/et/Augustiput%C5%A1_ja_Eesti_iseseisvumine_1991/|url-status=dead}}</ref> local time, the [[Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic|Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia]], in agreement with the Estonian Committee (the executive organ of the [[Congress of Estonia]]), declared the illegal [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] occupation and annexation of the country terminated, and proclaimed the full restoration of the independence of Estonia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/13071519|title=Eesti riiklikust iseseisvusest – Riigi Teataja|website=www.riigiteataja.ee}}</ref> |
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==1990== |
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| ⚫ | On 30 March 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic|Estonian SSR]] adopted a resolution on the state status of [[Estonia]]. Declaring that the occupation of the Republic of Estonia by the Soviet Union on 17 June 1940 did not ''de jure'' interrupt the existence of the Republic of Estonia, The Supreme Soviet declared the state power of the Estonian SSR illegal from the moment of its establishment and proclaimed the beginning of the restoration of the Republic of Estonia. A transitional period was announced until the formation of the constitutional bodies of state power of the Republic of Estonia.<ref>[http://soveticus5.narod.ru/85/sborn91.htm#p243 Постановление Верховного Совета Эстонской ССР от 30 марта 1990 г. «О государственном статусе Эстонии»]</ref> On 8 May the same year, the Supreme Soviet of the ESSR adopted a law invalidating the name "Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic". Also, according to this law, the use of the coat of arms, flag, and anthem of the Estonian SSR as state symbols was terminated and the 1938 Constitution of the independent Republic of Estonia was restored. The name of the Supreme Soviet is thereafter translated as the "Supreme Council".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190906230101/http://estonia.news-city.info/docs/sistemsf/dok_ierskz.htm Закон ЭССР от 08.05.1990 "О СИМВОЛИКЕ ЭСТОНИИ"]</ref> A week later the law on the principles of the interim order of administration of Estonia was adopted, according to which the subordination of public authorities, public administration, court bodies was terminated and the prosecutor's office of the republic to the relevant authorities of the USSR, and they separated from the corresponding system of the USSR. It was announced that relations between the republic and the USSR are now based on the [[Treaty of Tartu (Estonia–Russia)|Tartu Peace Treaty]], concluded between the Republic of Estonia and the RSFSR on 2 February 1920.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190928001523/http://estonia.news-city.info/docs/sistemsf/dok_iersnz.htm Закон Эстонской Республики от 16.05.1990 «Об основах временного порядка управления Эстонией»]</ref> |
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Estonia declared [[Neutral powers during World War II|neutrality]] at the outbreak of [[World War II]], but the independent country was [[Occupation of the Baltic states|repeatedly contested, invaded and occupied]], first by [[Stalin]]ist [[Soviet Union]] in 1940, then by [[Nazi Germany]] in 1941, and ultimately reoccupied in 1944 by the Soviet Union again. Soviet-occupied Estonia was annexed into the [[USSR]] as an [[National delimitation in the Soviet Union|administrative subunit]] ([[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic|Estonian SSR]]). Throughout the 1944–1991 Soviet occupation,<ref>See, for instance, position expressed by European Parliament, which condemned "the fact that the occupation of these formerly independent and neutral States by the Soviet Union occurred in 1940 following the Molotov/Ribbentrop pact, and continues." {{cite journal | last=European Parliament | title=Resolution on the situation in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania | journal=Official Journal of the European Communities | volume=C 42/78 | date=January 13, 1983 | url=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/80/Europarliament13011983.jpg}}</ref> Estonia's ''[[de jure]]'' [[State continuity of the Baltic states|state continuity]] was [[Baltic Legations (1940–1991)|preserved]] by [[Estonian Diplomatic Service (1940–1991)|diplomatic representatives]] and the [[Estonian government-in-exile|government-in-exile]]. Following the bloodless Estonian "[[Singing Revolution]]" of 1988–1990, the nation's ''de facto'' full independence was restored at the same time with the [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|Soviet coup d'état attempt in Moscow]] on 20 August 1991. |
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==Independence referendum of 3 March 1991== |
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On 30 March 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR |
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On 3 March, a referendum was held on the independence of the Republic of Estonia, which was attended by those who lived in Estonia before the Soviet annexation and their descendants, as well as persons who have received the so-called "green cards" of the Congress of Estonia.<ref>''Маркедонов Сергей'' [https://polit.ru/article/2011/04/01/ussr/ Референдум распада]</ref> 77.8% of those who voted supported the idea of restoring independence.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.estonica.org/en/History/1985-1991_Restoration_of_independence/The_road_to_independence/ |title=The road to independence |access-date=6 October 2020 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815043515/http://www.estonica.org/en/History/1985-1991_Restoration_of_independence/The_road_to_independence/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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Denmark recognized Estonia's independence on 11 March.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211030002104/https://yeltsin.ru/day-by-day/1991/03/16/1524/ «Лед тронулся»]</ref> |
