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{{Short description|List and timeline of mass departure of Jews, forced or otherwise}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Antisemitism}}
This article lists expulsions, [[refugee]] crises and other forms of displacement that have affected [[Jews]].

==Timeline==
{{See also|Timeline of Jewish history}}
{{expand list|date=March 2018}}
The following is a list of Jewish expulsions and events that prompted significant streams of Jewish refugees.

===Assyrian captivity===
{{Main|Assyrian captivity|Ten Lost Tribes}}
;733/2 [[Common Era|BCE]]: [[Tiglath-Pileser III]], King of the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]], sacked the northern [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]] and annexed the [[Transjordan (Bible)|territory]] of the tribes of [[Tribe of Reuben|Reuben]], [[Tribe of Gad|Gad]] and [[Tribe of Manasseh|Manasseh]] in [[Gilead]]. People from these tribes were taken captive and resettled in the region of the [[Khabur (Euphrates)|Khabur River]], in [[Halah]], Habor, Hara and [[Tell Halaf|Gozan]] ({{Bibleverse|1 Chronicles|5:26}}). Tiglath-Pileser also captured the territory of Naphtali and the city of [[Janohah|Janoah]] in [[Tribe of Ephraim|Ephraim]], and an Assyrian governor was placed over the region of [[Naphtali]]. According to {{Bibleverse|2 Kings|15:29}}, the population of Naphtali was deported to Assyria. 

;722 BCE: In [[720s BC|722 BCE]], [[Samaria (ancient city)|Samaria]], the capital city of the northern Kingdom of Israel, was taken by [[Sargon II]],<ref name="Cassuto">{{cite book |last1=Umberto Cassuto |first1=Elia Samuele Artom |title=The Books of Kings and Chronicles modern view |date=1981 |author-link=Umberto Cassuto}}</ref> who resettled the Israelites in Halah, Habor, Gozan and in the cities of [[Media (region)|Media]] ({{Bibleverse|2 Kings|18:11-12}}). Sargon recorded the capture of that city thus: "Samaria I looked at, I captured; 27,280 men who dwelt in it I carried away" into Assyria. Some people of the northern tribes were spared,<ref>{{Bibleverse|2|Chronicles|30:1-18|NIV}}</ref><ref name="fink">Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002) ''The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts'', Simon & Schuster, {{ISBN|0-684-86912-8}}</ref> and it has been suggested that many also fled south to Jerusalem.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Finkelstein |first=Israel |date=2015-06-28 |title=Migration of Israelites into Judah after 720 BCE: An Answer and an Update |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zaw-2015-0011/html |journal=Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft |language=en |volume=127 |issue=2 |pages=188–206 |doi=10.1515/zaw-2015-0011 |s2cid=171178702 |issn=1613-0103}}</ref>

=== Babylonian captivity ===
{{Main|Babylonian captivity}}
;597 BCE: In 598 BCE, [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] of the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] [[Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)|besieged Jerusalem]], then capital of the southern [[Kingdom of Judah]]. The city fell after a three-month siege, and the new king [[Jeconiah]], who was either 8 or 18, his court and other prominent citizens (including the prophet [[Ezekiel]]) and craftsmen, were [[Babylonian captivity|deported to Babylon]].<ref>''The Oxford History of the Biblical World'', ed. by Michael D Coogan. Published by Oxford University Press, 1999. pg 350</ref> Jehoiakim's uncle [[Zedekiah]] was appointed king in his place.

; 587/6 BCE: When Zedekiah revolted against Babylonian rule, Nebuchadnezzar responded by invading Judah ({{bibleverse|2|Kings|25:1|HE}}). In December 589 BCE, Nebuchadnezzar began [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|another siege of Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Knight |first=Doug and Amy-Jill Levine |title=The Meaning of the Bible |publisher=HarperOne |year=2011 |isbn=9780062067739 |location=New York City |pages=31}}</ref> During the siege, many Jews fled to surrounding [[Moab]], [[Ammon]], [[Edom]] and other countries to seek refuge.<ref>{{bibleverse||Jeremiah|40:11–12|HE}}</ref> The city eventually fell after a thirty-month siege, and the Babylonian general [[Nebuzaradan]] was sent to complete its destruction.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Malamat |first1=Abraham |year=1968 |title=The Last Kings of Judah and the Fall of Jerusalem: An Historical – Chronological Study |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=137–156 |jstor=27925138 |quote=The discrepancy between the length of the siege according to the regnal years of Zedekiah (years 9–11), on the one hand, and its length according to Jehoiachin's exile (years 9–12), on the other, can be cancelled out only by supposing the former to have been reckoned on a Tishri basis, and the latter on a Nisan basis. The difference of one year between the two is accounted for by the fact that the termination of the siege fell in the summer, between Nisan and Tishri, already in the 12th year according to the reckoning in Ezekiel, but still in Zedekiah's 11th year which was to end only in Tishri.}}</ref> The city was plundered, and [[Solomon's Temple]] was destroyed. Most of the members of the elite class were taken into captivity in Babylon. The city was razed. Only a few people were permitted to remain and tend to the land ({{bibleverse||Jeremiah|52:16|HE}}).: In 537 BCE [[Cyrus the Great]], the founding king of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid Persian Empire]], allowed the Jews to [[Return to Zion|return to Judah]] and [[Second Temple|rebuild the Temple]].<ref name="Coogan">{{cite book |last1=Coogan |first1=Michael |title=A brief introduction to the old testament |date=2009 |location=Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan Stökl, Caroline Waerzegger |title=Exile and Return: The Babylonian Context |date=2015 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co |pages=7–11, 30, 226}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia Judaica |edition=2nd |volume=3 |page=27}}</ref>[[File:The_art_Bible,_comprising_the_Old_and_new_Testaments_-_with_numerous_illustrations_(1896)_(14783032815).jpg|thumb|Fall of Jerusalem; Solomon's Temple is on fire]]

