→Family: Dmitry was not reelected in the 2016 Russian legislative election.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.znak.com/2016-09-19/kak_proigryvala_oppoziciya_v_tushinskom_okruge_moskvy |title=Репортаж краха надежд |author=Екатерина Винокурова |date=19 September 2016 |publisher=Znak}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mk.ru/politics/2016/09/19/dmitriy-gudkov-rasskazal-chto-stanet-delat-posle-dumy.html |title=Дмитрий Гудков рассказал, что станет делать после Думы |author=Алексей Обухов |da
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{{Short description|Russian politician and businessman (born 1956)}} |
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{{Infobox officeholder |
{{Infobox officeholder |
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| name = Gennady |
| name = Gennady Gudkov |
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| image |
| image = File:Gennady gudkov 2021.png |
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| alt |
| alt = |
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| caption |
| caption = Gudkov in 2021 |
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| office = Member of the State Duma |
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| birth_name = |
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| term_start = 2001 |
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| term_end = 14 September 2012 |
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| birth_place = [[Kolomna]], [[Moscow Oblast]], [[Russian |
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| birth_name = Gennady Vladimirovich Gudkov |
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| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Death-date and age|Month DD, YYYY|Month DD, YYYY}} (death date then birth date) --> |
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⚫ | | birth_place = [[Kolomna]], [[Moscow Oblast]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|RSFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] |
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| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|1956|08|15|df=y}} --> |
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⚫ | | known_for = opposition to [[Vladimir Putin]], expulsion from [[State Duma]] |
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⚫ | | known_for = opposition to [[Vladimir Putin]], expulsion from [[State Duma]] |
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⚫ | | party = [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (1979-1991)<br />[[People's Party of the Russian Federation]] (2004—2007)<br />[[A Just Russia]] (2006—2013)<br />[[Alliance of Greens and Social Democrats]] (2014-present) |
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⚫ | | party = [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (1979-1991)<br />[[People's Party of the Russian Federation]] (2004—2007)<br />[[A Just Russia]] (2006—2013)<br />[[Alliance of Greens and Social Democrats]] (2014-present) |
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⚫ | | branch = [[KGB|Committee for State Security]] (KGB)<br />[[Federal Security Service]] (FSB) |
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}} |
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⚫ | | branch = [[KGB|Committee for State Security]] (KGB)<br />[[Federal Security Service]] (FSB) |
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'''Gennady Vladimirovich Gudkov''' ({{lang-ru|Генна́дий Влади́мирович Гудко́в}}; |
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| native_name = {{nobold|Геннадий Гудков}} |
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| native_name_lang = ru |
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||module = {{Listen |
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|pos = center |
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|embed = yes |
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|filename = Gennadij Gudkov voice.oga |
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|title = Gennady Gudkov's voice |
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|type = |
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|description = Gudkov on the Echo of Moscow program, 9 December 2013 |
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|}}}} |
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⚫ | '''Gennady Vladimirovich Gudkov''' ({{lang-ru|Генна́дий Влади́мирович Гудко́в}}; born15 August 1956)<ref name=Gudkov>{{cite web |url=http://gudkov.ru/%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F/ |script-title=ru:Биография Геннадия Владимировича Гудкова |publisher=gudkov.ru |language=Russian |archivedate=3 November 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103092859/http://gudkov.ru/%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F/ |accessdate=27 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> is a Russian politician and businessman. ''[[The Moscow Times]]'' described him in 2012 as "one of parliament's most vocal and charismatic critics" of President [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref name=MT>{{cite web |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/duma-kicks-out-kremlin-critic/468176.html |title=Duma Kicks Out Kremlin Critic |author=Alexander Bratersky |date=17 September 2012 |work=The Moscow Times |archivedate=19 September 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919092438/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/duma-kicks-out-kremlin-critic/468176.html |accessdate=27 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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== Background == |
== Background == |
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Gudkov received a degree in languages, an English specialist,<ref name=Perebizhchik>{{cite web |url=http://perebezhchik.ru/person/gudkov-gennadiy-vladimirovich/ |title=Гудков Геннадий Владимирович |trans-title=Gudkov Gennady Vladimirovich |work=Перебежчик (Defector) |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606001053/http://perebezhchik.ru/person/gudkov-gennadiy-vladimirovich/ |language=Russian}}</ref> from Kolomna State Pedagogical Institute in 1978.<ref name=Gudkov /><ref name=E /> He speaks both English and German.<ref name=RIAbio>{{cite news |url=https://ria.ru/20130313/927147607.html |title=Биография Геннадия Гудкова |trans-title=Biography Gennady Gudkov |agency=[[RIA Novosti]] |date=13 March 2013 |access-date=17 December 2019 |language=Russian}}</ref> After graduation, he served in the [[Soviet Army]] from 1978 until 1980 and during his enlistment, he joined the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]].<ref name=Perebizhchik/> After his service in the Soviet Army, he returned to Kolomna and worked with the Kolomna city Communist Party as an instructor in [[Komsomol]] and later as the head of operational and defense-mass work department ({{lang-ru|заведующим отделом оперативной и оборонно-массовой работы}}).<ref name=Perebizhchik/> He joined the [[KGB]], the [[Soviet Union]]'s national security agency, in 1981, working there for the next decade and finishing at the rank of lieutenant colonel.<ref name=E>{{cite |
Gudkov received a degree in languages, an English specialist,<ref name=Perebizhchik>{{cite web |url=http://perebezhchik.ru/person/gudkov-gennadiy-vladimirovich/ |title=Гудков Геннадий Владимирович |trans-title=Gudkov Gennady Vladimirovich |work=Перебежчик (Defector) |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606001053/http://perebezhchik.ru/person/gudkov-gennadiy-vladimirovich/ |language=Russian}}</ref> from Kolomna State Pedagogical Institute in 1978.<ref name=Gudkov /><ref name=E /> He speaks both English and German.<ref name=RIAbio>{{cite news |url=https://ria.ru/20130313/927147607.html |title=Биография Геннадия Гудкова |trans-title=Biography Gennady Gudkov |agency=[[RIA Novosti]] |date=13 March 2013 |access-date=17 December 2019 |language=Russian}}</ref> After graduation, he served in the [[Soviet Army]] from 1978 until 1980 and during his enlistment, he joined the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]].<ref name=Perebizhchik/> After his service in the Soviet Army, he returned to Kolomna and worked with the Kolomna city Communist Party as an instructor in [[Komsomol]] and later as the head of operational and defense-mass work department ({{lang-ru|заведующим отделом оперативной и оборонно-массовой работы}}).<ref name=Perebizhchik/> He joined the [[KGB]], the [[Soviet Union]]'s national security agency, in 1981, working there for the next decade and finishing at the rank of lieutenant colonel.<ref name=E>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2012/09/russian-politics |title=Why Gennady Gudkov was expelled from the Duma |author=J.Y. |date=17 September 2012 |newspaper=The Economist |archivedate=23 October 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023134700/http://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2012/09/russian-politics |accessdate=27 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was KGB for Kolomna city until 1989 when he worked in the Office of Counterintelligence Operations for KGB at Moscow city and Moscow oblast (region) ({{lang-ru|Службе контрразведывательных операций УКГБ по Москве и области}}).<ref name=Perebizhchik/> In 1989, he graduated from the [[Academy of Foreign Intelligence|Red Banner Institute. Yu. V. Andropov]].<ref name=Perebizhchik/> In 1992, after he resigned from the Russian Bureau of Criminal Procedure in Moscow and the Moscow Region as a major working as an operative officer, he formed his Oskord security company ({{lang-ru|«Оскордъ»}}) employing many [[Silovik|''siloviki'']] ({{lang-ru|Силовики}}).<ref name=Perebizhchik/><ref name=RIAbio/> From 1997 until 2001, he held a post in the [[Federal Security Service]] on an advisory board with other heads of private security companies.<ref name=Perebizhchik/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/russia-expels-anti-putin-lawmaker-whos-next-113639782.html |title=Russia expels anti-Putin lawmaker; who's next? |author=Nataliya Vasilyeva |date=14 September 2012 |agency=Associated Press |archivedate=5 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305023646/http://news.yahoo.com/russia-expels-anti-putin-lawmaker-whos-next-113639782.html |accessdate=27 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was active with [[UNESCO]] and was elected to vice-president of the Moscow International Fund for the Promotion of UNESCO in 1999.<ref name=RIAbio/> |
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== Duma career == |
== Duma career == |
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Gudkov was first elected to the [[State Duma]] in a by-election of the Kolomna 106th District on 18 March 2001, joining the [[People's Party of the Russian Federation]].<ref name=Gudkov /><ref name=MT/> Gudkov won the seat again in the [[2003 Russian legislative election|2003]] and [[2007 Russian legislative election|2007 legislative elections]].<ref name=Gudkov /> |
Gudkov was first elected to the [[State Duma]] in a by-election of the Kolomna 106th District on 18 March 2001, joining the [[People's Party of the Russian Federation]].<ref name=Gudkov /><ref name=MT/> Gudkov won the seat again in the [[2003 Russian legislative election|2003]] and [[2007 Russian legislative election|2007 legislative elections]].<ref name=Gudkov /> |
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Gudkov was serving as deputy chairman of the parliamentary Committee on Security during the 2002 [[Moscow theater hostage crisis]], in which 40-50 [[Chechnya|Chechen]] Islamist separatists took over a theater holding 850 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-68949717.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125061043/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-68949717.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |title=Rebels Threaten Hostages in Moscow |author=Eric Engleman |date=24 October 2002 |publisher=Associated Press |
Gudkov was serving as deputy chairman of the parliamentary Committee on Security during the 2002 [[Moscow theater hostage crisis]], in which 40-50 [[Chechnya|Chechen]] Islamist separatists took over a theater holding 850 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-68949717.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125061043/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-68949717.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |title=Rebels Threaten Hostages in Moscow |author=Eric Engleman |date=24 October 2002 |publisher=Associated Press|accessdate=27 October 2012}}</ref> He blamed the failure of security forces to prevent the attack on a systematic destruction of state security institutions following the fall of the Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-392403.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308212958/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-392403.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 March 2016 |title=Putin Takes Hard Line on Terror, Stays Silent on Use of Deadly Gas; Russian Leader Vows to Pursue Chechens' Sponsors and Financial Backers |author=Peter Baker and Susan B. Glasser |date=29 October 2002 |newspaper=The Washington Post |publisher= |accessdate=27 October 2012}}</ref> |
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Following the [[2004 |
Following the [[2004 Nazran raid]], in which Chechen rebels killed 90 people at police facilities in [[Ingushetia]], Gudkov supported President Vladimir Putin's firings of top military officials, stating, "[t]he general staff made serious mistakes regarding the military structures' actions in Chechnya."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-96576425.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125052257/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-96576425.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |title=Russian President Shakes Up Top Military |author=Maria Danilova |date=19 July 2004 |publisher=Associated Press |accessdate=28 October 2012}}</ref> He stated that "This will go on until we ourselves learn how to prevent terrorist acts, until we learn how to carry out effective operations to destroy terrorists"<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-199818.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313222318/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-199818.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2016 |title=Chechen Conflict Now Rages Beyond Russia's Expectations |author=David E. Hoffman |date=28 October 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post |publisher= |accessdate=28 October 2012}}</ref> and called for better pay for security forces to attract better quality personnel and prevent corruption, stating that the latter may have contributed to the [[Beslan school siege|Beslan school hostage crisis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-100393466.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409173726/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-100393466.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 April 2016 |title=Analysis: Inefficiency and corruption bedevil attempts to prevent more terrorist attacks in Russia |author=Robert Siegel |date=28 October 2012 |publisher=National Public Radio |accessdate=28 October 2012}}</ref> He also supported a law allowing undercover security officers to commit illegal acts such as buying guns or drugs in the course of their duties.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-102261039.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315092115/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-102261039.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 March 2016 |title=Bill Lets Undercover Police to Break the Law |author=Oksana Yablokova |date=9 November 2004 |work=St. Petersburg Times |publisher= |accessdate=28 October 2012}}</ref> |
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=== Opposition to Putin === |
=== Opposition to Putin === |
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In March 2004, following a weak performance by the People's Party in the recent legislative elections, Gudkov succeeded {{Interlanguage link multi|Gennady Raikov|2=ru|3=Райков, Геннадий Иванович|preserve=1}} as chairman of the party.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-93035818.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414045157/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-93035818.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 April 2016 |title=Unsuccessful Parties Turn on Leaders |author=Oksana Yablokova |date=31 March 2004 |work=The Moscow Times |publisher= |