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==The 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt== |
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[[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|The August Coup]] or August Putsch took place on 19–22 August 1991 and was an attempt by members of the Soviet Union's government to take control of the country from the Soviet President and General Secretary [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]. |
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==19 August 1991== |
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| ⚫ | As the coup attempt was taking place in Moscow and with that the military and political attention of the Soviet Union otherwise occupied, various republics of the Soviet Union took the opportunity to declare their independence. On the evening of 19 August, delegates from the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia and the Estonian Committee started negotiations to confirm the independence of the Republic of Estonia. The main debate was a crucial one: should Estonia declare independence as a new Republic or continue with the juridical continuation of the Republic of Estonia established in [[Estonian Declaration of Independence|1918]] and occupied in 1940. |
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==20 August 1991== |
==20 August 1991== |
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At 23:02 on the evening of 20 August 1991, during a live broadcast carried out by Estonian Television, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia voted on the confirm of its Restoration of [[Independence Day (Estonia)|Independence]].<ref>[https://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/estonia_20(1).pdf Постановление Верховного Совета Эстонской Республики от 20 августа 1991 г. «О государственной независимости Эстонии»]</ref> |
At 23:02 on the evening of 20 August 1991, during a live broadcast carried out by Estonian Television, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia voted on the confirm of its Restoration of [[Independence Day (Estonia)|Independence]].<ref>[https://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/estonia_20(1).pdf Постановление Верховного Совета Эстонской Республики от 20 августа 1991 г. «О государственной независимости Эстонии»]</ref> |
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{{ |
{{blockquote|'''DECISION OF THE SUPREME COUNCIL |
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OF THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA''' |
OF THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA''' |
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Based on the [[State continuity of the Baltic states|continuity of the Republic of Estonia as a subject of international law]], |
Based on the [[State continuity of the Baltic states|continuity of the Republic of Estonia as a subject of international law]], |
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drawing upon the Estonian population’s declaration of intent clearly expressed in the |
drawing upon the Estonian population’s declaration of intent clearly expressed in the 3 March 1991 referendum to restore the national independence of the Republic of Estonia, |
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given the |
given the 30 March 1990 decision of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR “on the National Status of Estonia” and the declaration of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR “on the Cooperation of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR and the [[Congress of Estonia]],” |
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taking into account that [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|the coup which has taken place in the Soviet Union]] poses a serious threat to [[Singing Revolution|the democratic processes taking place in Estonia]] and has rendered impossible the restoration of the national independence of the Republic of Estonia by means of bilateral negotiations with the Soviet Union, |
taking into account that [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|the coup which has taken place in the Soviet Union]] poses a serious threat to [[Singing Revolution|the democratic processes taking place in Estonia]] and has rendered impossible the restoration of the national independence of the Republic of Estonia by means of bilateral negotiations with the Soviet Union, |
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Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia [[Arnold Rüütel|A. RÜÜTEL]] |
Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia [[Arnold Rüütel|A. RÜÜTEL]] |
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Tallinn, |
Tallinn, 20 August 1991.}} |
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Out of the 105 delegates of the Supreme Council 70 were present, 69 voted in favour of the restoration. Two delegates, [[Klavdia Sergij]] and [[Kaido Kama]], did not register to vote and walked out before voting began. Those who voted in favour of the restoration were:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pealinn.ee/|title=Tallinna ajaleht |website=www.pealinn.ee}}</ref> |