=== 500–1 BCE ===
;139 BCE: Expulsion from the city of [[Rome]] under the accusation of aggressive [[Conversion to Judaism|proselytizing]] among the Romans.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goodman |first=Martin |year=2006 |title=Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays |publisher=Hotei Publishing |page=207}}</ref>

===1–599 CE===
;19 CE: Expulsion from the city of Rome by Emperor [[Tiberius]] together with practitioners of the [[Ancient Egyptian religion|Egyptian religion]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Williams |first=Margaret H. |year=2013 |title=Jews in a Graeco-Roman Environment |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |page=63}}</ref><ref>Suetonius, ''The Life of Tiberius'', [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Tiberius*.html Chapter 36]. 1913. University of Chicago. Retrieved July 14, 2019.</ref>

;38 CE: Jews were expelled from one of their quarters in the city of [[Alexandria]], in Egypt, under the instigation of [[Aulus Avilius Flaccus]].<ref>[[Philo of Alexandria]], ''Flaccus'' VIII (53–57)</ref>

;41–53 CE: [[Claudius' expulsion of Jews from Rome]].

;73 CE: The Jewish defeat in the [[First Jewish–Roman War]] led to many Jews being taken prisoner and enslaved or becoming refugees.

;119: Large Jewish communities of [[Cyprus]], [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]] and [[Alexandria]] obliterated after the Jewish defeat in [[Kitos War]] against Rome. This event caused a major demographic shift in the Levant and North Africa. According to Eusebius of Caesarea the outbreak of violence left Libya depopulated to such an extent that a few years later new colonies had to be established there by the emperor Hadrian just to maintain the viability of continued settlement.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

;415: Jews expelled from [[Alexandria]] under the leadership of Saint [[Cyril of Alexandria]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cyril of Alexandria |website=Britannica.com |date=2018-06-14 |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Cyril-of-Alexandria |access-date=2019-06-14}}</ref>

;418: Jews expelled from [[Minorca]] or asked to convert.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bradbury |first1=Scott |title=severus of minorca:letter of the conversion of the jews |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1996 |page=154}}</ref>

===Sixth to tenth centuries===
;612: [[Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic]] king [[Sisebut]] mandated that every Jew who would refuse for over a year to have himself or his children and servants baptized would be banished from the country and deprived of his possessions.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Jews in Spain Under the Visigoths. |url=http://www.jewish-history.com/occident/volume7/nov1849/visigoths.html |website=Jewish-American History Foundation}}</ref>

;629: The entire Jewish population of Galilee massacred or expelled, following the [[Jewish revolt against Heraclius|Jewish rebellion against Byzantium]].

;7th century: [[Muhammad]] expelled two Jewish tribes: the [[Banu Qaynuqa]] and [[Banu Nadir]] from [[Medina]]. The [[Banu Qurayza]] tribe was slaughtered and the Jewish settlement of [[Battle of Khaybar|Khaybar]] was ransacked.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Expulsion Of Banu Qaynuqa|url=https://www.bismikaallahuma.org/history/the-expulsion-of-banu-qaynuqa/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet . Muhammad and Jews of Medina {{!}} PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/muhammad/ma_jews.shtml|access-date=2021-03-14|website=www.pbs.org|quote=Two of the tribes--the Banu Nadir and the Banu Qaynuqa--were eventually exiled for falling short on their agreed upon commitments and for the consequent danger they posed to the nascent Muslim community.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Expedition of Banu Qaynuqa » Questions on Islam|url=https://questionsonislam.com/article/expedition-banu-qaynuqa|access-date=2021-03-14|website=Questions on Islam|language=en}}</ref>

===Eleventh to thirteenth centuries===
;1012: Jews expelled from [[Mainz]].[[File:Expulsion judios-en.svg|thumb|260x260px|Expulsions of Jews in Europe from 1100 to 1600|alt=]]

;1095–mid-13th century: The waves of [[Crusade]]s destroyed many Jewish communities in Europe (most notably in [[Rhineland massacres|Rhineland]]) and in the Middle East (most notably in [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|Jerusalem]]).{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}

;Mid-12th century: The invasion of [[Almohades]] brought to an end the [[Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain]]. Among other refugees was [[Maimonides]], who fled to [[Morocco]], then [[Egypt]], then Palestine.

;12th–14th centuries: [[France]]. The practice of expelling the Jews accompanied by confiscation of their property, followed by temporary readmissions for ransom, was used to enrich the crown: expulsions from [[Paris]] by [[Philip Augustus of France|Philip Augustus]] in 1182, from France by [[Louis IX of France|Louis IX]] in 1254, by [[Philip IV of France|Philip IV]] in 1306, by [[Charles IV of France|Charles IV]] in 1322, by [[Charles V of France|Charles V]] in 1359, by [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]] in 1394.

