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==Distribution== |
==Distribution== |
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Haplogroup Y has been found with high frequency in many indigenous populations who live around the [[Sea of Okhotsk]], including approximately 66% of [[Nivkh people|Nivkhs]], approximately 43% of [[Ulch people|Ulchs]],<ref name = "Sukernik2012" /> approximately 40% of [[Nanai people|Nanais]], approximately 21% of [[Negidals]], and approximately 20% of [[Ainu people|Ainus]].<ref name = "Bermisheva2005">{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Bermisheva|2005}} |last1=Bermisheva |first1=M. A. |last2=Kutuev |first2=I. A. |last3=Spitsyn |first3=V. A. |last4=Villems |first4=R. |last5=Batyrova |first5=A. Z. |last6=Korshunova |first6=T. Yu. |last7=Khusnutdinova |first7=E. K. |title=Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA variation in the population of oroks |journal=Russian Journal of Genetics |date=January 2005 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=66–71 |doi=10.1007/PL00022112|s2cid=264200417 }} Translated from Genetika, Vol. 41, No. 1, 2005, pp. 78–84.</ref><ref name = "Tanaka2004">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1101/gr.2286304 | last1 = Tanaka | first1 = Masashi | last2 = Cabrera | first2 = Vicente M. | last3 = González | first3 = Ana M.|name-list-style=vanc| last4 = Larruga | first4 = JM| year = 2004 | last5 = Takeyasu | first5 = T | last6 = Fuku | first6 = N | last7 = Guo | first7 = LJ | last8 = Hirose | first8 = R | last9 = Fujita | first9 = Y | title = Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan | journal = Genome Research | volume = 14 | issue = 10A| pages = 1832–1850 | pmid = 15466285 | pmc = 524407 | display-authors = 3 }}</ref><ref name = "Tajima2004">{{cite journal | last1 = Tajima | first1 = Atsushi | last2 = Hayami | first2 = Masanori | last3 = Tokunaga | first3 = Katsushi|name-list-style=vanc| last4 = Juji | first4 = T| year = 2004 | last5 = Matsuo | first5 = M | last6 = Marzuki | first6 = S | last7 = Omoto | first7 = K | last8 = Horai | first8 = S | title = Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages | journal = Journal of Human Genetics | pmid = 14997363 | volume = 49 | issue = 4| pages = 187–193 | doi = 10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x | display-authors = 3 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name = "Adachi2009">Noboru Adachi, Ken-ichi Shinoda, Kazuo Umetsu, and Hirofumi Matsumura, "Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Jomon Skeletons From the Funadomari Site, Hokkaido, and Its Implication for the Origins of Native American", American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138:255–265 (2009)</ref><ref>Inoue et al. 2016</ref> It is also fairly common among indigenous peoples of the [[Kamchatka Peninsula]] (Koryaks, Itelmens) and among certain [[Austronesian peoples]] (especially groups closely related to Native Taiwanese). |
Haplogroup Y has been found with high frequency in many indigenous populations who live around the [[Sea of Okhotsk]], including approximately 66% of [[Nivkh people|Nivkhs]], approximately 43% of [[Ulch people|Ulchs]],<ref name = "Sukernik2012" /> approximately 40% of [[Nanai people|Nanais]], approximately 21% of [[Negidals]], and approximately 20% of [[Ainu people|Ainus]].<ref name = "Bermisheva2005">{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Bermisheva|2005}} |last1=Bermisheva |first1=M. A. |last2=Kutuev |first2=I. A. |last3=Spitsyn |first3=V. A. |last4=Villems |first4=R. |last5=Batyrova |first5=A. Z. |last6=Korshunova |first6=T. Yu. |last7=Khusnutdinova |first7=E. K. |title=Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA variation in the population of oroks |journal=Russian Journal of Genetics |date=January 2005 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=66–71 |doi=10.1007/PL00022112|pmid=15771254 |s2cid=264200417 }} Translated from Genetika, Vol. 41, No. 1, 2005, pp. 78–84.</ref><ref name = "Tanaka2004">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1101/gr.2286304 | last1 = Tanaka | first1 = Masashi | last2 = Cabrera | first2 = Vicente M. | last3 = González | first3 = Ana M.|name-list-style=vanc| last4 = Larruga | first4 = JM| year = 2004 | last5 = Takeyasu | first5 = T | last6 = Fuku | first6 = N | last7 = Guo | first7 = LJ | last8 = Hirose | first8 = R | last9 = Fujita | first9 = Y | title = Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan | journal = Genome Research | volume = 14 | issue = 10A| pages = 1832–1850 | pmid = 15466285 | pmc = 524407 | display-authors = 3 }}</ref><ref name = "Tajima2004">{{cite journal | last1 = Tajima | first1 = Atsushi | last2 = Hayami | first2 = Masanori | last3 = Tokunaga | first3 = Katsushi|name-list-style=vanc| last4 = Juji | first4 = T| year = 2004 | last5 = Matsuo | first5 = M | last6 = Marzuki | first6 = S | last7 = Omoto | first7 = K | last8 = Horai | first8 = S | title = Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages | journal = Journal of Human Genetics | pmid = 14997363 | volume = 49 | issue = 4| pages = 187–193 | doi = 10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x | display-authors = 3 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name = "Adachi2009">Noboru Adachi, Ken-ichi Shinoda, Kazuo Umetsu, and Hirofumi Matsumura, "Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Jomon Skeletons From the Funadomari Site, Hokkaido, and Its Implication for the Origins of Native American", American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138:255–265 (2009)</ref><ref>Inoue et al. 2016</ref> It is also fairly common among indigenous peoples of the [[Kamchatka Peninsula]] (Koryaks, Itelmens) and among certain [[Austronesian peoples]] (especially groups closely related to Native Taiwanese). |
