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{{Short description|Interwar conflicts in |
{{Short description|Interwar conflicts in Finnish territory}} |
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{{Infobox military conflict |
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The [[Finland|Finnish]] term '''{{lang|fi|Heimosodat}}''' (singular {{lang|fi|heimosota}}){{efn|{{Lang-et|hõimusõjad}}, {{Lang-sv|frändefolkskrigen}}, {{Lang-de|Kriege verwandter Völker}}}}<ref>{{cite book |language=de |title=Vergangenheitsdiskurse in der Ostseeregion |trans-title=Discourses on the past in the Baltic Sea region |last1=Zägel |first1=Jörg |first2=Reiner |last2=Steinweg |year=2007 |publisher=LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster |isbn=978-3-8258-0202-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4PmoD9BDRkC&q=heimosodat&pg=PA142 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> refers to a series of armed conflicts and [[Filibuster (military)|private military expeditions]] in 1918–1922 into areas of the former [[Russian Empire]] that bordered on Finland and were inhabited in large part by other [[Baltic Finns|Finnic peoples]].{{Infobox military conflict |
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| conflict = Heimosodat |
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| conflict = Heimosodat (1918-1922) |
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| partof = the [[Russian Civil War]] and [[Finnish-Soviet wars]] |
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| image = Finnish and Karelian troops in 1921.jpg |
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| caption = Finnish volunteers arrive in Tallinn, Estonia in December 1918 during the [[Estonian War of Independence]] |
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| caption = Finnish and East Karelian soldiers fighting side by side against Russians during the [[East Karelian uprising]] |
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| date |
| date = 28 November 1918 – 21st March 1922<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=11|day1=28|year1=1918|month2=03|day2=21|year2=1922}}) |
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| place |
| place = {{ublist|class=nowrap |{{hlist|[[Estonia]]|[[Karelia]]|[[Ingria]]|[[Petsamo Province|Petsamo]]|[[East Karelia]]}}}} |
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| coordinates = |
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| map_type = |
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| map_relief = |
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| result = [[Treaty of Tartu (Finland–Russia)|Indecisive]] |
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| territory = Finnish victory in Estonia and Annexation of Petsamo <br/>Soviet victory in White Karelia, Aunus,Petrograd and East Karelia |
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| combatant1 |
| combatant1 = {{plainlist| |
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* {{flagicon image|Flag of Finland 1918 (state).svg}} [[White Guard (Finland)|Finnish White Guard]] |
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Finland 1918 (state).svg}} [[White Guard (Finland)|Finnish White Guard]] |
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* {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Estonia]] |
* {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Estonia]] |
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* {{flagicon |
* {{flagicon|Uhtua}} [[Republic of Uhtua|Uhtua]] |
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* {{flagicon |
* {{flagicon|Uhtua|war}} [[Forest Guerrillas]] |
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* {{flagicon image|Ingrian people.svg}} [[North Ingria]] |
* {{flagicon image|Ingrian people.svg}} [[North Ingria]] |
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⚫ | }}{{flag|United Kingdom}} ([[Estonian War of Independence]]) |
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}} |
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| combatant2 |
| combatant2 = {{plainlist| |
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* {{flagdeco|Russian SFSR|1918}} [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] |
* {{flagdeco|Russian SFSR|1918}} [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] |
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* {{flagicon image| |
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Red Guards (Finland)|Finnish Red Guards]] |
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* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Commune of the Working People of Estonia.svg}} [[Commune of the Working People of Estonia|Commune of Estonia]] |
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Commune of the Working People of Estonia.svg}} [[Commune of the Working People of Estonia|Commune of Estonia]] |
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* {{flag|United Kingdom}} |
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}} |
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}} ([[Viena expedition]]) |
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| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Finland 1918 (state).svg}} [[Kurt Martti Wallenius]] |
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| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Finland 1918 (state).svg}}[[Kurt Martti Wallenius]] <br/>{{flagicon|Estonia}}[[Johan Laidoner]] <br/>{{flagicon|Uhtua|war}}[[Ukki Väinämöinen]] <br/>{{flagicon image|Ingrian people.svg}}[[Georg Elfvengren]] {{Executed}} |
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| commander2 |
| commander2 = {{plainlist| |
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* {{flagdeco|Russian SFSR|1918}} [[Jukums Vācietis]] |
* {{flagdeco|Russian SFSR|1918}} [[Jukums Vācietis]] |
