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The EURING Exchange Code (or EURING Code) is a data exchange format that describes bird ringing information and ringing recoveries. Its main use is to enable data exchange between EURING members (that each have their own databases and formats) and between members and the EURING Databank.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Researching birds at a continental scale – the role of EURING |first1=Stephen |last1=Baillie |first2=Wolfgang |last2=Fiedler |journal=BTO News |date=September–October 2005 |issue=260 |url=https://euring.org/files/documents/BTO%20News%202005%20Stephen%20Baillie%20and%20Wolfgang%20Fiedler.pdf}}</ref> |
The EURING Exchange Code (or EURING Code) is a data exchange format that describes bird ringing information and ringing recoveries. Its main use is to enable data exchange between EURING members (that each have their own databases and formats) and between members and the EURING Databank.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Researching birds at a continental scale – the role of EURING |first1=Stephen |last1=Baillie |first2=Wolfgang |last2=Fiedler |journal=BTO News |date=September–October 2005 |issue=260 |url=https://euring.org/files/documents/BTO%20News%202005%20Stephen%20Baillie%20and%20Wolfgang%20Fiedler.pdf}}</ref> |
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The code was established in the 1966 EURING meeting by adapting a Dutch [[punch card]] code that originated in 1963.<ref>{{cite journal |title=De EURING-code bestaat 50 jaar |author=B.J. Speek and G. Speek |url=https://natuurtijdschriften.nl/pub/522885/OHVT2013127007.pdf |journal=Op Het Vinkentouw |language=nl |date=September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=EURING Code Manual |author=Anonymous |date=1966 |url=https://euring.org/files/documents/data_and_codes/euring-code-manual_1966.pdf }}</ref> The EURING Exchange Code has since then been developed further as technology improved, resulting in newer editions in 1979<ref>{{cite book |title=Code Manual: New EURING |publisher=[[British Trust for Ornithology]] |date=1979 |author=Spencer, R. |url=https://euring.org/files/documents/data_and_codes/code-manuel_new-euring_1979.pdf}}</ref> and 2000.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Van Noordwijk|first1=A. J.|last2=Speek|first2=G.|last3=Clark|first3=J. A.|last4=Rohde|first4=Z.|last5=Wassenaar|first5=R. D.|date=2003|title=The EURING exchange code 2000|journal=[[Journal of Ornithology]]|volume=144|issue=4|pages=479–483|doi=10.1007/BF02465510|bibcode=2003JOrni.144..479V|s2cid=23157979}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The EURING exchange-code 2000 |author=Speek, G. |author2=Clark, J.A. |author3=Rohde, Z. |author4=Wassenaar, R.D. |author5=Van Noordwijk, A.J. |date=2001 |place=Heteren |isbn=90-74638-13-9 |url=https://euring.org/files/documents/data_and_codes/euring_exchange-code_2000.pdf |publisher=Vogeltrekstation Arnhem }}</ref> The code had moved from punch cards to ASCII code to be used in text files and databases. The 2000 code was modified into the 2000+ version,<ref>{{cite book |title=EURING Exchange Code 2000+ |author=du Feu, C.R. |date=2010 |url=https://euring.org/files/documents/EURING2000%2BCodev112.pdf}}</ref> and later succeeded by the 2020 version, which is the current standard.<ref>{{cite book |title=EURING Exchange Code 2020 |date=2020 |author=du Feu, C.R. |author2=Clark, J.A. |author3=Baillie, S.R. |author4=Fielder, W. |author5=Laesser, J. |author6=Moss, D. |url=https://euring.org/files/documents/E2020ExchangeCodeV201.pdf}}</ref> |
The code was established in the 1966 EURING meeting by adapting a Dutch [[punch card]] code that originated in 1963.<ref>{{cite journal |title=De EURING-code bestaat 50 jaar |author=B.J. Speek and G. Speek |url=https://natuurtijdschriften.nl/pub/522885/OHVT2013127007.pdf |journal=Op Het Vinkentouw |language=nl |date=September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=EURING Code Manual |author=Anonymous |date=1966 |url=https://euring.org/files/documents/data_and_codes/euring-code-manual_1966.pdf }}</ref> The EURING Exchange Code has since then been developed further as technology improved, resulting in newer editions in 1979<ref>{{cite book |title=Code Manual: New EURING |publisher=[[British Trust for Ornithology]] |date=1979 |author=Spencer, R. |url=https://euring.org/files/documents/data_and_codes/code-manuel_new-euring_1979.pdf}}</ref> and 2000.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Van Noordwijk|first1=A. J.|last2=Speek|first2=G.|last3=Clark|first3=J. A.|last4=Rohde|first4=Z.|last5=Wassenaar|first5=R. D.