;13th century: The influential [[philosopher]] and [[logician]] [[Ramon Llull]] (1232–1315) called for expulsion of all Jews who would refuse conversion to Christianity. Some scholars regard Llull's as the first comprehensive articulation, in the Christian West, of an expulsionist policy regarding Jews.

;1231: [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]] expels the Jews of [[Leicester]].<ref>Delany (2002), p. 48.</ref><ref>Mundill (2002), p. 60</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=Oliver |title=Jews, jurats and the Jewry Wall: a name in context |journal=Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society |volume=82 |year=2008 |pages=113–33 (129–31) |url=https://www.le.ac.uk/lahs/downloads/2008/2008%20(<span class="ltr">82</span>)%20113-133%20Harris.pdf}}</ref> 

;1253: On July 23 (Menachem Av 25) the Jews of [[Vienne, France]] were expelled by order of Pope [[Innocent III]]<ref>{{cite web
   |url=https://www.brainyhistory.com/events/1253/july_23_1253_31689.html
   |title=Jews are expelled from Vienne France by order of Pope Innocent III}}</ref>

;1275: King [[Edward I of England]] permits his mother [[Eleanor of Provence]] to expel Jews from her dowager lands, including [[Cambridge]], [[Gloucester]], [[Marlborough, Wiltshire|Marlborough]], [[Worcester, England|Worcester]].{{sfn|Hillaby|Hillaby|2013|p=142-143}} 

;1276: Jews expelled from Upper [[Bavaria]].

;1287: [[Edward I of England]] expels Jews from [[Gascony]].{{sfn|Richardson|1960|pp=225-7}}{{sfn|Huscroft|2006|pp=145-6}}

;1288: [[Naples]] issues first expulsion of Jews in southern Italy.

;1289: [[Charles II of Naples|Charles of Salerno]] expels Jews from [[Maine (province)|Maine]] and [[County of Anjou|Anjou]].{{sfn|Huscroft|2006|pp=146-149}}

;1290: King [[Edward I of England]] issues the [[Edict of Expulsion]] for all Jews from [[England]]. After 365 years, the policy was [[Resettlement of the Jews in England|reversed]] in 1655 by [[Oliver Cromwell]].

;1294: On June 24 (4th of Tamuz), the Jews of Berne, Switzerland were expelled<ref name=ExpulJP.Rez228>{{cite news
    |newspaper=[[The Jewish Press]]  |title=Time Capsule: Jewish Expulsion 
    |author=Jeff Reznik |date=February 28, 1992 |page=M11}}</ref> "Several Jews were put to death there in consequence of a [[blood libel]]" but a deal involving the Jews paying money reverted the expulsion.

=== 14th century ===
;1360: Jews expelled from Hungary by [[Louis I of Hungary]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Patai |first=Raphael |author-link=Raphael Patai |year=1996  |title=The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=0-8143-2561-0 }}</ref>

;1392: Jews expelled from [[Bern]], [[Switzerland]]. Although between 1408 and 1427 Jews were again residing in the city, the only Jews to appear in Bern subsequently were transients, chiefly physicians and cattle dealers.

=== 15th century ===
;1420–1421: [[Albert II of Germany|Duke Albert V]] orders the imprisonment and forcible conversion to Christianity of all Jews in Austria. Some convert and others leave the country. In 1421 Austrian authorities again arrest and expel Jews and Jews are banned from the capital Vienna.{{sfn|Melton|2014|p=967}}

;1442: Jews again expelled from Upper [[Bavaria]].

;1478: Jews expelled from [[Passau]].

;1491: Jews of [[Ravenna]] expelled, synagogues destroyed.

;1492: [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand II]] and [[Isabella I of Castile|Isabella I]] issued the [[Alhambra decree]], General Edict on the Expulsion of the Jews from [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] and [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]] (approx. 200,000) and from [[Sicily]] (1493, approx. 37,000).

;1495: Charles VIII of France occupies Kingdom of Naples, bringing new persecution against Jews, many of whom were refugees from Spain.

;1496: Jews expelled from [[Expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Portugal|Portugal]]. [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]], issues a decree expelling all Jews from [[Styria]] and [[Wiener Neustadt]].

;1498: [[Expulsion of the Jews from Navarre|Jews expelled from Navarre]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Last Jews on Iberian Soil: Navarrese Jewry, 1479–1498|first=Benjamin R.|last=Gampel|journal=Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research|volume=53|year=1986|doi=10.2307/3622608|pages=49–69|jstor=3622608}}</ref>

;1499: Jews expelled from [[Free Imperial City of Nuremberg|Nuremberg]].

=== 16th century ===
;1510: Jews expelled from Naples.{{cite web | title= Jewish migrations in the 16th century | website= Heimatkunde: Flucht - Migration - Integration in Brandenburg | date=2021-01-24 | url= https://www.heimatkunde-brandenburg.de/story/jewish-migrations-in-the-16th-century | access-date=2021-01-24}}</ref>

;1515: Jews expelled from [[History of the Jews in Dubrovnik|Dubrovnik]]. Exceptions are made for physicians and for short stays of merchants.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Birnbaum |first1=Marianna D. |title=The Long Journey of Gracia Mendes |date=2003 |publisher=Central European University Press |isbn=9789639241671|page=68}}</ref>

;1519: Jews expelled from [[Regensburg]].