In March 2004, following a weak performance by the People's Party in the recent legislative elections, Gudkov succeeded {{Interlanguage link multi|Gennady Raikov|2=ru|3=Райков, Геннадий Иванович|preserve=1}} as chairman of the party.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-93035818.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414045157/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-93035818.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 April 2016 |title=Unsuccessful Parties Turn on Leaders |author=Oksana Yablokova |date=31 March 2004 |work=The Moscow Times |publisher= |accessdate=27 October 2012}}</ref> Gudkov later became a member of Putin's [[United Russia]] party,<ref name=BBC /> before switching in 2007 to the populist [[A Just Russia — For Truth|A Just Russia]] party, many of whose members opposed Putin.<ref name=E /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-302699576.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018205051/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-302699576.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 October 2016 |title=Russian Duma expels anti-Putin lawmaker. Sign of a coming crackdown? |author=Fred Weir |date=14 September 2012 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |publisher= |accessdate=28 October 2012}}</ref> In September of that year, he criticized a bill supported by United Russia allowing [[Gazprom]], [[Transneft]], and other corporations to train and arm private security forces, calling it a [[Pandora's box]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-169310021.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018203025/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-169310021.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 October 2016 |title=Moscow's mercenaries |date=1 September 2007 |work=Foreign Policy |publisher= |accessdate=28 October 2012}}</ref> In October, he complained that United Russia "will not allow opponents" and that Russia was becoming a [[one-party state]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-169843507 |title=Power To The Party |author=Owen Matthews and Anna Nemtsova |date=22 October 2007 |work=Newsweek |publisher=}}{{dead link|date=July 2021}}</ref> and in December 2008, he sought to amend and clarify a Duma bill greatly expanding the definition of treason.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-159354047.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416010500/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-159354047.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 April 2016 |title=Familiar fear as Russia redefines treason Law could silence government critics |author=Michael Schwirtz |date=22 December 2008 |work=International Herald Tribune |publisher= |accessdate=28 October 2012}}</ref> In March 2009, he criticized legislation by [[Dmitry Medvedev]] to ban political parties with less than a 7% nationwide vote from parliament, saying that "only an incorrigible optimist could consider that a pro-democracy move".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D976EC7G2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407043636/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D976EC7G2.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2016 |title=Minor parties may get nominal Duma seats |date=27 March 2009 |publisher=Associated Press |accessdate=28 October 2012}}</ref> |
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In October 2011, Gudkov said that due to lack of free debate, "a huge negative energy among the public ready to explode any moment".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-269453816 |title=Back to the U.S.S.R |author=Owen Matthews and Anna Nemtsova |date=17 October 2011 |work=Newsweek |publisher= |
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⚫ | In October 2011, Gudkov said that due to lack of free debate, "a huge negative energy among the public ready to explode any moment".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-269453816 |title=Back to the U.S.S.R |author=Owen Matthews and Anna Nemtsova |date=17 October 2011 |work=Newsweek |publisher= }}{{dead link|date=July 2021}}</ref> He aligned himself with the "swamp opposition" ({{lang-ru|"болотных оппозиционеров"}}), which held anti-Putin sentiments.<ref name=Perebizhchik/> The following month, he broke ranks with his party's moderate criticism of Putin and warned that major street protests could result if United Russia committed electoral fraud in the impending election.<ref name=R/> In the speech, Gudkov stated that "our elections are a mix of abuse of administrative resources and work going ahead at full speed to ensure falsification". Footage of the speech became a popular video on Russian blogs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-30139976.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125053752/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-30139976.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |title=Shocked Putin greeted with boos and jeers at the big fight |date=22 November 2011 |work=The Independent |publisher= |accessdate=28 October 2012}}</ref> |
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Over the next year, Gudkov became a frequent participant and leader in public [[ |
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⚫ | Over the next year, Gudkov became a frequent participant and leader in public [[2011–2013 Russian protests|protests against Putin]].<ref name=E /> In January 2012, a secret recording of a conversation between Gudkov and politician [[Vladimir Ryzhkov]] was released in which the two appeared to discuss how to undermine other anti-Putin forces; the two called it a plot to sow distrust between opposition groups.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-30530249.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031061011/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-30530249.