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* {{flagdeco|Russian SFSR|1918}} [[Leon Trotsky]] |
* {{flagdeco|Russian SFSR|1918}} [[Leon Trotsky]] |
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}} |
}} |
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| strength1 |
| strength1 = '''Finland:'''<br>~10,000 |
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| strength2 |
| strength2 = '''Red Army:'''<br>113,000{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}<br>'''Red Guard:'''<br>1,500{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} |
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| casualties1 |
| casualties1 = |
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| casualties2 |
| casualties2 = |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Campaignbox Heimosodat}} |
{{Campaignbox Heimosodat}} |
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⚫ | {{Expand German|topic=mil|date=June 2018}} The term has been translated into English as "''Kindred Nations Wars''", "''Wars for kindred peoples''", "''Kinfolk wars''",<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/en/publications/wild-east-finnish-kinfolk-wars-and-the-eastern-european-revolutio |title=Villi itä: Suomen heimosodat ja Itä-Euroopan murros 1918-1921 |trans-title=Wild East: Finnish tribal wars and the transition of Eastern Europe 1918-1921 |language=fi |first1=Aapo |last1=Roselius |first2=Oula |last2=Silvennoinen |date=May 15, 2019 |publisher=Tammi |isbn=9789513175498 |via=researchportal.helsinki.fi}}</ref> or "''Kinship Wars''," specifically referring to Finnic kinship. [[Finnish people|Finnish]] volunteers took part in these conflicts, either to assert Finnish control over areas inhabited by related Finnic peoples, or to help them gain independence from [[Soviet Russia]]. Many of the volunteers were inspired by the idea of "[[Greater Finland]]". Some of the conflicts were incursions from Finland, and some were local uprisings in which volunteers wanted either to help people fight for independence or to annex areas to Finland. According to [[:fi:Aapo Roselius|Aapo Roselius]], about 10,000 volunteers from Finland took part in the armed conflicts mentioned below.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xCJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119 |title=Finnish Irredentist Campaigns in the Aftermath of the Civil War // The Finnish Civil War 1918. History, Memory, Legacy |last=Roselius |first=Aapo |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-24366-8 |location=The Netherlands |pages=119 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> |
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{{Expand German|date=June 2018}} |
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** [[Pohjan Pojat]] ( |
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* [[Viena expedition]] (1918) |
* [[Viena expedition]] (1918) |
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** [[Murmansk Legion]] |
** [[Murmansk Legion]] |
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* [[ |
* [[Petsamo expeditions]] (1918 and 1920) |
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* [[Estonian War of Independence]] (1918–1920) |
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* [[Petsamo expeditions]] (1918 and 1920) |
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⚫ | ** [[Pohjan Pojat]] ({{lit|Sons of the North}}) and {{ill|1st Finnish Volunteer Corps|fi|I Suomalainen Vapaajoukko|lt=1st Finnish Volunteer Corps (ISuomalainen Vapaajoukko)}} helped Estonian troops. |
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⚫ | <!-- http://www.vapaussota.com/ajankohtaista/heimosotienhistoria22022005.htm --> |
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* [[Revolt of the Ingrian Finns]] <!-- so-called "Pietari expedition" --> (1918–1920) |
* [[Revolt of the Ingrian Finns]] <!-- so-called "Pietari expedition" --> (1918–1920) |
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* [[Aunus expedition]] (1919) |
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* [[Battle of Petrograd|Advance on Petrograd (1919)]] |
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⚫ | <!-- http://www.vapaussota.com/ajankohtaista/heimosotienhistoria22022005.htm --> |
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* [[East Karelian Uprising]] (1921–1922) |
* [[East Karelian Uprising]] (1921–1922) |
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* |
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⚫ | The phenomenon is closely linked to [[nationalism]] and [[irredentism]], as Finland had just formally gained its national independence in 1917, and a part of the population felt that they had obligations to help other Finnic peoples to attain the same. Estonia, the closest and numerically largest "kindred nation", had gained its independence at the same time, but had fewer resources, fewer institutions ready to support its attained position, and more Bolshevik Russian troops within its borders. Other Finnic peoples were at a less organized level of cultural, economic and political capability. The [[Finnish Civil War]] had awakened strong nationalistic feelings in Finnish citizens and other Finnic peoples, and they sought tangible ways to put these feelings into action. For the two next decades, Finns participated at a relatively high rate in nationalistic activities (e.g. [[Karelianism]] and [[Finnicization]] of the country and its institutions). This development was related to the trauma and divisiveness of the Finnish Civil War. Many White sympathizers in the Civil War became radically nationalistic as a result of the war. The strenuous five-year period 1939–45 of total war — which also mostly unified the nation — reduced this enthusiasm. |
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==Viena expedition== |