;1526: Jews expelled from [[Pressburg]] (Bratislava) in the wake of the defeat of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] by the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Silber |first1=Michael K. |title=Bratislava |url=https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Bratislava |website=[[YIVO Encyclopedia]] |access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref>

;1551: All remaining Jews expelled from the duchy of Bavaria. Jewish settlement in Bavaria ceased until toward the end of the 17th century, when a small community was founded in Sulzbach by refugees from Vienna.

;1569: Pope Pius V expels Jews from the papal states, except for Ancona and Rome.

;1593: Pope Clement VIII expels Jews living in all the papal states, except Rome, Avignon and Ancona. Jews are invited to settle in [[Livorno|Leghorn]], the main port of Tuscany, where they are granted full religious liberty and civil rights, by the Medici family, who want to develop the region into a center of commerce.

;1597: Nine hundred Jews expelled from [[Milan]].

=== 17th century ===
[[File:1614jews.jpg|thumb|upright|Expulsion of Jews from [[Frankfurt]] in 1614]]
;1614: [[Fettmilch Uprising]]: Jews are expelled from [[Frankfurt]], [[Holy Roman Empire]], following the plundering of the [[Frankfurter Judengasse|Judengasse]].

;1654:The fall of the Dutch colony of [[Recife]] in [[Brazil]] to the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] prompted the [[Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam]], the first group of Jews to flee to [[North America]].

;1669–1670: Jews expelled from Vienna by [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor]] and subsequently forbidden to settle in the Austrian Hereditary Lands. The former Jewish ghetto on the Unterer Werd was renamed [[Leopoldstadt]] in honour of the emperor and the expropriated houses and land given to Catholic citizens.<ref>{{cite web |title=1670: The Holy Roman Emperor Banishes the Jews From Austria |website=Haaretz |date=2015-05-01 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-1670-austrian-jews-banned-1.5330064 |access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref>

;1679–1680: Jews throughout [[Yemen]] expelled from their towns and villages and sent to a desert place, in what is known as the [[Mawza Exile]].

;1683: Jews expelled from the [[French Colonial Empire]]'s Caribbean territories by [[Louis XIV]]'s decree in the [[Code Noir]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0004_0_03964.html |title=Caribbeans, Spanish--Portuguese Nation of the: La Nacion |access-date=17 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/lecodenoirouedi00fran/page/4/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Le code noir ou Edit du roy, servant de reglement pour le gouvernement & l'administration de justice & la police des isles françoises de l'Amerique, & pour la discipline & le commerce des negres & esclaves dans ledit pays. : Donné à Versailles au mois de mars 1685. Avec l'Edit du mois d'aoust 1685. portant établissement d'un conseil souverain & de quatre sieges royaux dans la coste de l'Isle de S. Domingue |access-date=December 16, 2023}}</ref>

=== 18th century ===
;1701–1714: [[War of the Spanish Succession]]. After the war, Jews of Austrian origin were expelled from Bavaria, but some were able to acquire the right to reside in Munich.

;1744–1790s: The reforms of [[Frederick II of Prussia|Frederick II]], [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] and [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]] sent masses of impoverished [[Germany|German]] and [[Austria]]n Jews east.{{NoteTag|See also: [[Schutzjude]] {{citation needed|date=March 2018}}}}

;1791: The tzarina of Russia [[Catherine the Great]] institutes the [[Pale of Settlement]], restricting Jews to the western parts of the empire by means of deportation. By the late 19th century, over four million Jews would live in the Pale.

=== 19th century ===
;1862 [[Tennessee]], [[Mississippi]], [[Kentucky]]: Jews expelled by [[Ulysses S. Grant]] by [[General Order No. 11 (1862)|General Order No. 11]].<ref>{{cite book|author=John Y Simon|title=The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, Volume 7: December 9, 1862 – March 31, 1863|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4uDIGQWEQVEC&pg=PA56|year=1979|publisher=SIU Press|page=56|isbn=9780809308804}}</ref>

;1880–1910s: [[Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire|Pogroms]] in the [[Russian Empire]]: around 2.5 million Jews emigrated from eastern Europe, mostly to the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/jewish-emigration-in-the-19th-century/|title=Jewish Emigration in the 19th Century}}</ref>

=== 20th century ===
;1917
: Jews expelled [[1917 Jaffa deportation|from the area of Jaffa]] by Ottoman authorities during World War I.

