m Added some turbomachinery foil bearing applications that are in active production in significant quantities.
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Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5
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|journal=Publication 97-GT-347 |
|journal=Publication 97-GT-347 |
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|year=1997 |
|year=1997 |
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}}</ref><ref >{{cite |
}}</ref><ref >{{cite magazine |
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|author=Giri L. Agrawal |
|author=Giri L. Agrawal |
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|title=Foil Bearings Cleared to Land |
|title=Foil Bearings Cleared to Land |
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|magazine=Mechanical Engineering |
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|url=http://www.rddynamics.com/pdfs/Foil-Bearings-Cleared-to-Land.pdf |
|url=http://www.rddynamics.com/pdfs/Foil-Bearings-Cleared-to-Land.pdf |
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|volume=120 |
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|issue=7 |
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|date=July 1998 |
|date=July 1998 |
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⚫ | |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160415030128/http://www.rddynamics.com/pdfs/Foil-Bearings-Cleared-to-Land.pdf |
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|volume=1978-1980 |
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⚫ |
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|via=R&D Dynamics |
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}}</ref> They were first tested for commercial use in [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 727]] and [[Boeing 737]] cooling turbines in the early and mid-1960s.<ref >{{cite journal |
}}</ref> They were first tested for commercial use in [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 727]] and [[Boeing 737]] cooling turbines in the early and mid-1960s.<ref >{{cite journal |
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|author=Scholer Bangs |
|author=Scholer Bangs |
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|date=February 1973 |
|date=February 1973 |
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}}</ref> Garrett AiResearch [[air cycle machine]] foil bearings were first installed as original equipment in 1969 in the [[DC-10]]'s [[Environmental Control System|environmental control systems]]. Garrett AiResearch foil bearings were installed on all US military aircraft to replace existing oil-lubricated rolling-contact bearings. The ability to operate at [[cryogenic]] gas temperatures and at very high temperatures gave foil bearings many other potential applications.<ref >{{cite journal |
}}</ref> Garrett AiResearch [[air cycle machine]] foil bearings were first installed as original equipment in 1969 in the [[DC-10]]'s [[Environmental Control System|environmental control systems]]. Garrett AiResearch foil bearings were installed on all US military aircraft to replace existing oil-lubricated rolling-contact bearings. The ability to operate at [[cryogenic]] gas temperatures and at very high temperatures gave foil bearings many other potential applications.<ref >{{cite journal |
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|author1=M. A. Barnett |author2=A. Silver |
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|title=Application of Air Bearings to High-Speed Turbomachinery |
|title=Application of Air Bearings to High-Speed Turbomachinery |
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|publisher=[[Society of Automotive Engineers]] |
|publisher=[[Society of Automotive Engineers]] |
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|first=Hooshang |
|first=Hooshang |
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|last=Heshmat |
|last=Heshmat |
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|author-link=Hooshang Heshmat |
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|title=Major Breakthrough in Load Capacity, Speed and Operating Temperature of Foil Thrust Bearings |
|title=Major Breakthrough in Load Capacity, Speed and Operating Temperature of Foil Thrust Bearings |
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|publisher=[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] |
|publisher=[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214192746/http://store.asme.org/product.asp?catalog_name=Conference%20Papers&category_name=%26nbsp%3B_WTC2005T-5&product_id=WTC2005-63712 |
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214192746/http://store.asme.org/product.asp?catalog_name=Conference%20Papers&category_name=%26nbsp%3B_WTC2005T-5&product_id=WTC2005-63712 |
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|archive-date=2008-02-14 |
|archive-date=2008-02-14 |
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|url-status=dead |
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}}</ref> |
}}</ref> |
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==Applications== |
==Applications== |
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[[Turbomachinery]] is the most common application because foil bearings operate at high speed.<ref >{{cite journal |
[[Turbomachinery]] is the most common application because foil bearings operate at high speed.<ref >{{cite journal |
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|author1=R. M. "Fred" Klaass |author2=Christopher DellaCorte |
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|title=The Quest for Oil-Free Gas Turbine Engines |
|title=The Quest for Oil-Free Gas Turbine Engines |
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|publisher=[[Society of Automobile Engineers|SAE]] |
|publisher=[[Society of Automobile Engineers|SAE]] |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201550/http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/2006-01-3055 |
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201550/http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/2006-01-3055 |
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|archive-date=2007-09-30 |
|archive-date=2007-09-30 |
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|url-status=dead |
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}}</ref> |
}}</ref> |
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Commercial applications in production include microturbines<ref >{{cite |