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The distribution of haplogroup Y in populations of the [[Malay Archipelago]] contrasts starkly with the absence or extreme rarity of this clade in populations of continental [[Southeast Asia]] in a manner reminiscent of [[haplogroup E (mtDNA)|haplogroup E]]. However, the frequency of haplogroup Y fades more smoothly away from its maximum around the Sea of Okhotsk in Northeast Asia, being found in approximately 2% of [[Koreans]]<ref name = "Tanaka2004" /> and in South [[Siberia]]n and [[Central Asia]]n populations with an average frequency of 1%.<ref>[https://www.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00035.x Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in South Siberia] by Derenko1 et al., ''Annals of Human Genetics'' Volume 67 Issue 5 Page 391 - September 2003</ref><ref name = "Yao2004">{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Yao|2004}} |last1=Yao |first1=Y.-G. |last2=Kong |first2=QP |last3=Wang |first3=CY |last4=Zhu |first4=CL |last5=Zhang |first5=YP. |title=Different Matrilineal Contributions to Genetic Structure of Ethnic Groups in the Silk Road Region in China |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=11 August 2004 |volume=21 |issue=12 |pages=2265–2280 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msh238|pmid=15317881 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
The distribution of haplogroup Y in populations of the [[Malay Archipelago]] contrasts starkly with the absence or extreme rarity of this clade in populations of continental [[Southeast Asia]] in a manner reminiscent of [[haplogroup E (mtDNA)|haplogroup E]]. However, the frequency of haplogroup Y fades more smoothly away from its maximum around the Sea of Okhotsk in Northeast Asia, being found in approximately 2% of [[Koreans]]<ref name = "Tanaka2004" /> and in South [[Siberia]]n and [[Central Asia]]n populations with an average frequency of 1%.<ref>[https://www.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00035.x Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in South Siberia] by Derenko1 et al., ''Annals of Human Genetics'' Volume 67 Issue 5 Page 391 - September 2003</ref><ref name = "Yao2004">{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Yao|2004}} |last1=Yao |first1=Y.-G. |last2=Kong |first2=QP |last3=Wang |first3=CY |last4=Zhu |first4=CL |last5=Zhang |first5=YP. |title=Different Matrilineal Contributions to Genetic Structure of Ethnic Groups in the Silk Road Region in China |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=11 August 2004 |volume=21 |issue=12 |pages=2265–2280 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msh238|pmid=15317881 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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|[[Negidals|Negidal]]||0.212||33||{{harvnb|Starikovskaya|2005}}||Y1=7 |
|[[Negidals|Negidal]]||0.212||33||{{harvnb|Starikovskaya|2005}}||Y1=7 |
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|- |
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|[[Koreans|Korean]] ([[Jeju Island]]) |
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|0.217 |
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|799 |
|||
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cho |first1=Sohee |last2=Kim |first2=Moon-Young |last3=Lee |first3=Soong Deok |date=2023-03-01 |title=Biogeographic origin and genetic characteristics of the peopling of Jeju Island based on lineage markers |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13258-022-01363-5 |journal=Genes & Genomics |language=en |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=307–318 |doi=10.1007/s13258-022-01363-5 |pmid=36607592 |s2cid=255467302 |issn=2092-9293}}</ref> |
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|Y=173 |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Ainu people|Ainu]]||0.196||51||<ref name="Tajima2004" />||Y1=10 |
|[[Ainu people|Ainu]]||0.196||51||<ref name="Tajima2004" />||Y1=10 |
||
|- |
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|[[Koreans|Korean]] ([[Jeju Island]]) |
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|0.168 |
|||
|113 |
|||
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Wook Kim, Kicheol Kim, Seung Beom Hong |date=2014 |title=Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and homogeneity in the Korean population |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265612414}}</ref> |
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|Y=19 |
|||
|- |
|- |
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|Indonesian ([[Medan]], [[Sumatra]])||0.167||42||{{harvnb|Hill|2006}}||Y2=7 |
|Indonesian ([[Medan]], [[Sumatra]])||0.167||42||{{harvnb|Hill|2006}}||Y2=7 |
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Line 83: | Line 95: | ||
|- |
|- |
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|[[Itelmens|Itelmen]]||0.043||47||{{harvnb|Starikovskaya|2005}}||Y=2 |
|[[Itelmens|Itelmen]]||0.043||47||{{harvnb|Starikovskaya|2005}}||Y=2 |
||
|- |
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|[[Daur people|Daur]] ([[Hulunbuir]]) |
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|0.038 |
|||
|209 |
|||
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Chi-Zao |last2=Yu |first2=Xue-Er |last3=Shi |first3=Mei-Sen |last4=Li |first4=Hui |last5=Ma |first5=Shu-Hua |date=2022-05-18 |title=Whole mitochondrial genome analysis of the Daur ethnic minority from Hulunbuir in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China |journal=BMC Ecology and Evolution |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=66 |doi=10.1186/s12862-022-02019-4 |doi-access=free |issn=2730-7182 |pmc=9118598 |pmid=35585500}}</ref> |
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|Y1a=6, Y2=2 |
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|- |
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|[[Koreans|Korean]] ([[Seoul]]) |
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|0.037 |
|||
|134 |
|||
|<ref name=":0" /> |
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|Y=5 |
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|- |
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|[[Mongols|Mongolian]] ([[Dornod Province]]) |
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|0.035 |
|||
|370 |
|||
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Cardinali |first1=Irene |last2=Bodner |first2=Martin |last3=Capodiferro |first3=Marco Rosario |last4=Amory |first4=Christina |last5=Rambaldi Migliore |first5=Nicola |last6=Gomez |first6=Edgar J. |last7=Myagmar |first7=Erdene |last8=Dashzeveg |first8=Tumen |last9=Carano |first9=Francesco |last10=Woodward |first10=Scott R. |last11=Parson |first11=Walther |last12=Perego |first12=Ugo A. |last13=Lancioni |first13=Hovirag |last14=Achilli |first14=Alessandro |date=2022 |title=Mitochondrial DNA Footprints from Western Eurasia in Modern Mongolia |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2021.819337 |doi-access=free |pmid=35069708 |pmc=8773455 |issn=1664-8021}}</ref> |
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|Y1=13 |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Batak people (Philippines)|Batak]] ([[Palawan (island)|Palawan]])||0.032||31||{{harvnb|Scholes|2011}}||Y2=1 |
|[[Batak people (Philippines)|Batak]] ([[Palawan (island)|Palawan]])||0.032||31||{{harvnb|Scholes|2011}}||Y2=1 |
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Line 91: | Line 121: | ||
|- |
|- |
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|[[Khamnigan Mongol|Khamnigan]] ([[Buryatia]])||0.030||99||{{harvnb|Derenko|2007}}||Y=3 |
|[[Khamnigan Mongol|Khamnigan]] ([[Buryatia]])||0.030||99||{{harvnb|Derenko|2007}}||Y=3 |
||
|- |
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|[[Han Chinese]] ([[Heilongjiang]]) |
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|0.030 |
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|437 |
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|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Yu-Chun Li, Wei-Jian Ye, Chuan-Gui Jiang, Zhen Zeng, Jiao-Yang Tian, Li-Qin Yang, Kai-Jun Liu, Qing-Peng Kong |date=2019 |title=River Valleys Shaped the Maternal Genetic Landscape of Han Chinese |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/36/8/1643/5423190 }}</ref> |
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|Y1a(xY1a1)=4, Y1b(xY1b1)=5, Y2=3 |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Koreans|Korean]]||0.029||346||{{harvnb|Maruyama|2003}}||Y=10 |
|[[Koreans|Korean]]||0.029||346||{{harvnb|Maruyama|2003}}||Y=10 |
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Line 99: | Line 135: | ||
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|- |
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|[[Evens|Even]] ([[Kamchatka]])||0.026||39||{{harvnb|Duggan|2013}}||Y1a=1 |
|[[Evens|Even]] ([[Kamchatka]])||0.026||39||{{harvnb|Duggan|2013}}||Y1a=1 |
||
|- |
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|[[Mongols|Mongolian]] ([[Khovd Province]]) |
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|0.025 |
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|429 |
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|<ref name=":2" /> |
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|Y1=11 |
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|- |
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|[[Han Chinese]] ([[Jilin]]) |
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|0.024 |
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|381 |
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|<ref name=":1" /> |
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|Y1a=3, Y1b=2, Y1b1=3, Y2=1 |
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|- |
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|[[Koreans|Korean]] ([[South Korea]]) |
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|0.023 |
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|850 |
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|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yoo, Seong-Keun |date=2019 |title=Northeast Asian Reference Database (NARD) Imputation Server |url=https://nard.macrogen.com/}}</ref> |
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|Y1=10, Y1a=2, Y1b1(xY1b1a)=4, Y2b=4 |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Tajiks|Tajik]] ([[Tajikistan]])||0.023||44||{{harvnb|Derenko|2007}}||Y=1 |
|[[Tajiks|Tajik]] ([[Tajikistan]])||0.023||44||{{harvnb|Derenko|2007}}||Y=1 |
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Line 105: | Line 159: | ||
|- |
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|[[Daur people|Daur]] ([[Evenk Autonomous Banner]])||0.022||45||{{harvnb|Kong|2003}}||Y1=1 |
|[[Daur people|Daur]] ([[Evenk Autonomous Banner]])||0.022||45||{{harvnb|Kong|2003}}||Y1=1 |
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|- |
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|[[Han Chinese]] ([[Anhui]]) |
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|0.022 |
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|737 |
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|<ref name=":1" /> |
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|Y1=1, Y1a=3, Y1a1=3, Y1b=2, Y1b1=4, Y2=3 |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Han Chinese|Han]] ([[Xinjiang]])||0.021||47||{{harvnb|Yao|2004}}||Y1=1 |
|[[Han Chinese|Han]] ([[Xinjiang]])||0.021||47||{{harvnb|Yao|2004}}||Y1=1 |
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Line 113: | Line 173: | ||
|0.019 |
|0.019 |
||
|2420 |
|2420 |
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|<ref name=":2" /> |
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| |
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|Y1=39, Y1a=6, Y2=2 |
|Y1=39, Y1a=6, Y2=2 |
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|- |
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|[[Koreans|Korean]] ([[South Korea]]) |
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|0.019 |
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|593 |
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|<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hwan Young Lee |title=East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis |journal=Electrophoresis |date=2006 |volume=27 |issue=22 |pages=4408–4418 |doi=10.1002/elps.200600151 |pmid=17058303 |s2cid=28252456 |url=https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/elps.200600151 }}</ref> |
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|Y=2, Y1=9 |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Kalmyk people|Kalmyk]] ([[Kalmykia]])||0.018||110||{{harvnb|Derenko|2007}}||Y=2 |
|[[Kalmyk people|Kalmyk]] ([[Kalmykia]])||0.018||110||{{harvnb|Derenko|2007}}||Y=2 |
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Line 121: | Line 187: | ||
|- |
|- |
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|[[Japanese people|Japanese]] ([[Tōhoku region|Tōhoku]])||0.018||336||{{harvnb|Umetsu|2005}}||Y=6 |
|[[Japanese people|Japanese]] ([[Tōhoku region|Tōhoku]])||0.018||336||{{harvnb|Umetsu|2005}}||Y=6 |
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|- |
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|[[Koreans|Korean]] ([[Ulsan]]) |
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|0.017 |
|||
|1094 |
