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Among the 250 known species of aspergilli, about 36% have an identified sexual state.<ref name=Dyer>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dyer PS, O'Gorman CM |title=Sexual development and cryptic sexuality in fungi: insights from Aspergillus species |journal=FEMS Microbiol. Rev. |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=165–92 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22091779 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00308.x |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0168-6445&date=2012&volume=36&issue=1&spage=165}}</ref> Among those ''Aspergillus'' species for which a sexual cycle has been observed, the majority in nature are homothallic (self-fertilizing).<ref name=Dyer /> Selfing in the homothallic fungus ''Aspergillus nidulans'' involves activation of the same mating pathways characteristic of sex in outcrossing species, i.e. self-fertilization does not bypass required pathways for outcrossing sex but instead requires activation of these pathways within a single individual.<ref name="pmid17669651">{{cite journal |vauthors=Paoletti M, Seymour FA, Alcocer MJ, Kaur N, Calvo AM, Archer DB, Dyer PS |title=Mating type and the genetic basis of self-fertility in the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans |journal=Curr. Biol. |volume=17 |issue=16 |pages=1384–9 |date=August 2007 |pmid=17669651 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.012 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960-9822(07)01690-9}}</ref> Fusion of haploid nuclei occurs within reproductive structures termed [[Ascocarp|cleistothecia]], in which the [[Ploidy#Diploid|diploid]] [[zygote]] undergoes [[Meiosis|meiotic]] divisions to yield [[Ploidy#Haploid and monoploid|haploid]] [[ascospores]]. |
Among the 250 known species of aspergilli, about 36% have an identified sexual state.<ref name=Dyer>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dyer PS, O'Gorman CM |title=Sexual development and cryptic sexuality in fungi: insights from Aspergillus species |journal=FEMS Microbiol. Rev. |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=165–92 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22091779 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00308.x |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0168-6445&date=2012&volume=36&issue=1&spage=165}}</ref> Among those ''Aspergillus'' species for which a sexual cycle has been observed, the majority in nature are homothallic (self-fertilizing).<ref name=Dyer /> Selfing in the homothallic fungus ''Aspergillus nidulans'' involves activation of the same mating pathways characteristic of sex in outcrossing species, i.e. self-fertilization does not bypass required pathways for outcrossing sex but instead requires activation of these pathways within a single individual.<ref name="pmid17669651">{{cite journal |vauthors=Paoletti M, Seymour FA, Alcocer MJ, Kaur N, Calvo AM, Archer DB, Dyer PS |title=Mating type and the genetic basis of self-fertility in the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans |journal=Curr. Biol. |volume=17 |issue=16 |pages=1384–9 |date=August 2007 |pmid=17669651 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.012 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960-9822(07)01690-9}}</ref> Fusion of haploid nuclei occurs within reproductive structures termed [[Ascocarp|cleistothecia]], in which the [[Ploidy#Diploid|diploid]] [[zygote]] undergoes [[Meiosis|meiotic]] divisions to yield [[Ploidy#Haploid and monoploid|haploid]] [[ascospores]]. |
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A [[lichen]] is a composite organism consisting of a [[fungus]] and a [[Photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] partner that are growing together in a [[Symbiosis|symbiotic]] relationship. The photosynthetic partner is usually either a [[Green algae|green alga]] or a [[Cyanobacteria|cyanobacterium]]. Lichens occur in some of the most extreme environments on Earth—[[Tundra#Arctic|arctic tundra]], hot [[desert]]s, rocky coasts, and toxic [[Slag|slag heaps]]. Most lichenized fungi produce abundant sexual structures and in many species sexual spores appear to be the only means of dispersal (Murtagh et al., 2000). The lichens ''Graphis scripta'' and ''Ochrolechia parella'' do not produce symbiotic vegetative propagules. Rather the lichen-forming fungi of these species reproduce sexually by self-fertilization (i.e. they are homothallic), and it was proposed that this breeding system allows successful reproduction in harsh environments.<ref name="pmid10766229">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murtagh GJ, Dyer PS, Crittenden PD |title=Sex and the single lichen |journal=Nature |volume=404 |issue=6778 |pages=564 |date=April 2000 |pmid=10766229 |doi=10.1038/35007142 |url= |
A [[lichen]] is a composite organism consisting of a [[fungus]] and a [[Photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] partner that are growing together in a [[Symbiosis|symbiotic]] relationship. The photosynthetic partner is usually either a [[Green algae|green alga]] or a [[Cyanobacteria|cyanobacterium]]. Lichens occur in some of the most extreme environments on Earth—[[Tundra#Arctic|arctic tundra]], hot [[desert]]s, rocky coasts, and toxic [[Slag|slag heaps]]. Most lichenized fungi produce abundant sexual structures and in many species sexual spores appear to be the only means of dispersal (Murtagh et al., 2000). The lichens ''Graphis scripta'' and ''Ochrolechia parella'' do not produce symbiotic vegetative propagules. Rather the lichen-forming fungi of these species reproduce sexually by self-fertilization (i.e. they are homothallic), and it was proposed that this breeding system allows successful reproduction in harsh environments.<ref name="pmid10766229">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murtagh GJ, Dyer PS, Crittenden PD |title=Sex and the single lichen |journal=Nature |volume=404 |issue=6778 |pages=564 |date=April 2000 |pmid=10766229 |doi=10.1038/35007142 |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35007142}}</ref> (Murtagh et al., 2000). |