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1987-0928-501, England, Jüdische Flüchtlingskinder crop.jpg|thumb|First Batch of Refugee children arrive in England from Germany]]
[[File:19450715 Buchenwald survivors arrive in Haifa.jpg|thumb|Buchenwald survivors arrive in Haifa]]
;1933–1957: The [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] persecution started with the [[Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses]] in 1933, reached a first climax during ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' in 1938 and culminated in [[the Holocaust]] of [[European Jewry]]. The 1938 [[Evian Conference]], the 1943 [[Bermuda Conference]] and other attempts failed to resolve the problem of Jewish refugees, a fact widely used in [[Nazi propaganda]].{{NoteTag|See also: [[MS St. Louis|MS ''St. Louis'']]}} A small number of [[German Jewish|German]] and [[Austrian Jewish]] refugees from Nazism emigrated to Britain, where attitudes were not necessarily positive.<ref name="Manchester">{{cite web |url=http://phys.org/news/2013-02-british-jews-nazis-myth.html |title=Warm British welcome for Jews fleeing Nazis a 'myth' |publisher=[[Phys.org]] / [[University of Manchester]] |date=February 27, 2013 |access-date=August 4, 2016}}</ref> Many of the refugees fought for Britain in the Second World War. Already before the Holocaust, by February 1940, the [[expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany]] from [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|occupied]] western Poland also targeted some 20,000 Polish Jews.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2017|title=Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|page=15|isbn=978-83-8098-174-4}}</ref> There was a special institution set up in 1939 to coordinate the expulsion, initially named the Special Staff for the Resettlement of Poles and Jews (''Sonderstab für die Aussiedlung von Polen und Juden''), soon renamed to Office for the Resettlement of Poles and Jews (''Amt für Umsiedlung der Polen und Juden''), and eventually to Central Bureau for Resettlement (''Umwandererzentralstelle'').<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2017|title=Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=IPN|page=35|isbn=978-83-8098-174-4}}</ref> After the war, central and eastern European Holocaust survivors migrated to the western [[Allies of World War II|Allied]]-controlled part of Europe, as the Jewish society to which most of them belonged did not exist anymore. Often they were lone survivors consumed by the often futile search for other family and friends, and often unwelcome in the towns from which they came. They were known as [[displaced person]]s (also known as [[Sh'erit ha-Pletah]]) and placed in [[displaced persons camp]]s, most of which were by 1951 closed. The last camp [[Föhrenwald]] was closed in 1957.

;1940: During [[World War II]], the so-called June Deportation, carried out by the Soviet Union in June and July 1940, as the fourth of five waves of mass deportations of Polish citizens from [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|Soviet-occupied eastern Poland]], also targeted some 65,000 Polish Jews who fled from the German-occupied part of Poland.<ref name=db>{{cite book|last=Boćkowski|first=Daniel|year=1999|title=Czas nadziei. Obywatele Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w ZSRR i opieka nad nimi placówek polskich w latach 1940–1943|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Wydawnictwo Neriton, Instytut Historii [[Polish Academy of Sciences|Polskiej Akademii Nauk]]|page=83|isbn=83-86842-52-0}}</ref> According to the [[NKVD]], Polish Jews accounted for 85% of people deported in the June Deportation.<ref name=db/> The victims were deported to the [[Altai Krai]], [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]], [[Irkutsk Oblast]], [[Krasnoyarsk Krai]], [[Novosibirsk Oblast]], [[Omsk Oblast]], [[Sverdlovsk Oblast]] and [[Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Yakutia]] in [[Siberia]], and [[Arkhangelsk Oblast]], [[Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Komi]], [[Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Mari]], [[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]], [[Perm Oblast]] and [[Vologda Oblast]] in European Russia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boćkowski|first=Daniel|year=1999|title=Czas nadziei. Obywatele Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w ZSRR i opieka nad nimi placówek polskich w latach 1940–1943|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Wydawnictwo Neriton, Instytut Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk|page=85}}</ref>

;1943–1944: Jews are expelled, their citizenship is stripped from them and they are subjected to pogroms in some Italian cities, including Rome, Verona, Florence, Pisa and Alessandria.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roth|first=Cecil|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/551115|title=The history of the Jews of Italy.|date=1969|publisher=[Gregg International Publishers]|isbn=0-576-80117-8|location=[Westmead, Eng.]|pages=540–549|oclc=551115}}</ref>