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 October 2017 |title=Putin in broadside against his critics and opponents |author=Daniel McLaughlin |date=20 January 2012 |newspaper=The Irish Times |publisher= |accessdate=28 October 2012}}</ref> In June, Gudkov's son [[Dmitry Gudkov]], also a Duma deputy, led a [[filibuster]] against a bill allowing large fines for anti-government protesters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/23/world/europe/ponomarev-works-to-change-russia-from-the-inside.html?_r=0 |title=Working Russia's Streets, and Its Halls of Power |author=David M. Herszenhorn |date=23 June 2012 |work=The New York Times |archivedate=5 January 2013 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130105040955/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/23/world/europe/ponomarev-works-to-change-russia-from-the-inside.html?_r=1& |accessdate=22 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Gennady Gudkov also spoke against the bill, stating that by removing outlets for protest, the legislation was putting Russia on "a sure path to a civil war".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-9b5ad90168d0473fae9f0ecbb1a96462.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325060353/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-9b5ad90168d0473fae9f0ecbb1a96462.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 March 2016 |title=Russian parliament approves harsh bill on protests |author=Vladimir Isachenkov |date=5 June 2012 |publisher=Associated Press |accessdate=28 October 2012}}</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' described the filibuster as "the most striking act of parliamentary defiance in the Putin era".<ref name=E2 /> |
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Following Gudkov's opposition, his private security firm, Oskord, became the target of "a campaign of raids and investigations from a variety of bodies, from the fire department to the Moscow architectural committee". Permission for its guards to carry firearms was revoked, making its usual security operations difficult. Gudkov estimated in July that he had lost 40% of his business.<ref name=E2>{{cite |
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⚫ | Following Gudkov's opposition, his private security firm, Oskord, became the target of "a campaign of raids and investigations from a variety of bodies, from the fire department to the Moscow architectural committee". Permission for its guards to carry firearms was revoked, making its usual security operations difficult. Gudkov estimated in July that he had lost 40% of his business.<ref name=E2>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-295314886.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018204955/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-295314886.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 October 2016 |title=Gudkovs, bad cops; Russian politics |date=7 July 2012 |newspaper=The Economist |publisher= |accessdate=28 October 2012}}</ref> |
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In August 2012, a special committee of the Duma was formed to investigate allegations that Gudkov had violated parliamentary rules by making money from the construction firm Kolomensky Stroitel while also holding his seat.<ref name=E/><ref name=LAT>{{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/15/world/la-fg-russia-opposition-20120915 |title=Russian opposition lawmaker ousted from parliament |author=Sergei L. Loiko |date=27 October 2012 |work=Los Angeles Times |archivedate= |
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On 15 September 2012, Gudkov was stripped of his seat in the Duma by a vote of 291 to 150. Gudkov called the vote a farce, saying "This is a reprisal. It is not a court."<ref name=BBC>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19601752 |title=Russian Duma expels anti-Putin MP Gennady Gudkov |date=14 September 2012 |work=BBC News |archivedate=28 October 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Bk2J5OfD?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19601752 |accessdate=27 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> A Just Russia party leader [[Sergei Mironov]] described Gudkov's expulsion as "unlawful revenge".<ref name=BBC /> [[United Russia]] Deputy [[Andrei Isayev]] stated that Gudkov had to be stripped of his seat, arguing, "People expect fairness: Everyone is equal in the eyes of the law. We cannot undermine that hope of our people."<ref name=MT/> |
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⚫ | In August 2012, a special committee of the Duma was formed to investigate allegations that Gudkov had violated parliamentary rules by making money from the construction firm Kolomensky Stroitel while also holding his seat.<ref name=E/><ref name=LAT>{{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/15/world/la-fg-russia-opposition-20120915 |title=Russian opposition lawmaker ousted from parliament |author=Sergei L. Loiko |date=27 October 2012 |work=Los Angeles Times |archivedate=31 October 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031165800/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/15/world/la-fg-russia-opposition-20120915 |accessdate=27 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Prosecutor General of Russia|Prosecutor General]] and [[Investigative Committee of Russia|Investigative Committee]] presented evidence that Gudkov had broken anti-corruption laws, and the minutes of a Kolomensky Stroitel meeting with Gudkov's signature was given as evidence of his business activity.<ref name=MT/> |
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Analysts described the vote as part of a broader crackdown against Putin's critics, noting the recent charges against anti-corruption activist [[ |
