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⚫ | [[Romani people]] have historically been criticized and persecuted in Western countries.<ref>All information in this article can be verified at ''Hamman'' pp. 116-31 and ''Mommsen'' at pp. 30-31.</ref> This article describes a particular instanceofthis phenomenon in early twentieth century Austria and its historical significance in [[Nazi Germany]]. |
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{{inuse}} |
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==Parliamentary motion of June 1908== |
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Iro claimed that |
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In June 1908 the [[German nationalism in Austria|pan-German]] press in [[Vienna]] publicized the "dangers" of the "'''Gypsy scourge'''," largely as the result of a [[motion (parliamentary procedure)|motion]] introduced into the [[Cisleithanian]] parliament (the ''[[Reichsrat (Austria)|Reichsrat]]'' in Vienna) by the Pan-German deputy Karl Iro<ref>Iro was also the editor of the pan-German newspaper ''Alldeutsches Tagblatt'' in Vienna and was at the time one of three Pan-German deputies in the lower house of the bicameral ''Reichsrat'', which was itself known as the ''Abgeordnetenhaus''.</ref> on 5 June 1908.<ref>The term "pan-German" in this context is ambiguous. It refers both to the general movement or ideology of pan-Germanism, as well as to a specific [[political party]] in the empire known as the "Pan-German" party, which was itself led by [[Georg Schönerer]]. Iro belonged to the political party, and as well was an ideological pan-German.</ref> |
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⚫ | Iro claimed that Roma were one of the worst scourges for farmers and that "Gypsy broads" who were under [[indictment]]in[[Hungary]] had confessed that "they made their living only by stealing." Roma people in general, Iro stated, were responsible for "many of the most horrible murders and robbery" in the [[Austrian-Hungarian Empire]]. |
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Iro introduced a rather sophisticated method for contending with the "Gypsy scourge |
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⚫ | Iro introduced a rather sophisticated method for contending with the "Gypsy scourge". The principal problem was [[identity document|identification]]ofRoma people.<blockquote>Knowing their names is of tremendous value for the administration of justice, since upon his arrest, each Gypsy invariably pretends to have only one prior conviction at most. It is impossible to prove to the contrary, precisely because his correct name is not known. ... [To remedy this] each Gypsy should be marked in a manner that will make it possible to recognize him at any time. For example, a number could be tattooed on his right forearm, plus the name the Gypsy has given himself<ref>The Roma in [[Auschwitz]] were among the first to be tattooed in precisely this fashion. ''See Mommsen'' pp. 30–31.</ref> ... the numbers could be transmitted to the district courts, similarly to those of automobiles being transmitted.</blockquote> |
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The identification method would be supplemented by forced resettlement of the |
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⚫ | The identification method would be supplemented by forced [[Population transfer|resettlement]] of the Roma people. The settlements would be supervised and "controlled by a constabulary patrol ... [similar to methods] in penitentiaries and correction facilities ... [and] treated as if they were put under police surveillance." |
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In addition, |
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⚫ | In addition, Roma families would be broken up and young children would be "re-educated" to serve more "useful" social purposes. <blockquote>Children should be taken away [from those] ... who don't comply ... for example, between their fifth and sixth year. They could be sent to schools where they would have to be instructed in various crafts according to their disposition, not to be released until they were [[journeymen]]. These institutions would be some sort of correctional facilities.... If their native homeland is unknown, strong young Gypsies aimlessly wandering about should also be sent to [[forced labor]] institutions.</blockquote> |
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These measures would be expensive but to subsidize the costs, |
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⚫ | These measures would be expensive but to [[subsidize]] the costs, they wanted Roma property to be confiscated. Iro summarized by stating that<blockquote>To be sure, these are drastic measures, in particular taking away their children... [however] more moderate measures appear to be entirely futile.</blockquote> |
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The legislative motion was introduced by the three Pan-German delegates in the Parliament and was seconded by another fifteen delegates, including some Czechs, a Ruthenian and a |
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⚫ | The legislative motion was introduced by the three Pan-German delegates in the Parliament and was seconded by another fifteen delegates, including some Czechs, a Ruthenian and a Pole—nationalities which usually were deadly enemies of the Pan-Germans. The motion was rejected by the Parliament. |