|date=2003|title=The EURING exchange code 2000|journal=[[Journal of Ornithology]]|volume=144|issue=4|pages=479–483|doi=10.1007/BF02465510|bibcode=2003JOrni.144..479V|s2cid=23157979}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The EURING exchange-code 2000 |author=Speek, G. |author2=Clark, J.A. |author3=Rohde, Z. |author4=Wassenaar, R.D. |author5=Van Noordwijk, A.J. |date=2001 |place=Heteren |isbn=90-74638-13-9 |url=https://euring.org/files/documents/data_and_codes/euring_exchange-code_2000.pdf |publisher=Vogeltrekstation Arnhem }}</ref> The code had moved from punch cards to ASCII code to be used in text files and databases. The 2000 code was modified into the 2000+ version,<ref>{{cite book |title=EURING Exchange Code 2000+ |author=du Feu, C.R. |date=2010 |url=https://euring.org/files/documents/EURING2000%2BCodev112.pdf}}</ref> and later succeeded by the 2020 version, which is the current standard.<ref>{{cite book |title=EURING Exchange Code 2020 |date=2020 |author=du Feu, C.R. |author2=Clark, J.A. |author3=Baillie, S.R. |author4=Fielder, W. |author5=Laesser, J. |author6=Moss, D. |url=https://euring.org/files/documents/E2020ExchangeCodeV201.pdf}}</ref> |
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EURING codes are also used to identify species in other ornithological research, such as [[The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds - their distribution and abundance|isbn=978-0856610912|date=1997|publisher=Poyser|editor=Hagemeijer, Ward J. M. |editor2=Blair, Michael J.}}</ref> |
EURING codes are also used to identify species in other ornithological research, such as the [[The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds - their distribution and abundance|isbn=978-0856610912|date=1997|publisher=Poyser|editor=Hagemeijer, Ward J. M. |editor2=Blair, Michael J.}}</ref> |
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== Databank == |
== Databank == |
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EURING data is used in scientific research on ornithology or related subjects. Research topics include migration routes,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/1365-2656.13838 |title=Standardised empirical dispersal kernels emphasise the pervasiveness of long-distance dispersal in European birds |date=2023 |last1=Fandos |first1=Guillermo |last2=Talluto |first2=Matthew |last3=Fiedler |first3=Wolfgang |last4=Robinson |first4=Robert A. |last5=Thorup |first5=Kasper |last6=Zurell |first6=Damaris |journal=Journal of Animal Ecology |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=158–170 |pmid=36398379 |bibcode=2023JAnEc..92..158F |url=http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/18452/27785 }}</ref> wintering areas<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/ibi.13278 |title=Ringing, tracking and counting data reveal five wintering patterns in European Common Shelducks|date=2023 |last1=Cimiotti |first1=Dagmar S. |last2=Cimiotti |first2=Dominic V. |last3=Hötker |first3=Hermann |last4=Garthe |first4=Stefan |journal=Ibis |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3354/cr01025 |title=Climate change and the long-term northward shift in the African wintering range of the barn swallow Hirundo rustica |date=2011 |last1=Ambrosini |first1=R. |last2=Rubolini |first2=D. |last3=Møller |first3=AP |last4=Bani |first4=L. |last5=Clark |first5=J. |last6=Karcza |first6=Z. |last7=Vangeluwe |first7=D. |last8=Du Feu |first8=C. |last9=Spina |first9=F. |last10=Saino |first10=N. |journal=Climate Research |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=131–141 |bibcode=2011ClRes..49..131A }}</ref> and staging areas,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/3677163|jstor=3677163 |title=Evidence for Flexibility and Constraint in Migration Systems |last1=Sutherland |first1=William J. |journal=Journal of Avian Biology |date=1998 |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=441–446 }}</ref> and survival rates.<ref>{{cite conference |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357281188 |author=Bautista LM, Alonso |title=What do we know about survival of Common cranes? An elementary introduction with EURING databank. |conference=European Crane Conference |pages=76–80 |date=3 December 2018 |location=Arjuzanx}}</ref> Bird ringing data such as in the EDB is also relevant for conservation.<ref>{{cite journal |
EURING data is used in scientific research on ornithology or related subjects. Research topics include migration routes,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/1365-2656.13838 |title=Standardised empirical dispersal kernels emphasise the pervasiveness of long-distance dispersal in European birds |date=2023 |last1=Fandos |first1=Guillermo |last2=Talluto |first2=Matthew |last3=Fiedler |first3=Wolfgang |last4=Robinson |first4=Robert A. |last5=Thorup |first5=Kasper |last6=Zurell |first6=Damaris |journal=Journal of Animal Ecology |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=158–170 |pmid=36398379 |bibcode=2023JAnEc..92..158F |url=http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/18452/27785 }}</ref> wintering areas<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/ibi.13278 |title=Ringing, tracking and counting data reveal five wintering patterns in European Common Shelducks|date=2023 |last1=Cimiotti |first1=Dagmar S. |last2=Cimiotti |first2=Dominic V. |last3=Hötker |first3=Hermann |last4=Garthe |first4=Stefan |journal=Ibis |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3354/cr01025 |title=Climate change and the long-term northward shift in the African wintering range of the barn swallow Hirundo rustica |date=2011 |last1=Ambrosini |first1=R. |last2=Rubolini |first2=D. |last3=Møller |first3=AP |last4=Bani |first4=L. |last5=Clark |first5=J. |last6=Karcza |first6=Z. |last7=Vangeluwe |first7=D. |last8=Du Feu |first8=C. |last9=Spina |first9=F. |last10=Saino |first10=N. |journal=Climate Research |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=131–141 |bibcode=2011ClRes..49..131A }}</ref> and staging areas,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/3677163|jstor=3677163 |title=Evidence for Flexibility and Constraint in Migration Systems |last1=Sutherland |first1=William J. |journal=Journal of Avian Biology |date=1998 |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=441–446 }}</ref> and survival rates.<ref>{{cite conference |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357281188 |author=Bautista LM, Alonso |title=What do we know about survival of Common cranes? An elementary introduction with EURING databank. |conference=European Crane Conference |pages=76–80 |date=3 December 2018 |location=Arjuzanx}}</ref> Bird ringing data such as in the EDB is also relevant for conservation.<ref>{{cite journal |
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|doi=10.1080/03078698.1999.9674209|title=Value of ringing information for bird conservation in Europe|date=1999|last=Spina|first=Fernando|journal=Ringing & Migration|volume=19|pages=29–40}}</ref> |
|doi=10.1080/03078698.1999.9674209|title=Value of ringing information for bird conservation in Europe|date=1999|last=Spina|first=Fernando|journal=Ringing & Migration|volume=19|pages=29–40}}</ref> |
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Other applications include usage for detecting [[avian influenza]] patterns, as seen in the [[European Food Safety Authority|EFSA]] Migration Mapping Tool<ref>{{cite web |url=https://app.bto.org/mmt |title=Migration Mapping Tool |website=bto.org}}</ref> and Bird Flu Radar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://app.bto.org/mmt/avian_influenza_map/avian_influenza_map.jsp |title=Bird Flu Radar |website=bto.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.efsa.europa.eu/nl/news/avian-influenza-efsa-recommends-increased-protection-farms-wild-birds |title=Avian influenza: EFSA recommends increased protection of farms from wild birds |website=europa.eu|date=28 September 2023 }}</ref> |
Other applications include usage for detecting [[avian influenza]] patterns, as seen in the [[European Food Safety Authority|EFSA]] Migration Mapping Tool<ref>{{cite web |url=https://app.bto.org/mmt |title=Migration Mapping Tool |website=bto.org}}</ref> and Bird Flu Radar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://app.bto.org/mmt/avian_influenza_map/avian_influenza_map.jsp |title=Bird Flu Radar |website=bto.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.efsa.europa.eu/nl/news/avian-influenza-efsa-recommends-increased-protection-farms-wild-birds |title=Avian influenza: EFSA recommends increased protection of farms from wild birds |website=europa.eu|date=28 September 2023 }}</ref> |
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The EDB data is combined with Movebank data to form the publicly available Eurasian African Bird Migration Atlas,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://migrationatlas.org |title=The Eurasian African Bird Migration Atlas |website=migrationatlas.org}}</ref> developed by the [[Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals]] under the [[United Nations Environment Programme]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/publication/eurasian-african-bird-migration-atlas |title=Eurasian-African Bird Migration Atlas |date=2022-05-26 |website=unep.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ab.mpg.de/478164/bird-migration-atlas |website=mpg.de |title=First atlas of bird migration across three continents is launched |date=2022-05-26 |author=[[Max Planck Society|Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior]]}}</ref> |
The EDB data is combined with Movebank data to form the publicly available Eurasian African Bird Migration Atlas,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://migrationatlas.org |title=The Eurasian African Bird Migration Atlas |website=migrationatlas.org}}</ref> developed by the [[Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals]] under the [[United Nations Environment Programme]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/publication/eurasian-african-bird-migration-atlas |title=Eurasian-African Bird Migration Atlas |date=2022-05-26 |website=unep.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ab.mpg.de/478164/bird-migration-atlas |website=mpg.de |title=First atlas of bird migration across three continents is launched |date=2022-05-26 |author=[[Max Planck Society|Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior]]}}</ref> |
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