On 15 September 2012, Gudkov was stripped of his seat in the Duma by a vote of 291 to 150. Gudkov called the vote a farce, saying "This is a reprisal. It is not a court."<ref name=BBC>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19601752 |title=Russian Duma expels anti-Putin MP Gennady Gudkov |date=14 September 2012 |work=BBC News |archivedate=19 April 2013 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130419180116/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19601752 |accessdate=27 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> A Just Russia party leader [[Sergey Mironov]] described Gudkov's expulsion as "unlawful revenge".<ref name=BBC /> [[United Russia]] Deputy [[Andrei Isayev]] stated that Gudkov had to be stripped of his seat, arguing, "People expect fairness: Everyone is equal in the eyes of the law. We cannot undermine that hope of our people."<ref name=MT/> Analysts described the vote as part of a broader crackdown against Putin's critics, noting the recent charges against anti-corruption activist [[Alexei Navalny]].<ref name=BBC/><ref name=R>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/unlikely-putin-foe-faces-ouster-russia-assembly-093756790.html |title=Unlikely Putin foe faces ouster from Russia assembly |author=Alissa de Carbonnel |agency=Reuters |date=6 September 2012 |publisher=Yahoo! |archivedate=10 September 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910045631/http://news.yahoo.com/unlikely-putin-foe-faces-ouster-russia-assembly-093756790.html |accessdate=27 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=LAT/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/16/world/europe/anti-putin-protesters-march-in-moscow-russia.html?_r=1 |title=Undaunted by Arrests, the Opposition Marches Against Putin |author1=Ellen Barry |authorlink=Ellen Barry (journalist) |author2=David Herszenhorn |date=15 September 2012|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=22 September 2012}}</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' wrote that "like, in a way, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, the question is not whether Mr Gudkov ran afoul of Russian law but rather why Russian law seems to matter so little to his peers who keep themselves in the Kremlin’s better graces."<ref name=E/> |
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Gudkov relocated to [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]] in 2019 in what he claimed to be "a precautionary measure."<ref name="Reuters-GG-Bulgaria">[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/kremlin-critic-dmitry-gudkov-says-his-russia-exit-is-a-tactical-retreat-2021-06-07/ Kremlin critic Dmitry Gudkov says his Russia exit is ‘a tactical retreat’], [[Reuters]] (7 June 2021)</ref> |
Gudkov relocated to [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]] ([[Bulgaria]]) in 2019 in what he claimed to be "a precautionary measure."<ref name="Reuters-GG-Bulgaria">[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/kremlin-critic-dmitry-gudkov-says-his-russia-exit-is-a-tactical-retreat-2021-06-07/ Kremlin critic Dmitry Gudkov says his Russia exit is ‘a tactical retreat’], [[Reuters]] (7 June 2021)</ref> |
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==Social Democrats of Russia merges with Alliance of Greens — People’s Party== |
==Social Democrats of Russia merges with Alliance of Greens — People’s Party== |
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== Family == |
== Family == |
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Gudkov is married and has two sons, [[Dmitry Gudkov|Dmitry]] and Vladimir.<ref name=Gudkov /> First elected in 2011, Dmitry was also a State Duma deputy (formerly also for the Just Russia party).<ref name=E /><ref name=GudkovTreason>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/16/world/europe/russian-legislator-accused-of-treason-after-us-visit.html |title=Russian Legislator Accused of Treason After U.S. Visit |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Herszenhorn |first=David M. |date=15 March 2013 |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=18 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318104751/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/16/world/europe/russian-legislator-accused-of-treason-after-us-visit.html}}</ref> In the Duma, Dmitry was a member of the opposition to Putin known as the ''Swamp'' ({{lang-ru|"болотный"}}).<ref name=Perebizhchik/> Dmitry was not reelected in the [[2016 Russian legislative election]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.znak.com/2016-09-19/kak_proigryvala_oppoziciya_v_tushinskom_okruge_moskvy |title=Репортаж краха надежд |author=Екатерина Винокурова |date=19 September 2016 |publisher=Znak}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mk.ru/politics/2016/09/19/dmitriy-gudkov-rasskazal-chto-stanet-delat-posle-dumy.html |title=Дмитрий Гудков рассказал, что станет делать после Думы |author=Алексей Обухов |date=19 September 2016 |publisher=Московский комсомолец}}</ref> |
Gudkov is married and has two sons, [[Dmitry Gudkov|Dmitry]] and Vladimir.<ref name=Gudkov /> First elected in 2011, Dmitry was also a State Duma deputy (formerly also for the Just Russia party).<ref name=E /><ref name=GudkovTreason>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/16/world/europe/russian-legislator-accused-of-treason-after-us-visit.html |title=Russian Legislator Accused of Treason After U.S. Visit |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Herszenhorn |first=David M. |date=15 March 2013 |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=18 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318104751/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/16/world/europe/russian-legislator-accused-of-treason-after-us-visit.html}}</ref> In the Duma, Dmitry was a member of the opposition to Putin known as the ''Swamp'' ({{lang-ru|"болотный"}}, named after a square in Moscow where anti-Putin opposition held mass protests).