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|<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jeon |first1=Sungwon |last2=Bhak |first2=Youngjune |last3=Choi |first3=Yeonsong |last4=Jeon |first4=Yeonsu |last5=Kim |first5=Seunghoon |last6=Jang |first6=Jaeyoung |last7=Jang |first7=Jinho |last8=Blazyte |first8=Asta |last9=Kim |first9=Changjae |last10=Kim |first10=Yeonkyung |last11=Shim |first11=Jungae |last12=Kim |first12=Nayeong |last13=Kim |first13=Yeo Jin |last14=Park |first14=Seung Gu |last15=Kim |first15=Jungeun |date=2020-05-29 |title=Korean Genome Project: 1094 Korean personal genomes with clinical information |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=6 |issue=22 |pages=eaaz7835 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaz7835 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=7385432 |pmid=32766443|bibcode=2020SciA....6.7835J }}</ref> |
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|Y=19 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] ([[Xinjiang]])||0.017||58||{{harvnb|Yao|2004}}||Y1=1 |
|[[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] ([[Xinjiang]])||0.017||58||{{harvnb|Yao|2004}}||Y1=1 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|Indonesian ([[Sulawesi]])||0.017||237||{{harvnb|Hill|2007}}||Y2=4 |
|Indonesian ([[Sulawesi]])||0.017||237||{{harvnb|Hill|2007}}||Y2=4 |
||
|- |
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|[[Han Chinese]] ([[Shandong]]) |
|||
|0.016 |
|||
|1844 |
|||
|<ref name=":1" /> |
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|Y=1, Y1=4, Y1a=3, Y1a1=2, Y1b=6, Y1b1=8, Y2=6 |
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|- |
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|[[Han Chinese]] ([[Jiangsu]]) |
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|0.015 |
|||
|2471 |
|||
|<ref name=":1" /> |
|||
|Y=4, Y1=1, Y1a(xY1a1)=4, Y1b=4, Y1b1=17, Y1b1a=1, Y2=5 |
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|- |
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|[[Mongols|Mongolian]] ([[Khentii Province]]) |
|||
|0.015 |
|||
|132 |
|||
|<ref name=":2" /> |
|||
|Y1=2 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Koreans|Korean]] ([[South Korea]])||0.015||203||{{harvnb|Umetsu|2005}}||Y=3 |
|[[Koreans|Korean]] ([[South Korea]])||0.015||203||{{harvnb|Umetsu|2005}}||Y=3 |
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Line 135: | Line 225: | ||
|- |
|- |
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|Indonesian ([[Adonara]])||0.013||77||{{harvnb|Mona|2009}}||Y2=1 |
|Indonesian ([[Adonara]])||0.013||77||{{harvnb|Mona|2009}}||Y2=1 |
||
|- |
|||
|[[Han Chinese]] ([[Beijing]]) |
|||
|0.013 |
|||
|898 |
|||
|<ref name=":1" /> |
|||
|Y=1, Y1=3, Y1a=2, Y1b1=2, Y2=4 |
|||
|- |
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|[[Han Chinese]] ([[Hebei]]) |
|||
|0.013 |
|||
|1099 |
|||
|<ref name=":1" /> |
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|Y1=2, Y1a=1, Y1a1=2, Y1b=1, Y1b1=2, Y2=6 |
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|- |
|||
|[[Mongols|Mongolian]] ([[Sükhbaatar Province]]) |
|||
|0.012 |
|||
|246 |
|||
|<ref name=":2" /> |
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|Y1=2, Y2=1 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|Indonesian ([[Bali]])||0.012||82||{{harvnb|Hill|2007}}||Y2=1 |
|Indonesian ([[Bali]])||0.012||82||{{harvnb|Hill|2007}}||Y2=1 |
||
|- |
|||
|[[Han Chinese]] ([[Liaoning]]) |
|||
|0.012 |
|||
|646 |
|||
|<ref name=":1" /> |
|||
|Y=2, Y1=1, Y1a1=1, Y1b1=2, Y2=2 |
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|- |
|- |
||
|[[Yakuts|Yakut]] (vicinity of [[Yakutsk]])||0.012||164||{{harvnb|Fedorova|2013}}||Y1a=2 |
|[[Yakuts|Yakut]] (vicinity of [[Yakutsk]])||0.012||164||{{harvnb|Fedorova|2013}}||Y1a=2 |
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Line 169: | Line 283: | ||
|- |
|- |
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|[[Bashkirs|Bashkir]] ([[Beloretsky District|Beloretsky]], [[Sterlibashevsky District|Sterlibashevsky]], [[Ilishevsky District|Ilishevsky]], & [[Perm Oblast]])||0.005||221||{{harvnb|Bermisheva|2002}}||Y=1 |
|[[Bashkirs|Bashkir]] ([[Beloretsky District|Beloretsky]], [[Sterlibashevsky District|Sterlibashevsky]], [[Ilishevsky District|Ilishevsky]], & [[Perm Oblast]])||0.005||221||{{harvnb|Bermisheva|2002}}||Y=1 |
||
|- |
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|[[Japanese people|Japanese]] ([[Japan]]) |
|||
|0.005 |
|||
|1928 |
|||
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yamamoto |first1=Kenichi |last2=Sakaue |first2=Saori |last3=Matsuda |first3=Koichi |last4=Murakami |first4=Yoshinori |last5=Kamatani |first5=Yoichiro |last6=Ozono |first6=Keiichi |last7=Momozawa |first7=Yukihide |last8=Okada |first8=Yukinori |date=2020-03-05 |title=Genetic and phenotypic landscape of the mitochondrial genome in the Japanese population |journal=Communications Biology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=104 |doi=10.1038/s42003-020-0812-9 |pmid=32139841 |pmc=7058612 |issn=2399-3642}}</ref> |
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|Y1=2, Y1a=2, Y1b1a=2, Y2=4 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Japanese people|Japanese]] ([[Japan]]) |
|||
|0.004 |
|||
|672 |
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|<ref>{{Cite web |title=YFull {{!}} Mitochondrial genome variation in eastern Asia and the peopling of Japan |url=https://www.yfull.com/samples-from-paper/33/?page=6 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=www.yfull.com}}</ref> |
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|Y1b1a=1, Y2b=1, Y2d=1 |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Koreans|Korean]] ([[South Korea]])||0.004||261||{{harvnb|Kim|2008}}||Y=1 |
|[[Koreans|Korean]] ([[South Korea]])||0.004||261||{{harvnb|Kim|2008}}||Y=1 |
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Haplogroup Y has been divided into two primary subclades, Y1 and Y2. In a study published in 2016, mtDNA haplogroup Y1a was observed in an Ulchi sampled in Nizhniy Gavan, Lower Amur, whereas mtDNA haplogroup Y2a1 was observed in an [[Igorot people|Igorot]] from Mountain Province, Luzon Island, Philippines (sampled in Singapore) and in a [[Hawaiian people|Hawaiian]].<ref name = "Mallick2016">Swapan Mallick, Heng Li, Mark Lipson, ''et al.'', "The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations." ''Nature'' 538, 201–206 (13 October 2016) doi:10.1038/nature18964</ref> |
Haplogroup Y has been divided into two primary subclades, Y1 and Y2. In a study published in 2016, mtDNA haplogroup Y1a was observed in an Ulchi sampled in Nizhniy Gavan, Lower Amur, whereas mtDNA haplogroup Y2a1 was observed in an [[Igorot people|Igorot]] from Mountain Province, Luzon Island, Philippines (sampled in Singapore) and in a [[Hawaiian people|Hawaiian]].<ref name = "Mallick2016">Swapan Mallick, Heng Li, Mark Lipson, ''et al.'', "The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations." ''Nature'' 538, 201–206 (13 October 2016) doi:10.1038/nature18964</ref> |