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==Historical significance== |
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In June 1908 [[Adolf Hitler]] lived in [[Vienna]] and frequently attended sessions of Parliament. In any case he was a voracious reader of the pan-German press and would have been familiar with the topic through that medium. Hamman states unequivocally that "it is certain that in June 1908 Hitler occupied himself with this subject." |
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==References== |
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*{{cite book | title = Hitler's Vienna: A Dictator's Apprenticeship | last = Hamman | first = Brigitte | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York| year = 1999 | isbn = 0-19-512537-1 <!--(''Hamman'')-->}} |
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*{{cite book| title = The Third Reich Between Vision and Reality: New Perspectives on German History 1918-1945 | first = Hans | last = Mommsen | author-link = Hans Mommsen | publisher = Berg Publishers | year = 2003| isbn= 1-85973-627-0 <!--(''Mommsen'')--> }} |
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== See also == |
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*[[Romani Holocaust]] |
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*[[Anti-Romani sentiment]] |
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*[[Romani studies]] |
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*[[Traveller (disambiguation)]] - for other groups, such as [[Irish Travellers]], who are also sometimes referred to as "Gypsies" |
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==Footnotes== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}} |
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[[Category:Antiziganism in Europe]] |
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[[Category:Romani-related controversies]] |
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[[Category:Stereotypes of Romani people]] |
Romani people have historically been criticized and persecuted in Western countries.[1] This article describes a particular instance of this phenomenon in early twentieth century Austria and its historical significance in Nazi Germany.
In June 1908 the pan-German press in Vienna publicized the "dangers" of the "Gypsy scourge," largely as the result of a motion introduced into the Cisleithanian parliament (the Reichsrat in Vienna) by the Pan-German deputy Karl Iro[2] on 5 June 1908.[3]
Iro claimed that Roma were one of the worst scourges for farmers and that "Gypsy broads" who were under indictmentinHungary had confessed that "they made their living only by stealing." Roma people in general, Iro stated, were responsible for "many of the most horrible murders and robbery" in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire.
Iro introduced a rather sophisticated method for contending with the "Gypsy scourge". The principal problem was identification of Roma people.
Knowing their names is of tremendous value for the administration of justice, since upon his arrest, each Gypsy invariably pretends to have only one prior conviction at most. It is impossible to prove to the contrary, precisely because his correct name is not known. ... [To remedy this] each Gypsy should be marked in a manner that will make it possible to recognize him at any time. For example, a number could be tattooed on his right forearm, plus the name the Gypsy has given himself[4] ... the numbers could be transmitted to the district courts, similarly to those of automobiles being transmitted.
The identification method would be supplemented by forced resettlement of the Roma people. The settlements would be supervised and "controlled by a constabulary patrol ... [similar to methods] in penitentiaries and correction facilities ... [and] treated as if they were put under police surveillance."
In addition, Roma families would be broken up and young children would be "re-educated" to serve more "useful" social purposes.
Children should be taken away [from those] ... who don't comply ... for example, between their fifth and sixth year. They could be sent to schools where they would have to be instructed in various crafts according to their disposition, not to be released until they were journeymen. These institutions would be some sort of correctional facilities.... If their native homeland is unknown, strong young Gypsies aimlessly wandering about should also be sent to forced labor institutions.
These measures would be expensive but to subsidize the costs, they wanted Roma property to be confiscated. Iro summarized by stating that
To be sure, these are drastic measures, in particular taking away their children... [however] more moderate measures appear to be entirely futile.
The legislative motion was introduced by the three Pan-German delegates in the Parliament and was seconded by another fifteen delegates, including some Czechs, a Ruthenian and a Pole—nationalities which usually were deadly enemies of the Pan-Germans. The motion was rejected by the Parliament.
In June 1908 Adolf Hitler lived in Vienna and frequently attended sessions of Parliament. In any case he was a voracious reader of the pan-German press and would have been familiar with the topic through that medium. Hamman states unequivocally that "it is certain that in June 1908 Hitler occupied himself with this subject."