<ref name=Perebizhchik/> Dmitry was not reelected in the [[2016 Russian legislative election]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.znak.com/2016-09-19/kak_proigryvala_oppoziciya_v_tushinskom_okruge_moskvy |title=Репортаж краха надежд |author=Екатерина Винокурова |date=19 September 2016 |publisher=Znak |access-date=2021-06-07 |archive-date=2022-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126220744/https://www.znak.com/2016-09-19/kak_proigryvala_oppoziciya_v_tushinskom_okruge_moskvy |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mk.ru/politics/2016/09/19/dmitriy-gudkov-rasskazal-chto-stanet-delat-posle-dumy.html |title=Дмитрий Гудков рассказал, что станет делать после Думы |author=Алексей Обухов |date=19 September 2016 |publisher=Московский комсомолец}}</ref> In June 2021 Dmitry Gudkov also left Russia and stated on [[Television in Ukraine|Ukrainian television]] that he intended join his parents in [[Bulgaria]].<ref name="Reuters-GG-Bulgaria"/> |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://www.gudkov.ru/ Official website of Gennady Gudkov] {{in lang|ru}} |
* [http://www.gudkov.ru/ Official website of Gennady Gudkov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224200128/https://gudkov.ru/ |date=2021-02-24 }} {{in lang|ru}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Russian businesspeople]] |
[[Category:Russian businesspeople]] |
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[[Category:2011–2013 Russian protests]] |
[[Category:2011–2013 Russian protests]] |
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[[Category:Russian exiles]] |
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[[Category:Russian expatriates in Bulgaria]] |
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[[Category:People listed in Russia as foreign agents]] |
Gennady Gudkov
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Геннадий Гудков
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Member of the State Duma | |
In office 2001 – 14 September 2012 | |
Personal details | |
Born | Gennady Vladimirovich Gudkov (1956-08-15) 15 August 1956 (age 67) Kolomna, Moscow Oblast, RSFSR, Soviet Union |
Nationality | Russian |
Political party | Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1979-1991) People's Party of the Russian Federation (2004—2007) A Just Russia (2006—2013) Alliance of Greens and Social Democrats (2014-present) |
Children | Dmitry and Vladimir |
Alma mater | Kolomna State Pedagogical Institute (1978) |
Occupation | politician, businessman |
Known for | opposition to Vladimir Putin, expulsion from State Duma |
Military service | |
Allegiance | Soviet Union Russia |
Branch/service | Committee for State Security (KGB) Federal Security Service (FSB) |
Rank | Lieutenant colonel |
Gudkov on the Echo of Moscow program, 9 December 2013 | |
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Gennady Vladimirovich Gudkov (Russian: Генна́дий Влади́мирович Гудко́в; born 15 August 1956)[1] is a Russian politician and businessman. The Moscow Times described him in 2012 as "one of parliament's most vocal and charismatic critics" of President Vladimir Putin.[2]
Gudkov received a degree in languages, an English specialist,[3] from Kolomna State Pedagogical Institute in 1978.[1][4] He speaks both English and German.[5] After graduation, he served in the Soviet Army from 1978 until 1980 and during his enlistment, he joined the Communist Party.[3] After his service in the Soviet Army, he returned to Kolomna and worked with the Kolomna city Communist Party as an instructor in Komsomol and later as the head of operational and defense-mass work department (Russian: заведующим отделом оперативной и оборонно-массовой работы).[3] He joined the KGB, the Soviet Union's national security agency, in 1981, working there for the next decade and finishing at the rank of lieutenant colonel.[4] He was KGB for Kolomna city until 1989 when he worked in the Office of Counterintelligence Operations for KGB at Moscow city and Moscow oblast (region) (Russian: Службе контрразведывательных операций УКГБ по Москве и области).[3] In 1989, he graduated from the Red Banner Institute. Yu. V. Andropov.[3] In 1992, after he resigned from the Russian Bureau of Criminal Procedure in Moscow and the Moscow Region as a major working as an operative officer, he formed his Oskord security company (Russian: «Оскордъ») employing many siloviki (Russian: Силовики).[3][5] From 1997 until 2001, he held a post in the Federal Security Service on an advisory board with other heads of private security companies.[3][6] He was active with UNESCO and was elected to vice-president of the Moscow International Fund for the Promotion of UNESCO in 1999.[5]
Gudkov was first elected to the State Duma in a by-election of the Kolomna 106th District on 18 March 2001, joining the People's Party of the Russian Federation.[1][2] Gudkov won the seat again in the 2003 and 2007 legislative elections.[1]
Gudkov was serving as deputy chairman of the parliamentary Committee on Security during the 2002 Moscow theater hostage crisis, in which 40-50 Chechen Islamist separatists took over a theater holding 850 people.[7] He blamed the failure of security forces to prevent the attack on a systematic destruction of state security institutions following the fall of the Soviet Union.[8]