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Y1 predominates in the Northeast Asian range of haplogroup Y, which is centered on the [[Sea of Okhotsk]]. Y1* has been observed in two [[Uyghurs]], a [[Hoklo people|Minnan]] Han Chinese in Taiwan, and a [[Khamnigan]]. Y1a* has been observed in a [[Nivkhs|Nivkh]], in a [[Buryats|Buryat]] in [[Zabaykalsky Krai|Zabaikal]], in Mongolia, in a Daur and a Han Chinese in China, and in Tibet. Y1a with an additional T16189C mutation is common among the Nivkhs and among several Tungusic peoples (Hezhen in the PRC, Ulchi, Udegey, Even in the basins of the [[Kolyma River|Kolyma]] and [[Indigirka River|Indigirka]] rivers). Y1a1 has been observed in at least five [[Uyghurs]], a [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]], a [[Buryats|Buryat]] in Buryat Republic, a [[Nanai people|Hezhen]] in China, an Udegey, three Evenks in [[Taimyr Peninsula|Taimyr]], and two Yakuts in central Sakha Republic. Y1a2 has been observed in Koryaks and in an Even in Kamchatka. Y1a appears to be a relatively young haplogroup, with an age of 6,000 (95% CI 3,300 <-> 8,800) years estimated from 13 complete genomes (Ulchi x 6, Nivkh x 3, Koryak x 2, Even x 1, Mongolian x 1); however, this estimate may be relevant only for the TMRCA of Y1a2 and most Y1a* and Y1a-T16189C haplotypes, as it is not certain that any of the Y1a mtDNAs that have been analyzed belong to the Y1a1 clade.<ref name = "Sukernik2012">{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Sukernik|2012}} |last1=Sukernik |first1=Rem I. |last2=Volodko |first2=Natalia V. |last3=Mazunin |first3=Ilya O. |last4=Eltsov |first4=Nikolai P. |last5=Dryomov |first5=Stanislav V. |last6=Starikovskaya |first6=Elena B. |title=Mitochondrial genome diversity in the tubalar, even, and ulchi: Contribution to prehistory of native siberians and their affinities to native americans |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |date=May 2012 |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=123–138 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.22050|pmid=22487888 }}</ref> (However, YFull has estimated the TMRCA of the entire Y1a clade, including all tabulated members of Y1a1 and Y1a* as well as Y1a+T16189C and Y1a2, to be 6,300 [95% CI 3,800 <-> 9,800] ybp,<ref name = "YFull">[https://www.yfull.com/mtree/Y/ YFull MTree 1.02.8328 (as of 11 March 2021)]</ref> so the addition of members of the Y1a1 subclade apparently does not significantly affect the estimate of the time to most recent common ancestor of the Y1a clade.) Y1b has been observed in a Tatar from Buinsk, Y1b1 has been observed in China, and Y1b1a has been observed in China and in Japan. The age of the entire Y1 clade has been estimated from 17 complete genomes (including the 13 aforementioned members of the Y1a clade plus one Japanese, one Chinese, and one Tatar member of the Y1b clade plus one Khamnigan member of Y1*) to be 12,400 (95% CI 5,900 <-> 19,100) ybp.<ref name = "Sukernik2012" /> |
Y1 predominates in the Northeast Asian range of haplogroup Y, which is centered on the [[Sea of Okhotsk]]. Y1* has been observed in two [[Uyghurs]], a [[Hoklo people|Minnan]] Han Chinese in Taiwan, and a [[Khamnigan]]. Y1a* has been observed in a [[Nivkhs|Nivkh]], in a [[Buryats|Buryat]] in [[Zabaykalsky Krai|Zabaikal]], in Mongolia, in a Daur and a Han Chinese in China, in Korea and in Tibet. Y1a with an additional T16189C mutation is common among the Nivkhs and among several Tungusic peoples (Hezhen in the PRC, Ulchi, Udegey, Even in the basins of the [[Kolyma River|Kolyma]] and [[Indigirka River|Indigirka]] rivers). Y1a1 has been observed in at least five [[Uyghurs]], a [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]], a [[Buryats|Buryat]] in Buryat Republic, a [[Nanai people|Hezhen]] in China, an Udegey, three Evenks in [[Taimyr Peninsula|Taimyr]], and two Yakuts in central Sakha Republic. Y1a2 has been observed in Koryaks and in an Even in Kamchatka. Y1a appears to be a relatively young haplogroup, with an age of 6,000 (95% CI 3,300 <-> 8,800) years estimated from 13 complete genomes (Ulchi x 6, Nivkh x 3, Koryak x 2, Even x 1, Mongolian x 1); however, this estimate may be relevant only for the TMRCA of Y1a2 and most Y1a* and Y1a-T16189C haplotypes, as it is not certain that any of the Y1a mtDNAs that have been analyzed belong to the Y1a1 clade.<ref name = "Sukernik2012">{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Sukernik|2012}} |last1=Sukernik |first1=Rem I. |last2=Volodko |first2=Natalia V. |last3=Mazunin |first3=Ilya O. |last4=Eltsov |first4=Nikolai P. |last5=Dryomov |first5=Stanislav V. |last6=Starikovskaya |first6=Elena B. |title=Mitochondrial genome diversity in the tubalar, even, and ulchi: Contribution to prehistory of native siberians and their affinities to native americans |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |date=May 2012 |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=123–138 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.22050|pmid=22487888 }}</ref> (However, YFull has estimated the TMRCA of the entire Y1a clade, including all tabulated members of Y1a1 and Y1a* as well as Y1a+T16189C and Y1a2, to be 6,300 [95% CI 3,800 <-> 9,800] ybp,<ref name = "YFull">[https://www.yfull.com/mtree/Y/ YFull MTree 1.02.8328 (as of 11 March 2021)]</ref> so the addition of members of the Y1a1 subclade apparently does not significantly affect the estimate of the time to most recent common ancestor of the Y1a clade.) Y1b has been observed in a Tatar from Buinsk, Y1b1 has been observed in China, and Y1b1a has been observed in China and in Japan. The age of the entire Y1 clade has been estimated from 17 complete genomes (including the 13 aforementioned members of the Y1a clade plus one Japanese, one Chinese, and one Tatar member of the Y1b clade plus one Khamnigan member of Y1*) to be 12,400 (95% CI 5,900 <-> 19,100) ybp.<ref name = "Sukernik2012" /> |
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Y2a predominates in the Southeast Asian range of haplogroup Y, which is centered on the [[Philippines]] and [[Sumatra]]. However, Y2b has been observed in [[Japan]] and in a [[Buryats|Buryat]], and Y2* has been observed in Chinese, Japanese, and Khamnigan samples. |
