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{{Short description|Infraorder of lizards}} |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
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| fossil_range = [[Early Jurassic]] - present, {{Fossil range|190|0}} |
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| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Early Cretaceous|Recent}} |
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| image = Leiocephalus-personatus-maskenleguan.jpg |
| image = Leiocephalus-personatus-maskenleguan.jpg |
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| image_caption = ''[[Leiocephalus personatus]]'', a species of iguanian |
| image_caption = ''[[Leiocephalus personatus]]'', a species of iguanian |
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| parent_authority = Sukhanov, 1961 |
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| taxon = Iguania |
| taxon = Iguania |
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| authority = |
| authority = [[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1864 |
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| display_parents = 2 |
| display_parents = 2 |
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| subdivision_ranks = |
| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups |
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| subdivision = |
| subdivision = *[[Acrodonta (lizard)|Acrodonta]] |
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*[[ |
*[[Pleurodonta]] |
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*[[Chamaeleonidae]] |
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*[[Corytophanidae]] |
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*[[Crotaphytidae]] |
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*[[Dactyloidae]] |
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*[[Hoplocercidae]] |
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*[[Iguanidae]] |
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*[[Leiocephalidae]] |
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*[[Leiosauridae]] |
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*[[Liolaemidae]] |
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*[[Opluridae]] |
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*[[Phrynosomatidae]] |
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*[[Polychrotidae]] |
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*[[Tropiduridae]] |
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}} |
}} |
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| ⚫ |
'''Iguania''' is an [[Order (biology)|infraorder]] of [[Squamata|squamate]] [[reptile]]s that includes [[iguanas]], [[chameleon]]s, [[agamid]]s, and [[New World]] lizards like [[anoles]] and [[Phrynosomatidae|phrynosomatids]]. |
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| ⚫ | '''Iguania''' is an [[Order (biology)|infraorder]] of [[Squamata|squamate]] [[reptile]]s that includes [[iguanas]], [[chameleon]]s, [[agamid]]s, and [[New World]] lizards like [[anoles]] and [[Phrynosomatidae|phrynosomatids]]. Using [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] features as a guide to evolutionary relationships, the Iguania are believed to form the [[sister group]] to the remainder of the Squamata,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gauthier |first1=Jacques A. |author1-link=Jacques Gauthier |last2=Kearney |first2=Maureen |last3=Maisano |first3=Jessica Anderson |last4=Rieppel |first4=Olivier |last5=Behlke |first5=Adam D. B. |title=Assembling the Squamate Tree of Life: Perspectives from the Phenotype and the Fossil Record |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |date=April 2012 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=3–308 |doi=10.3374/014.053.0101 |s2cid=86355757}}</ref> which comprise nearly 11,000 named species, roughly 2000 of which are iguanians. However, molecular information has placed Iguania well within the Squamata as sister taxa to the [[Anguimorpha]] and closely related to [[snakes]].<ref name="Vidal2005">{{cite journal |last1=Vidal |first1=N. |last2=Hedges |first2=S. B. |title=The phylogeny of squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) inferred from nine nuclear protein-coding genes |journal=Comptes Rendus Biologies |volume=328 |issue=10–11 |year=2005 |pages=1000–1008 |doi=10.1016/j.crvi.2005.10.001 |pmid=16286089|url=https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/biologies/articles/10.1016/j.crvi.2005.10.001/ }}</ref> The order has been under debate and revisions after being classified by [[Charles Lewis Camp]] in 1923 due to difficulties finding adequate [[Synapomorphy and apomorphy|synapomorphic]] morphological characteristics.<ref name=Detal12>{{cite journal |last1=Daza |first1=Juan D. |last2=Abdala |first2=Virginia |last3=Arias |first3=J. Salvador |last4=García-López |first4=Daniel |last5=Ortiz |first5=Pablo |title=Cladistic Analysis of Iguania and a Fossil Lizard from the Late Pliocene of Northwestern Argentina |journal=[[Journal of Herpetology]] |date=2012 |volume=46 |issue=1|pages=104–119 |doi=10.1670/10-112 |jstor=41515023 |s2cid=85405843|hdl=11336/61054 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Most iguanians are [[arboreal]] but there are several terrestrial groups. They usually have primitive fleshy, [[prehensility|non-prehensile]] tongues, although the tongue is highly modified in chameleons.{{Cn|date=January 2024}} Today they are scattered occurring in Madagascar, the Fiji and Friendly Islands and Western Hemisphere.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moody |first1=Scott M. |title=Charles L. Camp and His 1923 Classification of Lizards: An Early Cladist? |journal=[[Systematic Zoology]] |date=June 1985 |volume=34 |issue=2|pages=216–222 |doi=10.2307/2413329 |jstor=2413329}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
