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{{Expand German|date=June 2018}} |
{{Expand German|date=June 2018}} |
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The [[Finland|Finnish]] term '''Heimosodat''' (singular |
The [[Finland|Finnish]] term '''{{lang|fi|Heimosodat}}''' (singular {{lang|fi|heimosota}}){{efn|{{Lang-et|hõimusõjad}}, {{Lang-sv|frändefolkskrigen}}, {{Lang-de|Kriege verwandter Völker}}}}<ref>{{cite book |language=de |title=Vergangenheitsdiskurse in der Ostseeregion |trans-title=Discourses on the past in the Baltic Sea region |last1=Zägel |first1=Jörg |first2=Reiner |last2=Steinweg |year=2007 |publisher=LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster |isbn=978-3-8258-0202-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4PmoD9BDRkC&q=heimosodat&pg=PA142 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> refers to a series of armed conflicts and [[Filibuster (military)|private military expeditions]] in 1918–1922 into areas of the former [[Russian Empire]] that bordered on Finland and were inhabited in large part by other [[Baltic Finns|Finnic peoples]]. The term has been translated into English as "''Kindred Nations Wars''", "''Wars for kindred peoples''", "''Kinfolk wars''",<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/en/publications/wild-east-finnish-kinfolk-wars-and-the-eastern-european-revolutio |title=Villi itä: Suomen heimosodat ja Itä-Euroopan murros 1918-1921 |trans-title=Wild East: Finnish tribal wars and the transition of Eastern Europe 1918-1921 |language=fi |first1=Aapo |last1=Roselius |first2=Oula |last2=Silvennoinen |date=May 15, 2019 |publisher=Tammi |isbn=9789513175498 |via=researchportal.helsinki.fi}}</ref> or "''Kinship Wars''," specifically referring to Finnic kinship. The term is sometimes erroneously translated as "Tribal wars".{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} [[Finnish people|Finnish]] volunteers took part in these conflicts, either to assert Finnish control over areas inhabited by related Finnic peoples, or to help them gain independence from [[Soviet Russia]]. Many of the volunteers were inspired by the idea of "[[Greater Finland]]". Some of the conflicts were incursions from Finland, and some were local uprisings in which volunteers wanted either to help people fight for independence or to annex areas to Finland. According to [[:fi:Aapo Roselius|Aapo Roselius]], about 10,000 volunteers from Finland took part in the armed conflicts mentioned below.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xCJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119 |title=Finnish Irredentist Campaigns in the Aftermath of the Civil War // The Finnish Civil War 1918. History, Memory, Legacy |last=Roselius |first=Aapo |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-24366-8 |location=The Netherlands |pages=119 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> |
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* [[Estonian War of Independence]] (1918–1920) |
* [[Estonian War of Independence]] (1918–1920) |
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The phenomenon is closely linked to [[nationalism]] and [[irredentism]], as Finland had just formally gained its national independence in 1917, and a part of the population felt that they had obligations to help other Finnic peoples to attain the same. Estonia, the closest and numerically largest "kindred nation", had gained its independence at the same time, but had fewer resources, fewer institutions ready to support its attained position, and more Bolshevik Russian troops within its borders. Other Finnic peoples were at a less organized level of cultural, economic and political capability. The [[Finnish Civil War]] had awakened strong nationalistic feelings in Finnish citizens and other Finnic peoples, and they sought tangible ways to put these feelings into action. For the two next decades, Finns participated at a relatively high rate in nationalistic activities (e.g. [[Karelianism]] and [[Finnicization]] of the country and its institutions). This development was related to the trauma and divisiveness of the Finnish Civil War. Many White sympathizers in the Civil War became radically nationalistic as a result of the war. The strenuous five-year period 1939–45 of total war — which also mostly unified the nation — reduced this enthusiasm. |
The phenomenon is closely linked to [[nationalism]] and [[irredentism]], as Finland had just formally gained its national independence in 1917, and a part of the population felt that they had obligations to help other Finnic peoples to attain the same. Estonia, the closest and numerically largest "kindred nation", had gained its independence at the same time, but had fewer resources, fewer institutions ready to support its attained position, and more Bolshevik Russian troops within its borders. Other Finnic peoples were at a less organized level of cultural, economic and political capability. The [[Finnish Civil War]] had awakened strong nationalistic feelings in Finnish citizens and other Finnic peoples, and they sought tangible ways to put these feelings into action. For the two next decades, Finns participated at a relatively high rate in nationalistic activities (e.g. [[Karelianism]] and [[Finnicization]] of the country and its institutions). This development was related to the trauma and divisiveness of the Finnish Civil War. Many White sympathizers in the Civil War became radically nationalistic as a result of the war. The strenuous five-year period 1939–45 of total war — which also mostly unified the nation — reduced this enthusiasm. |
