Gambian hip hop: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Music genre or scene}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}

The '''Gambian hip hop''' scene is a relatively new scene in [[African hip hop]] which developed in the mid-1990s and was heavily influenced by [[Hip hop music|American hip hop]] and [[Senegalese hip hop]]. Gambian hip-hop has been heavily influenced by international music scene including [[worldbeat]], [[Wolof music|Senegalese wolof music]], and [[American hip hop]], as well as traditional Gambian [[mbalax]] and ''n'daga'' music.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikWccsfwZJAC&q=gambia+hip+hop&pg=PA175|title=Culture and Customs of Gambia|last=Saine|first=Abdoulaye|date=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35910-1|pages=175|language=en}}</ref> [[Merengue music|Dominican merengue]] and [[Jamaican reggae]], [[ragga]], and [[dancehall]] have also influenced the development of Gambian hip-hop.<ref name=":0" />

=== Griot ===

Like many other [[West Africa|West African countries]], [[the Gambia]] has a history of [[griot]] storytelling going back eight centuries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mR2DwAAQBAJ&q=debbie+romeo+hip+hop&pg=PA266|title=Hip Hop around the World: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]|last1=Goldsmith|first1=Melissa Ursula Dawn|last2=Fonseca|first2=Anthony J.|date=2018-12-01|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35759-6|pages=266|language=en}}</ref> Griot is widely considered to be a precursor to [[rapping]], and was a kind of rhythmic, rhyming storytelling accompanied by [[drum]]s and sparse instrumentation.

=== Origins of modern hip-hop ===

The modern hip-hop scene in the Gambia started in the late 1990s after the Gambia opened its National Television, Gambia Radio & Television Services (GRTS) in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grts.gm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22&Itemid=53/ |title=Gambia National Television |publisher=grts.gm |access-date=2015-10-12}}</ref> The first Gambian rap group was Black Nature, founded in 1995. Other early groups were "Dancehall Masters", "Masla Bi", "Da Fugitivz", "Born Africans" and many others.<ref name=":0" /> These groups were among the most popular and most successful irap groupsinGambia at the time. They were also notable for mixing hip-hop with [[reggae]], [[mbalax]], [[Salsa music|salsa]], [[dancehall]] and other genres of music which led to the development of a distinct sound. Rappers like Poetic X and Papper House Crew held onto a more traditional sound, with a heavy emphasis on lyricism. These early groups have left a lasting impression on the hip-hop industry in the Gambia today, and some groups such as [[DaFugitivz]] are still active in the industry.

The first award ceremony to promote and celebrate Gambian hip-hop artists was the Rap Award '99 ceremony held at Kairaba Beach Hotel on 31 July 1999. The awards ceremony was organized by Gambian music promoter Harona Drammeh, who was a staff member of GRTS at the time.<ref name="hhg">[http://www.africanhiphop.com/crew/gambia.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530025653/http://www.africanhiphop.com/crew/gambia.htm|date=30 May 2008}}</ref> Now there are various award ceremonies held to promote Gambian artists in the music industry. In 2007, Black Lynx and One Tribe Sound, the best known hip hop movements and promoters in the country, joined forces as the Afric Alliance, and came up with the open mic show where rappers were invited to perform.<ref name="gar">{{cite web|url=http://observer.gm/africa/gambia/article/2008/5/23/gambian-artistes-in-major-compilation|title=Gambian artistes in major compilation – Daily Observer|date=2008-05-30|publisher=Observer.gm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210054800/http://observer.gm/africa/gambia/article/2008/5/23/gambian-artistes-in-major-compilation|archive-date=10 February 2012|access-date=2014-02-25}}</ref>

=== International success ===

Many of these early Gambian artists had breakthroughs in the international scene during the 1990s, and the success of Gambian hip-hop internationally is attributable to the global appeal of hip-hop.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikWccsfwZJAC&q=hip-hop+gambia&pg=PA175|title=Culture and Customs of Gambia|last=Saine|first=Abdoulaye|date=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35910-1|pages=175|language=en}}</ref> In August 1999 after releasing their first album, Gambian rap group Da Fugitivz were invited to the Pop Com Musical Festival in [[Germany]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.tunevibe.com/african-hip-hop-music-rap-culture-in-africa-fugitivz/ |title=Pop Com Musical Festival in Germany |publisher=Blog.tunevibe.com |access-date=2015-10-12}}</ref> and were subsequently featured on an "Africa Raps" compilation for the German record label Trikon in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.accessgambia.com/information/da-fugitives.html|title=Da Fugitivz|website=accessgambia.com|access-date=2019-12-28}}</ref> The group toured internationally, playing in Europe and the [[United States]], and received national and international awards. International artists of Gambian-origin such as [[Atlanta]]-based rapper Salma Slims have achieved mainstream success in markets such as the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/salma-slims-mixtape-interview|title=Salma Slims Is Here and Hungry For the Spotlight|last=Petrarca|first=Emilia|website=W Magazine|date=26 May 2016 |language=en|access-date=2019-12-28}}</ref>