Y2a predominates in the Southeast Asian range of haplogroup Y, which is centered on the [[Philippines]] and [[Sumatra]]. However, Y2b has been observed in [[Japan]] and in a [[Buryats|Buryat]], and Y2* has been observed in Chinese, Japanese, and Khamnigan samples. |
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This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup Y subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser ''Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation''<ref name="vanOven" /> and subsequent published research.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} |
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup Y subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser ''Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation''<ref name="vanOven" /> and subsequent published research.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} |
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*Y |
*'''Y''' |
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**'''Y1''' - South Siberia, China,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Y - MT Tree - TheYtree |url=https://www.theytree.com/mttree/Y |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=www.theytree.com}}</ref> Korea<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Wook Kim |last2=Seung Beom Hong |last3=Kicheol Kim |date=2014 |title=Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and homogeneity in the Korean population |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265612414 |website=researchgate}}</ref> |
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**Y1 - Southern Tungusic peoples |
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***Y1a - Nivkh, Ulchi, Hezhen |
***Y1a - Nivkh, Ulchi, Hezhen |
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****Y1a1 - China (Beijing, Liaoning) |
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***Y1b - Korea, China ([[North China]], [[Northeast China]]) |
***Y1b - Korea, China ([[North China]], [[Northeast China]]) |
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** |
****Y1b1 - Korea, China |
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*****Y1b1a - Korea |
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***Y2a |
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**'''Y2''' |
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***Y2b |
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***Y2a - Philippines, Indonesia |
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***Y2b - Korea, Japan |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{refbegin|2}} |
{{refbegin|2}} |
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* {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Duggan|2013}} |last1=Duggan |first1=Ana T. |last2=Whitten |first2=Mark |last3=Wiebe |first3=Victor |last4=Crawford |first4=Michael |last5=Butthof |first5=Anne |last6=Spitsyn |first6=Victor |last7=Makarov |first7=Sergey |last8=Novgorodov |first8=Innokentiy |last9=Osakovsky |first9=Vladimir |last10=Pakendorf |first10=Brigitte |author10-link=Brigitte Pakendorf|title=Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers |journal=PLOS ONE |date=12 December 2013 |volume=8 |issue=12 |pages=e83570 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0083570|pmid=24349531 |pmc=3861515 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...883570D |doi-access=free }} |
* {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Duggan|2013}} |last1=Duggan |first1=Ana T. |last2=Whitten |first2=Mark |last3=Wiebe |first3=Victor |last4=Crawford |first4=Michael |last5=Butthof |first5=Anne |last6=Spitsyn |first6=Victor |last7=Makarov |first7=Sergey |last8=Novgorodov |first8=Innokentiy |last9=Osakovsky |first9=Vladimir |last10=Pakendorf |first10=Brigitte |author10-link=Brigitte Pakendorf|title=Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers |journal=PLOS ONE |date=12 December 2013 |volume=8 |issue=12 |pages=e83570 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0083570|pmid=24349531 |pmc=3861515 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...883570D |doi-access=free }} |
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* {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Starikovskaya|2005}} |last1=Starikovskaya |first1=Elena B. |last2=Sukernik |first2=Rem I. |last3=Derbeneva |first3=Olga A. |last4=Volodko |first4=Natalia V. |last5= |
* {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Starikovskaya|2005}} |last1=Starikovskaya |first1=Elena B. |last2=Sukernik |first2=Rem I. |last3=Derbeneva |first3=Olga A. |last4=Volodko |first4=Natalia V. |last5=Ruiz-Pesini |first5=Eduardo |last6=Torroni |first6=Antonio |last7=Brown |first7=Michael D. |last8=Lott |first8=Marie T. |last9=Hosseini |first9=Seyed H. |last10=Huoponen |first10=Kirsi |last11=Wallace |first11=Douglas C. |title=Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Indigenous Populations of the Southern Extent of Siberia, and the Origins of Native American Haplogroups |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |date=January 2005 |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=67–89 |doi=10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00127.x|pmid=15638829 |pmc=3905771 }} |
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* {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Volodko|2008}} |last1=Volodko |first1=Natalia V. |last2=Starikovskaya |first2=Elena B. |last3=Mazunin |first3=Ilya O. |last4=Eltsov |first4=Nikolai P. |last5=Naidenko |first5=Polina V. |last6=Wallace |first6=Douglas C. |last7=Sukernik |first7=Rem I. |title=Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Arctic Siberians, with Particular Reference to the Evolutionary History of Beringia and Pleistocenic Peopling of the Americas |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=May 2008 |volume=82 |issue=5 |pages=1084–1100 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.019|pmid=18452887 |pmc=2427195 }} |
* {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Volodko|2008}} |last1=Volodko |first1=Natalia V. |last2=Starikovskaya |first2=Elena B. |last3=Mazunin |first3=Ilya O. |last4=Eltsov |first4=Nikolai P. |last5=Naidenko |first5=Polina V. |last6=Wallace |first6=Douglas C. |last7=Sukernik |first7=Rem I. |title=Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Arctic Siberians, with Particular Reference to the Evolutionary History of Beringia and Pleistocenic Peopling of the Americas |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=May 2008 |volume=82 |issue=5 |pages=1084–1100 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.019|pmid=18452887 |pmc=2427195 }} |