Commercial applications in production include microturbines,<ref >{{cite conference |
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|author=Lubell, D. |author2=DellaCorte, C. |author3=Stanford, M. |
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⚫ | |book-title=Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air |
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|title=TEST EVOLUTION AND OIL-FREE ENGINE EXPERIENCE OF A HIGH TEMPERATURE FOIL AIR BEARING COATING |
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|volume=5: Marine; Microturbines and Small Turbomachinery; Oil and Gas Applications; Structures and Dynamics, Parts A and B |
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⚫ |
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|title=Test Evolution and Oil-Free Engine Experience of a High Temperature Foil Air Bearing Coating |
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⚫ | |publisher=[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers|ASME]] |
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|id=GT2006-90572 |
|id=GT2006-90572 |
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|year=2006 |
|year=2006 |
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|pages=1245–1249 |
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|doi=10.1115/GT2006-90572 |
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⚫ |
}}</ref> |
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|isbn=0-7918-4240-1 |
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⚫ | }}</ref> fuel cell blowers,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.turbomachinerymag.com/view/compressors-with-foil-bearings-applied-in-fuel-cells | title=Compressors with foil bearings applied in fuel cells | date=13 April 2020 }}</ref> and air cycle machines. The main advantage of foil bearings is the elimination of the [[oil]] systems required by traditional bearing designs. Other advantages are: |
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* Higher efficiency, due to a lower heat loss to friction; instead of [[friction|fluid friction]], the main source of heat is [[parasitic drag]] |
* Higher efficiency, due to a lower heat loss to friction; instead of [[friction|fluid friction]], the main source of heat is [[parasitic drag]] |
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* Increased reliability |
* Increased reliability |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/fs14grc.html NASA Glenn Research Center "Creating a Turbomachinery Revolution"] |
*[http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/fs14grc.html NASA Glenn Research Center "Creating a Turbomachinery Revolution"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105630/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/fs14grc.html |date=2016-03-04 }} |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090413134503/http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/StructuresMaterials/TribMech/ NASA Tribology & Mechanical Components Branch] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090413134503/http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/StructuresMaterials/TribMech/ NASA Tribology & Mechanical Components Branch] |
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*[http://www.rddynamics.com R&D Dynamics Corporation Foil bearing supported high speed turbomachinery] |
*[http://www.rddynamics.com R&D Dynamics Corporation Foil bearing supported high speed turbomachinery] |
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*[http://www.uta.edu/mae/turboenergy/research.html Turbomachinery and Energy System Laboratory at UTA] |
*[http://www.uta.edu/mae/turboenergy/research.html Turbomachinery and Energy System Laboratory at UTA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305133258/http://www.uta.edu/mae/turboenergy/research.html |date=2016-03-05 }} |
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*[http://www.mohawkinnovative.com/products/compliant-foil-bearings/ Mohawk Innovative Technology, Inc.] |
*[http://www.mohawkinnovative.com/products/compliant-foil-bearings/ Mohawk Innovative Technology, Inc.] |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110720055621/http://rotorlab.tamu.edu/Tribgroup/ Tribology Group at Texas A&M] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110720055621/http://rotorlab.tamu.edu/Tribgroup/ Tribology Group at Texas A&M] |
Afoil bearing, also known as a foil-air bearing, is a type of air bearing. A shaft is supported by a compliant, spring-loaded foil journal lining. Once the shaft is spinning fast enough, the working fluid (usually air) pushes the foil away from the shaft so that no contact occurs. The shaft and foil are separated by the air's high pressure, which is generated by the rotation that pulls gas into the bearing via viscosity effects. The high speed of the shaft with respect to the foil is required to initiate the air gap, and once this has been achieved, no wear occurs. Unlike aerostatic or hydrostatic bearings, foil bearings require no external pressurisation system for the working fluid, so the hydrodynamic bearing is self-starting.
Foil bearings were first developed in the late 1950s by AiResearch Mfg. Co. of the Garrett Corporation using independent R&D funds to serve military and space applications.[1][2] They were first tested for commercial use in United Airlines Boeing 727 and Boeing 737 cooling turbines in the early and mid-1960s.[3] Garrett AiResearch air cycle machine foil bearings were first installed as original equipment in 1969 in the DC-10's environmental control systems. Garrett AiResearch foil bearings were installed on all US military aircraft to replace existing oil-lubricated rolling-contact bearings. The ability to operate at cryogenic gas temperatures and at very high temperatures gave foil bearings many other potential applications.[4]
Current-generation foil bearings with advanced coatings have greatly exceeded the limitations of earlier designs. Antiwear coatings exist that allow over 100,000 start/stop cycles for typical applications.[5]
Turbomachinery is the most common application because foil bearings operate at high speed.[6] Commercial applications in production include microturbines,[7] fuel cell blowers,[8] and air cycle machines. The main advantage of foil bearings is the elimination of the oil systems required by traditional bearing designs. Other advantages are:
Areas of current research are:
The main disadvantages are: