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{{Short description|People, mentioned in the Torah, who lived around Mount Seir}} |
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{{Noref|date=February 2011}} |
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[[File:MACCOUN(1899) p061 MT.HOR TO RIVER ARNON - ARABIA PETRAEA IN THE SOUTH COUNTRY.jpg|thumb|right|Map of Horites lands]] |
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'''Horites''' or '''Horim''' (חרי) were a cave-dwelling people mentioned in the [[Torah]] ([[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 14:6, 36:20, [[Deuteronomy]] 2:12) inhabiting areas around [[Mount Seir]]. They have been identified with [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] references to ''[[Khar]]'' (formerly translated as ''Harri''), which concern a southern region of [[Canaan]]. One of their dukes, Zibeon, was a [[Hivite]]. Despite the widespread influence of the [[Hurrian]]s, a more northerly people, these were probably not the same as the Horites. |
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The '''Horites''' ({{lang-he|{{Script/Hebrew|חֹרִים}}}} ''Ḥōrīm''), were a people mentioned in the [[Torah]] ({{bibleverse|Genesis 14:6, 36:20|multi=yes}}, {{bibleverse|Deuteronomy|2:12}}) inhabiting areas around [[Mount Seir]] in [[Canaan]] ({{bibleverse|Genesis 36:2,5|multi=yes}}).<ref>[http://biblehub.com/topical/h/horite.htm Horites] at International Standard Bible Encyclopedia.</ref> |
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According to the Torah account, the Lord had driven them out before the [[Edomites]], descendants of Abraham, some time before the [[The Exodus|Exodus]]. Their ancestor is '''Hori''' son of [[Lotan]] son of [[Seir]] whose pre-Edomite descendants, "dukes of the Horites in the land of Seir", are listed in Gen. 36:20-29 and [[1 Chronicles]] 1:38-42. Though Seir's own ancestry is never directly specified the rabbinical tradition clearly derives from the part of his genealogy which corresponds with that given for [[Esau]]'s [[Hivite]] wife (Oholibamah bat Anah bat Zibeon ben Seir) in Gen. 36:2. |
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==Name== |
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According to [[Archibald Sayce]] (1915), the Horites have been identified with references in [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] inscriptions to ''Khar'' (formerly translated as ''Harri''), which concern a southern region of [[Canaan]].<ref>James Orr, "[http://www.biblestudytools.com/encyclopedias/isbe/horite-horim.html Horites]", in ''The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia,'' (1915) page 1421.</ref> More recent scholarship has associated them with the [[Hurrians]].<ref name="Freedman2000">{{cite book|author=Lawrence A. Sinclair|editor=David Noel Freedman|title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible|chapter=Horites|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC&pg=PA607|year=2000|publisher=W.B. Eerdmans|isbn=978-0-8028-2400-4|page=607}}</ref> |
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The rabbinical tradition in [[Genesis Rabbah]] 42:6 (300-500 CE) says they are called Horites because "they made themselves independent [free]",<ref>the brackets are in the original text of the translation</ref> which assumes the name is cognate with ''ḥori'' meaning "free."<ref>{{cite book |author=Freedman, H. |author2=Simon, Maurice|year=1939|title=Midrash Rabbah, Translated into English|volume=1|page=348|url=https://archive.org/stream/RabbaGenesis/midrashrabbahgen027557mbp#page/n395/mode/2up|quotation=note 6: ''Hori'' is derived from ''ḥeruth'', freedom, and ''ḥori'', free.}}</ref> |
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==Hebrew Bible == |
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The Horites initially appear in the Torah as being members of a Canaanite coalition, who lived near the [[Sodom and Gomorrah]]. The coalition rebelled against [[Chedorlaomer|Kedorlamer]] of [[Elam]], who ruled them for twelve years. Kedorlamer attacked and subdued them in response ({{bibleverse|Genesis|14:1-12}}). |
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Later, according to {{bibleverse|Genesis|36}}, the Horites co-existed and inter-married with the family of [[Esau]], grandson of [[Abraham]] through [[Isaac]] ({{bibleverse|Genesis|25:21-25}}). They were eventually brought under the rule of the descendants of Esau, also then known as [[Edom]]. |
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[[File:Mount Hor, seen from the cliffs near Petra. Coloured lithogr Wellcome V0049431.jpg|thumb|right|Mt Hor, seen from cliffs near Petra, from [[The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia]]]] |
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[[File:Mthor.jpeg|thumb|right|Mt Hor]] |
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The ancestry of Seir the Horite is not specified. Some say Seir lived around the time of Terah, father of Abraham. He is also said to be a descendant of Hor who is supposed to have lived around the time of Reu and was a descendant of Hivi, son of Canaan son of Ham. |
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The pre-Edomite Horite chiefs, descendants of Seir, are listed in the [[Book of Genesis]] ({{bibleverse|Genesis|36:20-29}}) and [[1 Chronicles]] ({{bibleverse|1 Chronicles|1:38-42}}). Two of these chiefs would appear to have been female - Timna and Oholibamah. Timna is infamous for being the progenitor of the [[Amalekites]], the archenemy of the Israelites ({{bibleverse|Genesis|36:12}}). |
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The chiefs who descended from Esau are listed in {{bibleverse|Genesis|36:40-43}}. |
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At some time, certain of these leaders rose to the level of 'kings' over the other chiefs, and the Horite land became known as Edom rather than the land of Seir. One example of these kings is [[Jobab ben Zerah|Jobab, son of Zerah]], a son of [[Esau]] and his [[wife]] [[Basemath]], who was [[Ishmael]]'s [[daughter]] ({{bibleverse|Genesis|36:35}}). Another is a 'Temanite', Husham ({{bibleverse|Genesis|36:34}}), a [[Lineal descendant|descendant]] of Esau's son, [[Teman (Edom)|Teman]] ({{bibleverse|Genesis 36:10,11|multi=yes}}). |
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None of these kings' sons became kings after their fathers died. Apparently, there was no [[Primogeniture|familial royal line]] whereby [[son]]s of these post-Horite kings succeeded to the throne, but rather, some other system was in place by which kings were either chosen or won the right to rule ({{bibleverse|Genesis|36:31-39}}). |
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By the time governance of these peoples had been consolidated under kings instead of chiefs, Horites are no longer mentioned as such. According to {{Bibleverse|Deuteronomy|2:22}}, the Edomites destroyed the Horites and settled in their land. Theologians [[Carl Friedrich Keil]] and [[Franz Delitzsch]] considered the Horites to be [[Rephaite|Rephaim]], since the verse explicitly compares the Edomite conquest with the [[Moab|Moabite]] and [[Ammon|Ammonite]] conquests of the Rephaim.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deuteronomy 2: Keil and Delitzsch OT Commentary |url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/kad/deuteronomy/2.htm |website=Biblehub}}</ref> |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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[[Category:Edom]] |
[[Category:Edom]] |
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[[Category:Hebrew Bible nations]] |
[[Category:Hebrew Bible nations]] |
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[[Category:Arab ethnic groups]] |
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[[ca:Horites]] |
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[[Category:History of Saudi Arabia]] |
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[[pt:Horeu]] |
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[[Category:History of Palestine (region)]] |
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[[ru:Хорреи]] |
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[[Category:Ancient history of Jordan]] |
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[[id:Hori]] |
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[[Category:Ancient Israel and Judah]] |
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[[Category:Book of Genesis]] |
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[[Category:Book of Deuteronomy]] |
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[[Category:Rephaites]] |
The Horites (Hebrew: חֹרִים Ḥōrīm), were a people mentioned in the Torah (Genesis 14:6, 36:20, Deuteronomy 2:12) inhabiting areas around Mount SeirinCanaan (Genesis 36:2,5).[1]
According to Archibald Sayce (1915), the Horites have been identified with references in Egyptian inscriptions to Khar (formerly translated as Harri), which concern a southern region of Canaan.[2] More recent scholarship has associated them with the Hurrians.[3]
The rabbinical tradition in Genesis Rabbah 42:6 (300-500 CE) says they are called Horites because "they made themselves independent [free]",[4] which assumes the name is cognate with ḥori meaning "free."[5]
The Horites initially appear in the Torah as being members of a Canaanite coalition, who lived near the Sodom and Gomorrah. The coalition rebelled against KedorlamerofElam, who ruled them for twelve years. Kedorlamer attacked and subdued them in response (Genesis 14:1–12).
Later, according to Genesis 36, the Horites co-existed and inter-married with the family of Esau, grandson of Abraham through Isaac (Genesis 25:21–25). They were eventually brought under the rule of the descendants of Esau, also then known as Edom.
The ancestry of Seir the Horite is not specified. Some say Seir lived around the time of Terah, father of Abraham. He is also said to be a descendant of Hor who is supposed to have lived around the time of Reu and was a descendant of Hivi, son of Canaan son of Ham.
The pre-Edomite Horite chiefs, descendants of Seir, are listed in the Book of Genesis (Genesis 36:20–29) and 1 Chronicles (1 Chronicles 1:38–42). Two of these chiefs would appear to have been female - Timna and Oholibamah. Timna is infamous for being the progenitor of the Amalekites, the archenemy of the Israelites (Genesis 36:12).
The chiefs who descended from Esau are listed in Genesis 36:40–43.
At some time, certain of these leaders rose to the level of 'kings' over the other chiefs, and the Horite land became known as Edom rather than the land of Seir. One example of these kings is Jobab, son of Zerah, a son of Esau and his wife Basemath, who was Ishmael's daughter (Genesis 36:35). Another is a 'Temanite', Husham (Genesis 36:34), a descendant of Esau's son, Teman (Genesis 36:10,11).
None of these kings' sons became kings after their fathers died. Apparently, there was no familial royal line whereby sons of these post-Horite kings succeeded to the throne, but rather, some other system was in place by which kings were either chosen or won the right to rule (Genesis 36:31–39).
By the time governance of these peoples had been consolidated under kings instead of chiefs, Horites are no longer mentioned as such. According to Deuteronomy 2:22, the Edomites destroyed the Horites and settled in their land. Theologians Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsch considered the Horites to be Rephaim, since the verse explicitly compares the Edomite conquest with the Moabite and Ammonite conquests of the Rephaim.[6]
note 6: Hori is derived from ḥeruth, freedom, and ḥori, free.