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* {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Derenko|2007}} |last1=Derenko |first1=Miroslava |last2=Malyarchuk |first2=Boris |last3=Grzybowski |first3=Tomasz |last4=Denisova |first4=Galina |last5=Dambueva |first5=Irina |last6=Perkova |first6=Maria |last7=Dorzhu |first7=Choduraa |last8=Luzina |first8=Faina |last9=Lee |first9=Hong Kyu |last10=Vanecek |first10=Tomas |last11=Villems |first11=Richard |last12=Zakharov |first12=Ilia |title=Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=November 2007 |volume=81 |issue=5 |pages=1025–1041 |doi=10.1086/522933|pmid=17924343 |pmc=2265662 }} |
* {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Derenko|2007}} |last1=Derenko |first1=Miroslava |last2=Malyarchuk |first2=Boris |last3=Grzybowski |first3=Tomasz |last4=Denisova |first4=Galina |last5=Dambueva |first5=Irina |last6=Perkova |first6=Maria |last7=Dorzhu |first7=Choduraa |last8=Luzina |first8=Faina |last9=Lee |first9=Hong Kyu |last10=Vanecek |first10=Tomas |last11=Villems |first11=Richard |last12=Zakharov |first12=Ilia |title=Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=November 2007 |volume=81 |issue=5 |pages=1025–1041 |doi=10.1086/522933|pmid=17924343 |pmc=2265662 }} |
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* {{cite journal |given1=Min-Sheng |surname1=Peng |given2=Jun-Dong |surname2=He |given3=Hai-Xin |surname3=Liu |given4=Ya-Ping |surname4=Zhang |title=Tracing the legacy of the early Hainan Islanders – a perspective from mitochondrial DNA |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |year=2011 |volume=11 |number=46 |page=46 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-11-46 |doi-access=free |pmc=3048540 |pmid=21324107 |bibcode=2011BMCEE..11...46P |ref={{sfnref|Peng|2011}}}} |
* {{cite journal |given1=Min-Sheng |surname1=Peng |given2=Jun-Dong |surname2=He |given3=Hai-Xin |surname3=Liu |given4=Ya-Ping |surname4=Zhang |title=Tracing the legacy of the early Hainan Islanders – a perspective from mitochondrial DNA |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |year=2011 |volume=11 |number=46 |page=46 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-11-46 |doi-access=free |pmc=3048540 |pmid=21324107 |bibcode=2011BMCEE..11...46P |ref={{sfnref|Peng|2011}}}} |
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* {{cite journal |surname1=Liu |given1=Chang |surname2=Wang |given2=Sha-Yan |surname3=Zhao |given3=Mian |surname4=Xu |given4=Zhi-Yong |surname5=Hu |given5=Yu-Hua |surname6=Chen |given6=Feng |surname7=Zhang |given7=Ruan-Zhang |surname8=Gao |given8=Guo-Feng |surname9=Yu |given9=Yue-Sheng |surname10=Kong |given10=Qing-Peng |title=Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in Gelao ethnic group residing in Southwest China |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics |year=2011 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=PE4–E10 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.04.007 |pmid=20494640 |ref={{sfnref|Liu|2011}}}} |
* {{cite journal |surname1=Liu |given1=Chang |surname2=Wang |given2=Sha-Yan |surname3=Zhao |given3=Mian |surname4=Xu |given4=Zhi-Yong |surname5=Hu |given5=Yu-Hua |surname6=Chen |given6=Feng |surname7=Zhang |given7=Ruan-Zhang |surname8=Gao |given8=Guo-Feng |surname9=Yu |given9=Yue-Sheng |surname10=Kong |given10=Qing-Peng |title=Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in Gelao ethnic group residing in Southwest China |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics |year=2011 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=PE4–E10 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.04.007 |pmid=20494640 |ref={{sfnref|Liu|2011}}}} |
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* {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Malyarchuk|2010}} |last1=Malyarchuk |first1=B. |last2=Derenko |first2=M. |last3=Denisova |first3=G. |last4=Kravtsova |first4=O. |title=Mitogenomic Diversity in Tatars from the Volga-Ural Region of Russia |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=1 October 2010 |volume=27 |issue=10 |pages=2220–2226 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msq065|doi-access=free }} |
* {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Malyarchuk|2010}} |last1=Malyarchuk |first1=B. |last2=Derenko |first2=M. |last3=Denisova |first3=G. |last4=Kravtsova |first4=O. |title=Mitogenomic Diversity in Tatars from the Volga-Ural Region of Russia |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=1 October 2010 |volume=27 |issue=10 |pages=2220–2226 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msq065|doi-access=free |pmid=20457583 }} |
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* {{cite journal |ref={{harvid||Mona|2009}} |last1=Mona |first1=S. |last2=Grunz |first2=K. E. |last3=Brauer |first3=S. |last4=Pakendorf |first4=B. |last5=Castri |first5=L. |last6=Sudoyo |first6=H. |last7=Marzuki |first7=S. |last8=Barnes |first8=R. H. |last9=Schmidtke |first9=J. |last10=Stoneking |first10=M. |last11=Kayser |first11=M. |title=Genetic Admixture History of Eastern Indonesia as Revealed by Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Analysis |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=1 August 2009 |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=1865–1877 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msp097|pmid=19414523 |doi-access=free }} |
* {{cite journal |ref={{harvid||Mona|2009}} |last1=Mona |first1=S. |last2=Grunz |first2=K. E. |last3=Brauer |first3=S. |last4=Pakendorf |first4=B. |last5=Castri |first5=L. |last6=Sudoyo |first6=H. |last7=Marzuki |first7=S. |last8=Barnes |first8=R. H. |last9=Schmidtke |first9=J. |last10=Stoneking |first10=M. |last11=Kayser |first11=M. |title=Genetic Admixture History of Eastern Indonesia as Revealed by Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Analysis |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=1 August 2009 |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=1865–1877 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msp097|pmid=19414523 |doi-access=free }} |