The Iguania currently include these extant families:<ref>Wiens, J.J., C. R. Hutter, D. G. Mulcahy, B. P. Noonan, T. M. Townsend, J. W. Sites Jr., T. W. Reeder. (2012) [http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roybiolett/early/2012/09/17/rsbl.2012.0703.full.pdf Resolving the phylogeny of lizards and snakes (Squamata) with extensive sampling of genes and species.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805112720/http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roybiolett/early/2012/09/17/rsbl.2012.0703.full.pdf |date=2018-08-05 }} ''Biology Letters''</ref><ref>Schulte II, J. A., J. P. Valladares, and A. Larson. (2003) [Phylogenetic relationships within Iguanidae inferred using molecular and morphological data and a phylogenetic taxonomy of iguanian lizards.] ''Herpetologica'' 59: 399-419</ref> |
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The Iguania currently include these extant families:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wiens |first1=John J. |last2=Hutter |first2=Carl R. |last3=Mulcahy |first3=Daniel G. |last4=Noonan |first4=Brice P. |last5=Townsend |first5=Ted M. |last6=Sites |first6=Jack W. |last7=Reeder |first7=Tod W. |title=Resolving the phylogeny of lizards and snakes (Squamata) with extensive sampling of genes and species |journal=Biology Letters |date=23 December 2012 |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=1043–1046 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2012.0703 |doi-access=free |pmid=22993238 |pmc=3497141 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schulte |first1=James A. |last2=Valladares |first2=John Pablo |last3=Larson |first3=Allan |title=Phylogenetic Relationships within Iguanidae Inferred Using Molecular and Morphological Data and a Phylogenetic Taxonomy of Iguanian Lizards |journal=Herpetologica |date=2003 |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=399–419 |doi=10.1655/02-48 |jstor=3893615 |s2cid=56054202 }}</ref> |
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*Clade [[Acrodonta (lizard)|Acrodonta]] |
*Clade [[Acrodonta (lizard)|Acrodonta]] |
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***subclade of Leiosaurini [[Anisolepae]] |
***subclade of Leiosaurini [[Anisolepae]] |
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==Phylogeny== |
== Phylogeny == |
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Below is a [[cladogram]] from the [[phylogenetic]] analysis of Daza ''et al.'' (2012) (a morphological analysis), showing the interrelationships of extinct and living iguanians:<ref name=Detal12 |
Below is a [[cladogram]] from the [[phylogenetic]] analysis of Daza ''et al.'' (2012) (a morphological analysis), showing the interrelationships of extinct and living iguanians:<ref name=Detal12/> |
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{{clade| style=font-size:80%;line-height:85% |
{{clade| style=font-size:80%;line-height:85% |
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|label1=[[Hoplocercidae]] |
|label1=[[Hoplocercidae]] |
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|1={{clade |
|1={{clade |
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|1=''[[ |
|1=''[[Enyalioides]]'' |
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|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
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|1=''[[Morunasaurus]]'' |
|1=''[[Morunasaurus]]'' |
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|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
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|1={{clade |
|1={{clade |
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|1=''[[Petrosaurus]]'' |
|1=''[[Petrosaurus]]''}} |
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|2=[[sand lizards]]}} |
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|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
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|1=''[[Sceloporus]]'' |
|1=''[[Sceloporus]]'' |
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|1=''[[Phymaturus]]'' |
|1=''[[Phymaturus]]'' |
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|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
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|1=''[[ |
|1=''[[Ctenoblepharys]]'' |
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|2=''[[Liolaemus]]''}} }} |