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Homothallism appears to be common in natural populations of fungi. Although self-fertilization employs meiosis, it produces minimal genetic variability. Homothallism is thus a form of sex that is unlikely to be adaptively maintained by a benefit related to producing variability. However, homothallic meiosis may be maintained in fungi as an adaptation for surviving stressful conditions; a proposed [[Meiosis|benefit of]] [[Meiosis#Theory that DNA repair is the adaptive advantage of meiosis|meiosis]] is the promoted [[Homologous recombination|homologous meiotic recombinational]] repair of DNA damages that are ordinarily caused by a stressful environment.<ref>Bernstein H and Bernstein C (2013). Evolutionary Origin and Adaptive Function of Meiosis. In Meiosis: Bernstein C and Bernstein H, editors. {{ISBN|978-953-51-1197-9}}, InTech, http://www.intechopen.com/books/meiosis/evolutionary-origin-and-adaptive-function-of-meiosis</ref> |
Homothallism appears to be common in natural populations of fungi. Although self-fertilization employs meiosis, it produces minimal genetic variability. Homothallism is thus a form of sex that is unlikely to be adaptively maintained by a benefit related to producing variability. However, homothallic meiosis may be maintained in fungi as an adaptation for surviving stressful conditions; a proposed [[Meiosis|benefit of]] [[Meiosis#Theory that DNA repair is the adaptive advantage of meiosis|meiosis]] is the promoted [[Homologous recombination|homologous meiotic recombinational]] repair of DNA damages that are ordinarily caused by a stressful environment.<ref>Bernstein H and Bernstein C (2013). Evolutionary Origin and Adaptive Function of Meiosis. In Meiosis: Bernstein C and Bernstein H, editors. {{ISBN|978-953-51-1197-9}}, InTech, http://www.intechopen.com/books/meiosis/evolutionary-origin-and-adaptive-function-of-meiosis</ref> |
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Homothallic refers to the possession, within a single organism, of the resources to reproduce sexually[1] i. e having male and female reproductive structures on the same thallus. The opposite sexual functions are performed by different cells of a single mycelium.[2]
It can be contrasted to heterothallic.
It is often used to categorize fungi. In yeast, heterothallic cells have mating types a and α. An experienced mother cell (one that has divided at least once) will switch mating type every cell division cycle because of the HO allele.
Sexual reproduction commonly occurs in two fundamentally different ways in fungi. These are outcrossing (in heterothallic fungi) in which two different individuals contribute nuclei to form a zygote, and self-fertilization or selfing (in homothallic fungi) in which both nuclei are derived from the same individual.
Among the 250 known species of aspergilli, about 36% have an identified sexual state.[2] Among those Aspergillus species for which a sexual cycle has been observed, the majority in nature are homothallic (self-fertilizing).[2] Selfing in the homothallic fungus Aspergillus nidulans involves activation of the same mating pathways characteristic of sex in outcrossing species, i.e. self-fertilization does not bypass required pathways for outcrossing sex but instead requires activation of these pathways within a single individual.[3] Fusion of haploid nuclei occurs within reproductive structures termed cleistothecia, in which the diploid zygote undergoes meiotic divisions to yield haploid ascospores.
Alichen is a composite organism consisting of a fungus and a photosynthetic partner that are growing together in a symbiotic relationship. The photosynthetic partner is usually either a green alga or a cyanobacterium. Lichens occur in some of the most extreme environments on Earth—arctic tundra, hot deserts, rocky coasts, and toxic slag heaps. Most lichenized fungi produce abundant sexual structures and in many species sexual spores appear to be the only means of dispersal (Murtagh et al., 2000). The lichens Graphis scripta and Ochrolechia parella do not produce symbiotic vegetative propagules. Rather the lichen-forming fungi of these species reproduce sexually by self-fertilization (i.e. they are homothallic), and it was proposed that this breeding system allows successful reproduction in harsh environments.[4] (Murtagh et al., 2000). Homothallism appears to be common in natural populations of fungi. Although self-fertilization employs meiosis, it produces minimal genetic variability. Homothallism is thus a form of sex that is unlikely to be adaptively maintained by a benefit related to producing variability. However, homothallic meiosis may be maintained in fungi as an adaptation for surviving stressful conditions; a proposed benefit of meiosis is the promoted homologous meiotic recombinational repair of DNA damages that are ordinarily caused by a stressful environment.[5]
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