;1947–1972:[[File:StLouisPorthole.jpg|thumb|Jewish refugees look out through the portholes of a ship while it is docked in the port city of Haifa.]][[File:Iraqi jews displaced 1951.jpg|thumb|[[Iraqi Jews]] displaced 1951.]][[File:ExodusSh2.jpg|thumb|The [[SS Exodus|''Exodus'']] bringing in refugees.]][[File:Op Magic Carpet (Yemenites).jpg|thumb|In the course of the operation "[[Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)|Magic Carpet]]" (1949–1950), most of the community of [[Yemenite Jews]] (called Teimanim, about 49,000) immigrated to Israel.]]The [[Jewish exodus from the Muslim world]], in which the combined population of the Jewish communities of the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]] (excluding Israel) was reduced from about 900,000 in 1948 to under 8,000 today, and approximately 600,000 of them became citizens of Israel. The history of the exodus is politicized, given its proposed relevance to a final settlement to the [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process|Israeli–Palestinian peace negotiations]].<ref name=TOI>[http://www.timesofisrael.com/foreign-ministry-promotes-the-jewish-refugee-problem/ Changing tack, Foreign Ministry to bring 'Jewish refugees' to fore] "'To define them as refugees is exaggerated,' said Alon Liel, a former director-general of the Foreign Ministry"</ref><ref name=JPOST>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/Jerusalem-Report/Israel/Changing-the-refugee-paradigm|title=Changing the refugee paradigm|work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref><ref name=CSM>[http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/1001/Israel-scrambles-Palestinian-right-of-return-with-Jewish-refugee-talk Israel scrambles Palestinian 'right of return' with Jewish refugee talk] "Palestinian and Israeli critics have two main arguments: that these Jews were not refugees because they were eager participants in a new Zionist state, and Israel cannot and should not attempt to settle its account with the Palestinians by deducting the lost assets of its own citizens, thereby preventing individuals on both sides from seeking compensation."</ref><ref name=Mendes>Philip Mendes [http://mefacts.org/cached.asp?x_id=10985 The causes of the post-1948 Jewish Exodus from Arab Countries] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130113093432/http://mefacts.org/cached.asp?x_id=10985 |date=2013-01-13}}</ref><ref name=Shenhav>[[Yehouda Shenhav]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=k7FoMi-qY4kC ''The Arab Jews: A Postcolonial Reading of Nationalism, Religion, and Ethnicity'']</ref><ref name=Shlaim>[[Avi Shlaim]] [http://www.haaretz.com/no-peaceful-solution-1.166621 No peaceful solution], ''Haaretz''.</ref> When presenting the history, those who view the Jewish exodus as equivalent to the [[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight]], such as the [[Israeli government]] and NGOs such as JJAC and JIMENA, emphasize "push factors", such as cases of anti-Jewish violence and forced expulsions,<ref name=TOI /> and refer to those affected as "[[refugees]]".<ref name=TOI /> Those who argue that the exodus does not equate to the [[1967 Palestinian exodus|Palestinian exodus]] emphasize "pull factors", such as the actions of local [[Jewish Agency for Israel]] officials aiming to fulfil the [[One Million Plan]],<ref name=CSM /> highlight good relations between the Jewish communities and their country's governments,<ref name=Shenhav /> emphasize the impact of other push factors such as the [[decolonization]] in the [[Maghreb]] and the [[Suez War]] and [[Lavon Affair]] in [[Egypt]],<ref name=Shenhav /> and argue that many or all of those who left were not refugees.<ref name=TOI /><ref name=CSM />

:Then [[UNHCR]] announced in February 1957 and in July 1967, that these Jews who had fled from Arab countries "may be considered prima facie within the mandate of this office," so according them in international law, as bona fide refugees.<ref>{{cite web |title=S.Res.494 - A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate regarding the creation of refugee populations in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Persian Gulf region as a result of human rights violations. |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/senate-resolution/494/text |website=Congress.gov |date=25 May 2006 |publisher=U.S. Congress |access-date=11 July 2020}}</ref>

;1947: [[Egypt]] passed the Companies' Law. This law required that no less than 75% of employees of companies in Egypt must be Egyptian citizens. This law strongly affected Jews, as only about 20% of all [[Jews in Egypt]] were [[Egyptian citizens]]. The rest, although in many cases born in Egypt and living there for generations, did not hold Egyptian citizenship.

;1948: State of Israel established. [[Antisemitism in Egypt]] strongly intensified. On May 15, 1948, emergency law was declared, and a royal decree forbade Egyptian citizens to leave the country without a special permit. This was applied to Jews. Hundreds of Jews were arrested and many had their property confiscated. In June through August 1948, bombs were planted in Jewish neighborhoods and Jewish businesses looted. About 250 Jews were killed or wounded by the bombs. Roughly 14,000 Jews left Egypt between 1948 and 1950.

;1949: Jordan occupies and then annexes the [[West Bank]] – largely allotted by the 1947 UN Partition of Palestine to an Arab state, proposal rejected by the Arab leadership – and conducts large scale discrimination and persecution of all non-Muslim residents – Jewish, Christian (of many denominations), Druze, Circassian, etc. – and forces Arabisation of all public activity, including schools and public administration.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark A. Tessler.|title=A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict|url={{Google books |id=3kbU4BIAcrQC |plainurl=yes}} |year=1994|publisher=Indiana University Press|page=329|quote=Jordan's illegal occupation and Annexation of the West Bank}}</ref>

;1951–1952: During [[Operation Ezra and Nehemiah]], ~120,000 Jews are expelled under the De-Naturalization Act of [[Prime Minister of Iraq|Iraqi PM]] [[Tawfeeq Al-Suwaidi]] due to Jews having too much influence over the economy.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Correspondent|first=J.|date=2004-10-15|title=The forgotten pogrom|url=https://jweekly.com/2004/10/15/the-forgotten-pogrom/|access-date=2021-03-12|website=J.|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=When Iraq Expelled Its Jews to Israel—The Inside Story|url=https://www.jpost.com/blogs/the-cutting-edge/when-iraq-expelled-its-jews-to-israelthe-inside-story-456129|access-date=2021-03-12|work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Farhud--The Violent Dispossession of Jews and Property in Iraq in 1951 {{!}} History News Network|url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/8727|access-date=2021-03-12|website=historynewsnetwork.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kendal|first=Elizabeth Natalie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9jPDAAAQBAJ|title=After Saturday Comes Sunday: Understanding the Christian Crisis in the Middle East|date=2016-06-08|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-4982-3987-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Black|first=Edwin|title=The expulsion that backfired: When Iraq kicked out its Jews|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/the-expulsion-that-backfired-when-iraq-kicked-out-its-jews/|access-date=2021-03-12|website=www.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

;1954: [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] seizes power in Egypt. Nasser immediately arrested many Jews who were tried on various charges, mainly for Zionist and communist activities. Jews were forced to donate large sums of money to the military. Strict supervision of Jewish enterprises was introduced; some were confiscated and others forcibly sold to the government.{{bsn|date=May 2022}}