Out of the 105 delegates of the Supreme Council 70 were present, 69 voted in favour of the restoration. Two delegates, [[Klavdia Sergij]] and [[Kaido Kama]], did not register to vote and walked out before voting began. Those who voted in favour of the restoration were:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pealinn.ee/|title=Tallinna ajaleht |website=www.pealinn.ee}}</ref> |
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{{div col end}} |
{{div col end}} |
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== |
==21 August 1991== |
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On the morning of 21 August 1991, Soviet paratroopers were taking charge of the |
On the morning of 21 August 1991, Soviet paratroopers were taking charge of the Tallinn's TV tower, while the television broadcast was cut off for a while, the radio signal was strong as a handful of Estonian Defence League (the unified paramilitary armed forces of Estonia) members barricaded the entry into signal rooms.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.estonica.org/en/The_August_coup_and_Estonian_independence_1991/|title=Estonica.org - The August coup and Estonian independence (1991)|website=www.estonica.org|access-date=20 August 2017|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225205239/http://www.estonica.org/en/The_August_coup_and_Estonian_independence_1991/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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By the afternoon of the same day it was clear that the coup in Moscow had failed and the paratroopers released the tower and left Estonia |
By the afternoon of the same day it was clear that the coup in Moscow had failed and the paratroopers released the tower and left Estonia.<ref name="auto"/> |
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==20 August Club== |
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[[File:20. Augusti Klubi liikmed Toompea lossi valges saalis.jpg|thumb|Members of 20 August Club in 2005]] |
[[File:20. Augusti Klubi liikmed Toompea lossi valges saalis.jpg|thumb|Members of 20 August Club in 2005]] |
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In 1994, the 20 August Club was established. The club's members are those politicians who voted in favour of the restoration on 20 August 1991.<ref name="20augustiklubi.ee">{{cite web |title=Klubist {{!}} 20. Augusti Klubi |url=https://www.20augustiklubi.ee/klubist/ |website=www.20augustiklubi.ee |access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref> |
In 1994, the 20 August Club was established. The club's members are those politicians who voted in favour of the restoration on 20 August 1991.<ref name="20augustiklubi.ee">{{cite web |title=Klubist {{!}} 20. Augusti Klubi |url=https://www.20augustiklubi.ee/klubist/ |website=www.20augustiklubi.ee |access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia]] - A similar Act in the [[Latvian SSR]] |
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*[[Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania]] - A similar Act in the [[Lithuanian SSR]] |
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*[[State continuity of the Baltic states]] |
*[[State continuity of the Baltic states]] |
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*[[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]] |
*[[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]] |
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{{Estonia topics}} |
{{Estonia topics}} |
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{{Independence declarations from USSR }} |
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[[Category:Dissolution of the Soviet Union]] |
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[[Category:Law of Estonia]] |
[[Category:Law of Estonia]] |
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[[Category:Declarations of independence]] |
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[[Category:1991 in Estonia]] |
[[Category:1991 in Estonia]] |
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[[Category:Singing Revolution]] |
[[Category:Singing Revolution]] |
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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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Estonian Restoration of Independence, legally defined as the Restoration of the Republic of Estonia, was proclaimed on 20 August 1991. On that day at 23:02[1] local time, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia, in agreement with the Estonian Committee (the executive organ of the Congress of Estonia), declared the illegal Soviet occupation and annexation of the country terminated, and proclaimed the full restoration of the independence of Estonia.[2]