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==Glossary== |
== Glossary == |
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[[File:Heimosotureita.jpg|thumb|right|Volunteer tribal soldiers from the Viena-Karelian military campaign]] |
[[File:Heimosotureita.jpg|thumb|right|Volunteer tribal soldiers from the Viena-Karelian military campaign]] |
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; Sota : "War", in this context, a [[Low intensity conflict|low-intensity one]], consisting of actions such as border skirmishes, expeditions by volunteer corps, expulsion of remnant occupational forces or attempts to foment rebellion in the local populace. |
; Sota : "War", in this context, a [[Low intensity conflict|low-intensity one]], consisting of actions such as border skirmishes, expeditions by volunteer corps, expulsion of remnant occupational forces or attempts to foment rebellion in the local populace. |
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; Sukukansa : People who are linguistically and/or ethnically akin to one another; "suku" means "family" and "kansa" means "people" (singular). |
; Sukukansa : People who are linguistically and/or ethnically akin to one another; "suku" means "family" and "kansa" means "people" (singular). |
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==See also== |
== See also == |
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* [[Finnish Civil War]] |
* [[Finnish Civil War]] |
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* [[List of Finnish wars]] |
* [[List of Finnish wars]] |
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* [[Continuation War]] |
* [[Continuation War]] |
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* [[War Victims of Finland 1914–1922]] |
* [[War Victims of Finland 1914–1922]] |
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*[[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War]] |
* [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War]] |
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==Notes== |
== Notes == |
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{{notelist}} |
{{notelist}} |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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| Heimosodat | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Russian Civil War | |||||
 Finnish volunteers arrive in Tallinn, Estonia in December 1918 during the Estonian War of Independence | |||||
| |||||
| Belligerents | |||||
 Estonia Uhtua Forest Guerrillas North Ingria |
 Finnish Red Guards Commune of Estonia | ||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||
 Kurt Martti Wallenius |
 Leon Trotsky | ||||
| Strength | |||||
|
Finland: ~10,000 |
Red Army: 113,000 Red Guard: 1,500 | ||||
 |
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (June 2018) Click [show] for important translation instructions. |topic= will aid in categorization.Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Finnische Ostkriegszüge 1918–1920]]; see its history for attribution.{{Translated|de|Finnische Ostkriegszüge 1918–1920}} to the talk page. |
The Finnish term Heimosodat (singular heimosota)[a][1] refers to a series of armed conflicts and private military expeditions in 1918–1922 into areas of the former Russian Empire that bordered on Finland and were inhabited in large part by other Finnic peoples. The term has been translated into English as "Kindred Nations Wars", "Wars for kindred peoples", "Kinfolk wars",[2] or "Kinship Wars," specifically referring to Finnic kinship. The term is sometimes erroneously translated as "Tribal wars".[citation needed] Finnish volunteers took part in these conflicts, either to assert Finnish control over areas inhabited by related Finnic peoples, or to help them gain independence from Soviet Russia. Many of the volunteers were inspired by the idea of "Greater Finland". Some of the conflicts were incursions from Finland, and some were local uprisings in which volunteers wanted either to help people fight for independence or to annex areas to Finland. According to Aapo Roselius, about 10,000 volunteers from Finland took part in the armed conflicts mentioned below.[3]
The phenomenon is closely linked to nationalism and irredentism, as Finland had just formally gained its national independence in 1917, and a part of the population felt that they had obligations to help other Finnic peoples to attain the same. Estonia, the closest and numerically largest "kindred nation", had gained its independence at the same time, but had fewer resources, fewer institutions ready to support its attained position, and more Bolshevik Russian troops within its borders. Other Finnic peoples were at a less organized level of cultural, economic and political capability. The Finnish Civil War had awakened strong nationalistic feelings in Finnish citizens and other Finnic peoples, and they sought tangible ways to put these feelings into action. For the two next decades, Finns participated at a relatively high rate in nationalistic activities (e.g. Karelianism and Finnicization of the country and its institutions). This development was related to the trauma and divisiveness of the Finnish Civil War. Many White sympathizers in the Civil War became radically nationalistic as a result of the war. The strenuous five-year period 1939–45 of total war — which also mostly unified the nation — reduced this enthusiasm.
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