;1956: [[Suez Crisis]]. Roughly 3,000 Egyptian Jews were interned without charge in four detention camps. The government ordered thousands of Jews to leave the country within a few days, and they were not allowed to sell their property, nor to take any capital with them. The deportees were made to sign statements agreeing not to return to Egypt and transferring their property to the administration of the government. The [[International Committee of the Red Cross|International Red Cross]] helped about 8,000 stateless Jews to leave the country, taking most of them to Italy and Greece. Most of the Jews of Port Said (about 100) were smuggled to Israel by Israel agents. The system of deportation continued into 1957. Other Jews left voluntarily, after their livelihoods had been taken from them, until only 8,561 were registered in the 1957 census. The Jewish exodus continued until there were about 3,000 Jews left as of in 1967.

;1962
:Jews flee [[Algeria]] as result of [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|FLN]] violence. The community feared that the proclamation of independence would precipitate a Muslim outburst. By the end of July 1962, 70,000 Jews had left for France and another 5,000 for Israel. It is estimated that some 80% of Algerian Jews settled in France.

;1965
:Situation of [[Jews in Algeria]] rapidly deteriorates. By 1969, fewer than 1,000 Jews remain. By the 1990s, the numbers had dwindled to approximately 70.{{bsn|date=May 2022}}

;1967: [[Six-Day War]]. Hundreds of Egyptian Jews arrested, suffering beatings, torture, and abuse. Some were released following intervention by foreign states, especially by Spain, and were permitted to leave the country. [[Libyan Jews]], who numbered approximately 7,000, were subjected to [[pogrom]]s in which 18 were killed, prompting a mass exodus that left fewer than 100 Jews in [[Libya]].

;1968:[[1968 Polish political crisis]] forced thousands of Jews to leave [[Polish People's Republic|communist Poland]].
;
;1970
:Less than 1,000 Jews still lived in Egypt in 1970. They were given permission to leave but without their possessions. As of 1971, only 400 Jews remained in Egypt. As of 2013, only a few dozen Jews remain in Egypt. {{asof|2019}}, there were five in Cairo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Only-5-Jews-left-in-Cairo-following-death-of-Jewish-community-president-595042|title=Only 5 Jews left in Cairo following death of Jewish community president|work=The Jerusalem Post|first=Marcy|last=Oster|date=9 July 2019|access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref> As of 2022 the total number of known Egyptian Jews permanently residing in Egypt is three.<ref name="The Yeshiva World">{{cite web|url=https://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/headlines-breaking-stories/2029523/bde-one-of-the-last-jews-in-egypt-passes-away.html|title=BDE: One Of The Last Jews In Egypt Passes Away|work=The Yeshiva World|date=17 November 2021|access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref><ref>[https://www.jewishrefugees.org.uk/2022/03/cairo-jews-protest-at-egypts-seizure-of-second-cairo-geniza.html Cairo Jews Protest at egypt seizure of second cairo Geniza accessed March 25,2022]</ref>

;1970–1986: State-sponsored persecution in the [[Soviet Union]] prompted hundreds of thousands of [[History of the Jews in the Soviet Union|Soviet Jews]], known as [[Refusenik]]s because they had been denied official permission to leave, to flee; most went to Israel or to the United States as refugees.<ref>[[Mark Azbel]] and Grace Pierce Forbes. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kGSAAAAAIAAJ&q=refusenik ''Refusenik, Trapped in the Soviet Union''.] [[Houghton Mifflin]], 1981. {{ISBN|0-395-30226-9}}</ref>
;1972: [[Idi Amin]] expels all Israelis from Uganda.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25834697|jstor=25834697|title=Israeli-Ugandan Relations in the Time of Idi Amin|last1=Oded|first1=Arye|journal=Jewish Political Studies Review|year=2006|volume=18|issue=3/4|pages=65–79}}</ref>
;1984–1985: 10,000 Jews flee Ethiopia as part of [[Operation Moses]] and [[Operation Joshua]].
;1991: 14,000 Jews flee Ethiopia as part of [[Operation Solomon]].

=== 21st century ===
;2003:Last Jew left Libya.<ref>Fendel, Hillel: "[http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/142358 New Middle East at a Glance-Leader by Leader: Part II]" Retrieved March 29, 2011.</ref>
;2010:Contact with last two Jews in Somalia was lost.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/What-There-were-Jews-in-Somalia-540076 What? There were Jews in Somalia?!], 28 January 2019</ref>
;2021:Last Jews left Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-last-last-jew-simentov-relative-flees-afghanistan-after-taliban-takeover/|title=The last, last Jew? Simentov relative flees Afghanistan after Taliban takeover|work=The Times of Israel|first1=Ilan|last1=Ben Zion|first2=Llazar|last2=Semini|date=29 October 2021|access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref>
;2021:The [[Yemenite Jews|Jewish population]] of [[Yemen]] decreases from 18 to six,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boxerman |first=Aaron |title=As 13 Yemeni Jews leave pro-Iran region for Cairo, community of 50,000 down to 6 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-13-yemeni-jews-leave-pro-iran-region-for-cairo-nations-community-down-to-6/ |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Some of Yemen's last remaining Jews said expelled by Iran-backed Houthis |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/some-of-yemens-last-remaining-jews-said-expelled-by-iran-backed-houthis/ |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Almost all remaining Jews in Yemen deported - Saudi media |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/almost-all-remaining-jews-in-yemen-deported-saudi-media-663486 |access-date=2021-03-31}}</ref> and then finally to only one.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jewishinsider.com/2022/03/only-one-jew-remains-in-yemen-u-n-says/|title=Only one Jew remains in Yemen, U.N. says|first=Gabby|last=Deutch|date=March 14, 2022|website=Jewish Insider}}</ref>