On 30 March 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR adopted a resolution on the state status of Estonia. Declaring that the occupation of the Republic of Estonia by the Soviet Union on 17 June 1940 did not de jure interrupt the existence of the Republic of Estonia, The Supreme Soviet declared the state power of the Estonian SSR illegal from the moment of its establishment and proclaimed the beginning of the restoration of the Republic of Estonia. A transitional period was announced until the formation of the constitutional bodies of state power of the Republic of Estonia.[3] On 8 May the same year, the Supreme Soviet of the ESSR adopted a law invalidating the name "Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic". Also, according to this law, the use of the coat of arms, flag, and anthem of the Estonian SSR as state symbols was terminated and the 1938 Constitution of the independent Republic of Estonia was restored. The name of the Supreme Soviet is thereafter translated as the "Supreme Council".[4] A week later the law on the principles of the interim order of administration of Estonia was adopted, according to which the subordination of public authorities, public administration, court bodies was terminated and the prosecutor's office of the republic to the relevant authorities of the USSR, and they separated from the corresponding system of the USSR. It was announced that relations between the republic and the USSR are now based on the Tartu Peace Treaty, concluded between the Republic of Estonia and the RSFSR on 2 February 1920.[5]
On 3 March, a referendum was held on the independence of the Republic of Estonia, which was attended by those who lived in Estonia before the Soviet annexation and their descendants, as well as persons who have received the so-called "green cards" of the Congress of Estonia.[6] 77.8% of those who voted supported the idea of restoring independence.[7]
Denmark recognized Estonia's independence on 11 March.[8]
The August Coup or August Putsch took place on 19–22 August 1991 and was an attempt by members of the Soviet Union's government to take control of the country from the Soviet President and General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev.
As the coup attempt was taking place in Moscow and with that the military and political attention of the Soviet Union otherwise occupied, various republics of the Soviet Union took the opportunity to declare their independence. On the evening of 19 August, delegates from the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia and the Estonian Committee started negotiations to confirm the independence of the Republic of Estonia. The main debate was a crucial one: should Estonia declare independence as a new Republic or continue with the juridical continuation of the Republic of Estonia established in 1918 and occupied in 1940.
At 23:02 on the evening of 20 August 1991, during a live broadcast carried out by Estonian Television, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia voted on the confirm of its Restoration of Independence.[9]
DECISION OF THE SUPREME COUNCIL
OF THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA
On the national independence of Estonia
Based on the continuity of the Republic of Estonia as a subject of international law,
drawing upon the Estonian population’s declaration of intent clearly expressed in the 3 March 1991 referendum to restore the national independence of the Republic of Estonia,
given the 30 March 1990 decision of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR “on the National Status of Estonia” and the declaration of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR “on the Cooperation of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR and the Congress of Estonia,”
taking into account that the coup which has taken place in the Soviet Union poses a serious threat to the democratic processes taking place in Estonia and has rendered impossible the restoration of the national independence of the Republic of Estonia by means of bilateral negotiations with the Soviet Union,
the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia has decided:
1. To confirm the national independence of the Republic of Estonia and seek the restoration of diplomatic relations of the Republic of Estonia.
2. To establish the Constitutional Assembly for the development and submission to referendum of the Constitution of Estonia, the composition of which will be shaped by delegation from the highest legislative organ of state power of the Republic of Estonia, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia, and the representative body of the citizenry of Estonia, the Congress of Estonia.
3. To hold parliamentary elections according to the new Constitution of the Republic of Estonia in the year 1992.
Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia A. RÜÜTEL
Tallinn, 20 August 1991.
Out of the 105 delegates of the Supreme Council 70 were present, 69 voted in favour of the restoration. Two delegates, Klavdia Sergij and Kaido Kama, did not register to vote and walked out before voting began. Those who voted in favour of the restoration were:[10]
On the morning of 21 August 1991, Soviet paratroopers were taking charge of the Tallinn's TV tower, while the television broadcast was cut off for a while, the radio signal was strong as a handful of Estonian Defence League (the unified paramilitary armed forces of Estonia) members barricaded the entry into signal rooms.[11] By the afternoon of the same day it was clear that the coup in Moscow had failed and the paratroopers released the tower and left Estonia.[11]
In 1994, the 20 August Club was established. The club's members are those politicians who voted in favour of the restoration on 20 August 1991.[12]
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Independence declarations from the Soviet Union
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| Declarations of independence |
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| Declarations of sovereignty |
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Note: Autonomies of other union republics are written in cursive | |