Following the 2004 Nazran raid, in which Chechen rebels killed 90 people at police facilities in Ingushetia, Gudkov supported President Vladimir Putin's firings of top military officials, stating, "[t]he general staff made serious mistakes regarding the military structures' actions in Chechnya."[9] He stated that "This will go on until we ourselves learn how to prevent terrorist acts, until we learn how to carry out effective operations to destroy terrorists"[10] and called for better pay for security forces to attract better quality personnel and prevent corruption, stating that the latter may have contributed to the Beslan school hostage crisis.[11] He also supported a law allowing undercover security officers to commit illegal acts such as buying guns or drugs in the course of their duties.[12]
In March 2004, following a weak performance by the People's Party in the recent legislative elections, Gudkov succeeded Gennady Raikov [ru] as chairman of the party.[13] Gudkov later became a member of Putin's United Russia party,[14] before switching in 2007 to the populist A Just Russia party, many of whose members opposed Putin.[4][15] In September of that year, he criticized a bill supported by United Russia allowing Gazprom, Transneft, and other corporations to train and arm private security forces, calling it a Pandora's box.[16] In October, he complained that United Russia "will not allow opponents" and that Russia was becoming a one-party state,[17] and in December 2008, he sought to amend and clarify a Duma bill greatly expanding the definition of treason.[18] In March 2009, he criticized legislation by Dmitry Medvedev to ban political parties with less than a 7% nationwide vote from parliament, saying that "only an incorrigible optimist could consider that a pro-democracy move".[19]
In October 2011, Gudkov said that due to lack of free debate, "a huge negative energy among the public ready to explode any moment".[20] He aligned himself with the "swamp opposition" (Russian: "болотных оппозиционеров"), which held anti-Putin sentiments.[3] The following month, he broke ranks with his party's moderate criticism of Putin and warned that major street protests could result if United Russia committed electoral fraud in the impending election.[21] In the speech, Gudkov stated that "our elections are a mix of abuse of administrative resources and work going ahead at full speed to ensure falsification". Footage of the speech became a popular video on Russian blogs.[22]
Over the next year, Gudkov became a frequent participant and leader in public protests against Putin.[4] In January 2012, a secret recording of a conversation between Gudkov and politician Vladimir Ryzhkov was released in which the two appeared to discuss how to undermine other anti-Putin forces; the two called it a plot to sow distrust between opposition groups.[23] In June, Gudkov's son Dmitry Gudkov, also a Duma deputy, led a filibuster against a bill allowing large fines for anti-government protesters.[24] Gennady Gudkov also spoke against the bill, stating that by removing outlets for protest, the legislation was putting Russia on "a sure path to a civil war".[25] The Economist described the filibuster as "the most striking act of parliamentary defiance in the Putin era".[26]
Following Gudkov's opposition, his private security firm, Oskord, became the target of "a campaign of raids and investigations from a variety of bodies, from the fire department to the Moscow architectural committee". Permission for its guards to carry firearms was revoked, making its usual security operations difficult. Gudkov estimated in July that he had lost 40% of his business.[26]
In August 2012, a special committee of the Duma was formed to investigate allegations that Gudkov had violated parliamentary rules by making money from the construction firm Kolomensky Stroitel while also holding his seat.[4][27] The Prosecutor General and Investigative Committee presented evidence that Gudkov had broken anti-corruption laws, and the minutes of a Kolomensky Stroitel meeting with Gudkov's signature was given as evidence of his business activity.[2]
On 15 September 2012, Gudkov was stripped of his seat in the Duma by a vote of 291 to 150. Gudkov called the vote a farce, saying "This is a reprisal. It is not a court."[14] A Just Russia party leader Sergey Mironov described Gudkov's expulsion as "unlawful revenge".[14] United Russia Deputy Andrei Isayev stated that Gudkov had to be stripped of his seat, arguing, "People expect fairness: Everyone is equal in the eyes of the law. We cannot undermine that hope of our people."[2] Analysts described the vote as part of a broader crackdown against Putin's critics, noting the recent charges against anti-corruption activist Alexei Navalny.[14][21][27][28] The Economist wrote that "like, in a way, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, the question is not whether Mr Gudkov ran afoul of Russian law but rather why Russian law seems to matter so little to his peers who keep themselves in the Kremlin’s better graces."[4]
Gudkov relocated to Varna (Bulgaria) in 2019 in what he claimed to be "a precautionary measure."[29]
On 14 March 2013, he formed the Social Democrats of Russia (SDR) (Russian: «Социал-демократов России») and merged it with the Alliance of Greens — People’s Party on 25 January 2014 to become a co-chairmen of the Alliance of Greens and Social Democrats.[3][30] On 8 October 2014, he resigned from his co-chairmanship[3] and was forced from the party.[31][a]
Gudkov is married and has two sons, Dmitry and Vladimir.[1] First elected in 2011, Dmitry was also a State Duma deputy (formerly also for the Just Russia party).[4][33] In the Duma, Dmitry was a member of the opposition to Putin known as the Swamp (Russian: "болотный", named after a square in Moscow where anti-Putin opposition held mass protests).[3] Dmitry was not reelected in the 2016 Russian legislative election.[34][35] In June 2021 Dmitry Gudkov also left Russia and stated on Ukrainian television that he intended join his parents in Bulgaria.[29]
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