== Expulsions of Jews by country ==
{{Incomplete list|date=July 2023}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px;"| '''Country''' !! '''Date of expulsion''' !! '''Expulsion lifted (''[[de facto]]'')''' !! '''Expulsion lifted (''[[de jure]]'')'''
|-
| {{flagcountry|Austria}} || 1421 || colspan=2 | 1469
|-
| rowspan=2 | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of England|1198|name=England}} ||rowspan=2 | 1290 || rowspan=2 | 1656 || {{sort|07-07-1753|1753–54}}
|-
| 1829
|-
| {{flagcountry|Kingdom of France|valois|name=France}} || 1394 ||  18th century || {{sort|1791-09-27|27 September 1791}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Hungary|1301|name=Hungary}} || 1349 || colspan=2 | 1350 
|-
| 1360 || colspan=2 | 1364
|-
| {{flagcountry|Grand Duchy of Lithuania}} || 1495 || colspan=2 | 1503
|-
|-
| {{flagcountry|Milan}} || 1597 || colspan=2 | 1714
|-
| {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Naples|1501|name=Naples}} || 1510 || colspan=2 | 1735
|-
| {{flagcountry|Nuremberg}} || 1499 || colspan=2 | 1850
|-
| {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Portugal|1495|name=Portugal}} || 1497 || {{sort|1900|19th century}} || N/A
|-
| {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Sicily|name=Sicily}} || {{sort|1492-12-31|31 December 1492}} || colspan=2 | {{sort|1740-02-03|3 February 1740}}
|-
| {{flagcountry|Spain|1506}} || {{sort|1492-03-31|31 March 1492}} || {{sort|1900|19th century}} || {{sort|1968-12-16|16 December 1968<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1968/12/17/archives/1492-ban-on-jews-is-voided-by-spain-1492-ban-on-jews-is-voided-in.html "1492 Ban on Jews Is Voided by Spain"], ''The New York Times'', Dec. 17, 1968</ref>}}
|-
| {{flagcountry|Yemen}} || 1679<br/>{{sort|2020-03-|29 March 2021}} || colspan=2 | {{sort||}}
|-
|}

== See also ==
{{portal|History|Judaism}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Aliyah]]
*[[Antisemitism]]
*[[Geography of antisemitism]]
*[[Historical Jewish population comparisons]]
*[[History of antisemitism]]
*[[Jewish diaspora]]
*[[Jewish ethnic divisions]]
*[[Jewish exodus from the Muslim world]]
*[[Jewish history]]
*[[Pogrom]]
*[[Persecution of Jews]]
*[[Yerida]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Books ===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aschheim |first=Steven E. |title=Brothers and strangers: the east European Jew in German and German Jewish consciousness, 1800-1923 |year=1982}}
* {{cite book
 | first=J. Gordon | last=Melton
 | title=Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History &#91;4 Volumes&#93
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bI9_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA967
 | date=15 January 2014
 |publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-026-3|pages=967–
}}
{{refend}}
====Anglo-Jewish history====
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Citation |publisher=Routledge |ol=7496826M |isbn=978-0-415-93882-2 |editor=Sheila Delany |title=Chaucer and the Jews |date=2002}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hillaby |first1=Joe |last2=Hillaby |first2=Caroline |title=The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo-Jewish History |year=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Basingstoke |isbn=978-0-23027-816-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Huscroft |first=Richard |year=2006 |title=Expulsion: England's Jewish solution |publisher=Tempus |location=Stroud |ol=7982808M |isbn=978-0-752-43729-3 }}
* {{Citation |publisher=Cambridge University Press |ol=26454030M |isbn=978-0-521-52026-3 |location=Cambridge |first=Robin R. |last=Mundill |title=England's Jewish Solution |date=2002 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Richardson |first1=Henry |title=English Jewry under Angevin Kings |date=1960 |publisher=Methuen |location=London |ol= OL17927110M}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.jewishtraces.org Ordinary exile], the story of Austrian Jewish refugees in France and in Belgium
* [http://womennewsnetwork.net/2007/08/21/a-lifes-worth-of-living-witnessing-the-life-of-foreign-correspondent-ruth-gruber-in-her-new-book-witness/ A Lifes Worth of Living] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928090223/http://womennewsnetwork.net/2007/08/21/a-lifes-worth-of-living-witnessing-the-life-of-foreign-correspondent-ruth-gruber-in-her-new-book-witness/ |date=2007-09-28 }} by Lys Anzia. WNN - Women News Network
* {{YouTube|iuq3GnOXXjg|Silent Exodus}}, a documentary by [[Pierre Rehov]]

{{Jewish history}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jewish Refugees}}
[[Category:Expulsions of Jews| ]]
[[Category:Forced migration]]
[[Category:Genocides in Europe]]