=== Popularity and evolution ===

Gambia's hip-hop industry continued to grow throughout the 21st Century, popularized by new rappers such as Freaky Joe (now better known as Singhateh), and Sing-Jay Rebellion.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjteEhM_MFAC&q=hip-hop+gambia&pg=PA267|title=The Rough Guide to the Gambia|last1=Gregg|first1=Emma|last2=Trillo|first2=Richard|date=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-083-1|pages=267|language=en}}</ref> In the early 1990s, the Gambian hip hop scene was dominated by male rappers based in the Gambia, although now both female rappers and Gambian rappers settled abroad are getting into the scene. Nancy Nanz a.k.a. Gambian Beyonce, is one of a few women to make a breakthrough in the Gambian hip-hop industry and become well known in the Gambia. Other emerging female Gambian rap artists include Debbie Romero, a Nigerian who was raised in Gambia.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mR2DwAAQBAJ&q=debbie+romeo+hip+hop&pg=PA267|title=Hip Hop around the World: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]|last1=Goldsmith|first1=Melissa Ursula Dawn|last2=Fonseca|first2=Anthony J.|date=2018-12-01|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35759-6|pages=267|language=en}}</ref>

==Cultural impact and reception==

[[Reggae]] and hip-hop music are the most popular genres in the Gambia, and have broad appeal in the ghettos of Gambia.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUAIAQAAQBAJ&q=hip-hop+gambia&pg=PA119|title=Islam, Youth and Modernity in the Gambia: The Tablighi Jama'at|last=Janson|first=Marloes|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-04057-1|pages=117|language=en}}</ref> [[Hip hop fashion]], including baggy pants, sneakers, and baseball caps, has become very popular among male youths in Gambia although the popularity of [[hip hop]] is not as politicized as it is in many countries.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUAIAQAAQBAJ&q=hip-hop+gambia&pg=PA119|title=Islam, Youth and Modernity in the Gambia: The Tablighi Jama'at|last=Janson|first=Marloes|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-04057-1|pages=119|language=en}}</ref> The media, especially the Gambia Radio and Television Services, actively promotes artists in the hip-hop scene. Apart from the normal broadcasts, Saturday nights are usually dedicated to showcasing the music scene of the Gambia and a show called ''Extra Touch'' was the first of its kind on GRTS to invite rappers to perform live in their studios.

=== Politics in Gambian hip-hop ===

Many individual Gambian rappers use music to express controversial political and social ideas. The hip-hop community was repressed during the presidency of [[Yahya Jammeh]], but had a resurgence after his exit from office when political topics were once again able to be explored in mainstream entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/03/music-poetry-thrive-gambia-post-jammeh-170313115045976.html|title=Music and poetry thrive in The Gambia post-Jammeh|last=Mohamed|first=Hamza|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=2019-12-28}}</ref> Hip-hop artists and political activists Retsam and Ali Cham (known by the stagename Killa Ace) protested the presidency of [[Yahya Jammeh]], during whose tenure they were forced to leave the country due to threats of arrest or violence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/gambian-artists-exile-say-let%E2%80%99s-go-back-home|title=Gambian artists on exile say "Let's Go Back Home"|date=2016-12-12|website=Music in Africa|language=en|access-date=2019-12-28}}</ref> Cham fled the country and entered [[Senegal]] with his family and management after they were allegedly targeted with death threats by the Gambian government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/23/gambia-rapper-ali-cham-flees-country-song-death-threats|title=Gambian rapper 'fled country after song sparked death threats'|agency=Reuters|date=2015-07-23|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-12-28|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Cham returned to Gambia, where he continued to protest police brutality and corruption, after President [[Adama Barrow]] took office in 2017. Cham was subsequently arrested and charged with assault after an alleged run-in with law enforcement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/gambian-activist-rapper-killa-ace-charged-assault|title=Gambian activist-rapper Killa Ace charged with assault|date=2018-11-01|website=Music in Africa|language=en|access-date=2019-12-28}}</ref> Cham's controversial trial prompted criticism of Gambia's law enforcement, and renewed concerns of police brutality and corruption.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/embattled-gambian-rappers-troubles-continue|title=Embattled Gambian rapper's troubles continue|date=2018-11-16|website=Music in Africa|language=en|access-date=2019-12-28}}</ref>

{{Portal|The Gambia}}

{{Genres of African popular music}}

[[Category:Music of the Gambia|Hip hop]]

[[Category:African hip hop]]

[[Category:Hip hop by country]]