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{{main article|Viena expedition}} |
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The [[Viena expedition]] was a military campaign conducted by [[Whites (Finland)|Finnish forces]] against the local [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolsheviks]] and [[Karelian Regiment|British troops]] in North Russia, [[North Russia intervention|who were there as part of the Allied intervention against Soviet power.]] The campaign took place in [[White Karelia]] and was part of Finland's efforts to establish a [[Greater Finland]] following their victory in the Finnish Civil War. The expedition involved two Finnish armed groups, the Northern and Southern groups. |
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'''Northern Group''' |
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The Northern Group was led by [[Kurt Martti Wallenius|Kurt Martti Wallenius.]] Initially, it achieved some successes but faced strong resistance from the [[Red Guards (Finland)|Finnish Red Guards]]. These challenges, coupled with military stalemates and internal mutinies within the Finnish forces, eventually forced the Northern Group to withdraw from [[White Karelia]] and retreat back into [[Kingdom of Finland (1918)|Finland]]. |
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'''Southern Group''' |
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==Petsamo expeditons== |
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{{main article|Petsamo expeditions}} |
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==Finnish Involvment in the Estonian-Soviet War== |
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{{main article|Pohjan Pojat}} |
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==Revolt of the Ingrian Finns== |
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{{main article|Revolt of the Ingrian Finns}} |
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==Aunus expediton== |
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{{main article|Aunus expedition}} |
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==Advance on Petrograd== |
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{{main article|Battle of Petrograd}} |
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==East Karelian Uprising== |
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⚫ |
The phenomenon is closely linked to [[nationalism]] and [[irredentism]], as Finland had just |
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{{main article|East Karelian Uprising}} |
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==Glossary== |
== Glossary == |
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[[File:Heimosotureita.jpg|thumb|right|Volunteer tribal soldiers from the Viena-Karelian military campaign]] |
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; Sota : "War", in this context, a [[Low intensity conflict|low-intensity one]], consisting of actions such as border skirmishes, expeditions by volunteer corps, expulsion of remnant occupational forces or attempts to foment rebellion in the local populace. |
; Sota : "War", in this context, a [[Low intensity conflict|low-intensity one]], consisting of actions such as border skirmishes, expeditions by volunteer corps, expulsion of remnant occupational forces or attempts to foment rebellion in the local populace. |
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; Sukukansa : People who are linguistically and/or ethnically akin to one another; "suku" means "family" and "kansa" means "people" (singular). |
; Sukukansa : People who are linguistically and/or ethnically akin to one another; "suku" means "family" and "kansa" means "people" (singular). |
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==See also== |
== See also == |
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* [[Finnish Civil War]] |
* [[Finnish Civil War]] |
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* [[List of Finnish wars]] |
* [[List of Finnish wars]] |
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* [[Continuation War]] |
* [[Continuation War]] |
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* [[War Victims of Finland 1914–1922]] |
* [[War Victims of Finland 1914–1922]] |
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*[[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War]] |
* [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War]] |
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==Notes== |
== Notes == |
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{{notelist}} |
{{notelist}} |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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{{Finland topics}} |
{{Finland topics}} |
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{{Russian Revolution 1917}} |
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{{Russian Conflicts}} |
{{Russian Conflicts}} |
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[[Category:Political history of Finland]] |
[[Category:Political history of Finland]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Finland in the Russian Civil War|*]] |
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[[Category:Wars involving Russia]] |
[[Category:Wars involving Soviet Russia (1917–1922)]] |
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[[Category:Finland–Russia relations]] |
[[Category:Finland–Russia relations]] |
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[[Category:Finland–Soviet Union relations]] |
[[Category:Finland–Soviet Union relations]] |
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⚫ |
The Finnish term Heimosodat (singular heimosota)[a][1] refers to a series of armed conflicts and private military expeditions in 1918–1922 into areas of the former Russian Empire that bordered on Finland and were inhabited in large part by other Finnic peoples.