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* {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Wen|2005}} |last1=Wen |first1=Bo |last2=Li |first2=Hui |last3=Gao |first3=Song |last4=Mao |first4=Xianyun |last5=Gao |first5=Yang |last6=Li |first6=Feng |last7=Zhang |first7=Feng |last8=He |first8=Yungang |last9=Dong |first9=Yongli |last10=Zhang |first10=Youjun |last11=Huang |first11=Wenju |last12=Jin |first12=Jianzhong |last13=Xiao |first13=Chunjie |last14=Lu |first14=Daru |last15=Chakraborty |first15=Ranajit |last16=Su |first16=Bing |last17=Deka |first17=Ranjan |last18=Jin |first18=Li |title=Genetic Structure of Hmong-Mien Speaking Populations in East Asia as Revealed by mtDNA Lineages |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=March 2005 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=725–734 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msi055|pmid=15548747 |doi-access=free }} |
* {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Wen|2005}} |last1=Wen |first1=Bo |last2=Li |first2=Hui |last3=Gao |first3=Song |last4=Mao |first4=Xianyun |last5=Gao |first5=Yang |last6=Li |first6=Feng |last7=Zhang |first7=Feng |last8=He |first8=Yungang |last9=Dong |first9=Yongli |last10=Zhang |first10=Youjun |last11=Huang |first11=Wenju |last12=Jin |first12=Jianzhong |last13=Xiao |first13=Chunjie |last14=Lu |first14=Daru |last15=Chakraborty |first15=Ranajit |last16=Su |first16=Bing |last17=Deka |first17=Ranjan |last18=Jin |first18=Li |title=Genetic Structure of Hmong-Mien Speaking Populations in East Asia as Revealed by mtDNA Lineages |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=March 2005 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=725–734 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msi055|pmid=15548747 |doi-access=free }} |
Haplogroup Y | |
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![]() | |
Possible time of origin | 11,800 to 33,300 YBP |
Possible place of origin | Northeast Asia |
Ancestor | N9 |
Descendants | Y1, Y2 |
Defining mutations | 8392 10398 14178 14693 16126 16223 16231[1] |
Inhuman mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Y is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Haplogroup Y is a descendant of haplogroup N9.[citation needed]
Haplogroup Y has been found with high frequency in many indigenous populations who live around the Sea of Okhotsk, including approximately 66% of Nivkhs, approximately 43% of Ulchs,[2] approximately 40% of Nanais, approximately 21% of Negidals, and approximately 20% of Ainus.[3][4][5][6][7] It is also fairly common among indigenous peoples of the Kamchatka Peninsula (Koryaks, Itelmens) and among certain Austronesian peoples (especially groups closely related to Native Taiwanese).
The distribution of haplogroup Y in populations of the Malay Archipelago contrasts starkly with the absence or extreme rarity of this clade in populations of continental Southeast Asia in a manner reminiscent of haplogroup E. However, the frequency of haplogroup Y fades more smoothly away from its maximum around the Sea of Okhotsk in Northeast Asia, being found in approximately 2% of Koreans[4] and in South Siberian and Central Asian populations with an average frequency of 1%.[8][9]
The Y2 subclade has been observed in 40% (176/440) of a large pool of samples from Nias people in western Indonesia, ranging from a low of 25% (3/12) among the Zalukhu subpopulation to a high of 52% (11/21) among the Ho subpopulation.[10]
Haplogroup Y has been divided into two primary subclades, Y1 and Y2. In a study published in 2016, mtDNA haplogroup Y1a was observed in an Ulchi sampled in Nizhniy Gavan, Lower Amur, whereas mtDNA haplogroup Y2a1 was observed in an Igorot from Mountain Province, Luzon Island, Philippines (sampled in Singapore) and in a Hawaiian.[21]
Y1 predominates in the Northeast Asian range of haplogroup Y, which is centered on the Sea of Okhotsk. Y1* has been observed in two Uyghurs, a Minnan Han Chinese in Taiwan, and a Khamnigan. Y1a* has been observed in a Nivkh, in a BuryatinZabaikal, in Mongolia, in a Daur and a Han Chinese in China, in Korea and in Tibet. Y1a with an additional T16189C mutation is common among the Nivkhs and among several Tungusic peoples (Hezhen in the PRC, Ulchi, Udegey, Even in the basins of the Kolyma and Indigirka rivers). Y1a1 has been observed in at least five Uyghurs, a Kyrgyz, a Buryat in Buryat Republic, a Hezhen in China, an Udegey, three Evenks in Taimyr, and two Yakuts in central Sakha Republic. Y1a2 has been observed in Koryaks and in an Even in Kamchatka. Y1a appears to be a relatively young haplogroup, with an age of 6,000 (95% CI 3,300 <-> 8,800) years estimated from 13 complete genomes (Ulchi x 6, Nivkh x 3, Koryak x 2, Even x 1, Mongolian x 1); however, this estimate may be relevant only for the TMRCA of Y1a2 and most Y1a* and Y1a-T16189C haplotypes, as it is not certain that any of the Y1a mtDNAs that have been analyzed belong to the Y1a1 clade.[2] (However, YFull has estimated the TMRCA of the entire Y1a clade, including all tabulated members of Y1a1 and Y1a* as well as Y1a+T16189C and Y1a2, to be 6,300 [95% CI 3,800 <-> 9,800] ybp,[22] so the addition of members of the Y1a1 subclade apparently does not significantly affect the estimate of the time to most recent common ancestor of the Y1a clade.) Y1b has been observed in a Tatar from Buinsk, Y1b1 has been observed in China, and Y1b1a has been observed in China and in Japan. The age of the entire Y1 clade has been estimated from 17 complete genomes (including the 13 aforementioned members of the Y1a clade plus one Japanese, one Chinese, and one Tatar member of the Y1b clade plus one Khamnigan member of Y1*) to be 12,400 (95% CI 5,900 <-> 19,100) ybp.[2]
Y2a predominates in the Southeast Asian range of haplogroup Y, which is centered on the Philippines and Sumatra. However, Y2b has been observed in Japan and in a Buryat, and Y2* has been observed in Chinese, Japanese, and Khamnigan samples.
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup Y subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[1] and subsequent published research.[citation needed]
Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mitochondrial Eve (L) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
L0 | L1–6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
M | N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CZ | D | E | G | Q | O | A | S | R | I | W | X | Y | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
C | Z | B | F | R0 | pre-JT | P | U | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
HV | JT | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
H | V | J | T |
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