Heimosodat (1918-1922) | |||||||||
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Part of the Russian Civil War and Finnish-Soviet wars | |||||||||
Finnish and East Karelian soldiers fighting side by side against Russians during the East Karelian uprising | |||||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||||
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Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
Kurt Martti Wallenius Johan Laidoner Ukki Väinämöinen Georg Elfvengren |
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Strength | |||||||||
Finland: ~10,000 |
Red Army: 113,000[citation needed] Red Guard: 1,500[citation needed] |
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (June 2018) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Finnische Ostkriegszüge 1918–1920]]; see its history for attribution. {{Translated|de|Finnische Ostkriegszüge 1918–1920}} to the talk page. |
The term has been translated into English as "Kindred Nations Wars", "Wars for kindred peoples", "Kinfolk wars",[2] or "Kinship Wars," specifically referring to Finnic kinship. Finnish volunteers took part in these conflicts, either to assert Finnish control over areas inhabited by related Finnic peoples, or to help them gain independence from Soviet Russia. Many of the volunteers were inspired by the idea of "Greater Finland". Some of the conflicts were incursions from Finland, and some were local uprisings in which volunteers wanted either to help people fight for independence or to annex areas to Finland. According to Aapo Roselius, about 10,000 volunteers from Finland took part in the armed conflicts mentioned below.[3]
The phenomenon is closely linked to nationalism and irredentism, as Finland had just formally gained its national independence in 1917, and a part of the population felt that they had obligations to help other Finnic peoples to attain the same. Estonia, the closest and numerically largest "kindred nation", had gained its independence at the same time, but had fewer resources, fewer institutions ready to support its attained position, and more Bolshevik Russian troops within its borders. Other Finnic peoples were at a less organized level of cultural, economic and political capability. The Finnish Civil War had awakened strong nationalistic feelings in Finnish citizens and other Finnic peoples, and they sought tangible ways to put these feelings into action. For the two next decades, Finns participated at a relatively high rate in nationalistic activities (e.g. Karelianism and Finnicization of the country and its institutions). This development was related to the trauma and divisiveness of the Finnish Civil War. Many White sympathizers in the Civil War became radically nationalistic as a result of the war. The strenuous five-year period 1939–45 of total war — which also mostly unified the nation — reduced this enthusiasm.
The Viena expedition was a military campaign conducted by Finnish forces against the local Bolsheviks and British troops in North Russia, who were there as part of the Allied intervention against Soviet power. The campaign took place in White Karelia and was part of Finland's efforts to establish a Greater Finland following their victory in the Finnish Civil War. The expedition involved two Finnish armed groups, the Northern and Southern groups.
Northern Group
The Northern Group was led by Kurt Martti Wallenius. Initially, it achieved some successes but faced strong resistance from the Finnish Red Guards. These challenges, coupled with military stalemates and internal mutinies within the Finnish forces, eventually forced the Northern Group to withdraw from White Karelia and retreat back into Finland.
Southern Group
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