|2=''[[Liolaemus]]''}} }} |
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|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
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|2=''[[Uranoscodon]]'' |
|2=''[[Uranoscodon]]'' |
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}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |
}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |
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The extinct [[Arretosauridae]] ([[Paleogene]] iguanians from Central Asia) are alternatively classified in either the Acrodonta with other Old World iguanians, or in [[Pleurodonta]] as a sister group to the [[Crotaphytidae]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Alifanov |first=V. R. |date=2012-07-01 |title=Lizards of the family Arretosauridae Gilmore, 1943 (Iguanomorpha, Iguania) from the Paleogene of Mongolia |url=https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030112040028 |journal=Paleontological Journal |language=en |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=412–420 |doi=10.1134/S0031030112040028 |bibcode=2012PalJ...46..412A |s2cid=119087759 |issn=1555-6174}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bolet |first1=Arnau |last2=Stubbs |first2=Thomas L |last3=Herrera-Flores |first3=Jorge A |last4=Benton |first4=Michael J |date=2022-05-03 |editor-last=Zhu |editor-first=Min |editor2-last=Perry |editor2-first=George H |editor3-last=Zhu |editor3-first=Min |title=The Jurassic rise of squamates as supported by lepidosaur disparity and evolutionary rates |journal=eLife |volume=11 |pages=e66511 |doi=10.7554/eLife.66511 |pmid=35502582 |issn=2050-084X|pmc=9064307 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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==Conservation |
== Conservation status == |
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As of 2020 The [[IUCN Red List]] of endangered species lists 63.3% of the species as [[Least concern]], 6.7% [[Near Threatened]], 8.2 [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]], 9.1% [[endangered]], 3.1% [[critically endangered]], 0.3 [[extinct]] and 9.2% [[data deficient]]. The major threats include agriculture |
As of 2020 The [[IUCN Red List]] of endangered species lists 63.3% of the species as [[Least concern]], 6.7% [[Near Threatened]], 8.2 [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]], 9.1% [[endangered]], 3.1% [[critically endangered]], 0.3 [[extinct]] and 9.2% [[data deficient]]. The major threats include agriculture, residential and commercial development.<ref>https://www.iucnredlist.org/{{Vague|date=July 2022}}</ref> |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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== Further reading == |
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{{Commons category}} |
{{Commons category}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Frost |first1=Darrel R. |last2=Etheridge |first2=Richard |title=A Phylogenetic Analysis and Taxonomy of Iguanian Lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) |date=1989 |publisher=University of Kansas |isbn=978-0-89338-033-5 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Frost |first1=Darrel R. |last2=Etheridge |first2=Richard |last3=Janies |first3=Daniel |last4=Titus |first4=Tom A. |title=Total Evidence, Sequence Alignment, Evolution of Polychrotid Lizards, and a Reclassification of the Iguania (Squamata: Iguania) |journal=American Museum Novitates |date=June 2001 |issue=3343 |pages=1–39 |doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2001)343<0001:TESAEO>2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=55299129 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5371290 }} |
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{{Squamata families}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q661136}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q661136}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Iguanomorpha| ]] |
[[Category:Iguanomorpha| ]] |
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[[Category:Early Jurassic first appearances]] |
[[Category:Early Jurassic first appearances]] |
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[[Category:Toxicofera]] |
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| Iguanomorpha
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|---|---|
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| Leiocephalus personatus, a species of iguanian | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Clade: | Toxicofera |
| Clade: | Iguanomorpha Sukhanov, 1961 |
| Suborder: | Iguania Cope, 1864 |
| Subgroups | |
Iguania is an infraorderofsquamate reptiles that includes iguanas, chameleons, agamids, and New World lizards like anoles and phrynosomatids. Using morphological features as a guide to evolutionary relationships, the Iguania are believed to form the sister group to the remainder of the Squamata,[1] which comprise nearly 11,000 named species, roughly 2000 of which are iguanians. However, molecular information has placed Iguania well within the Squamata as sister taxa to the Anguimorpha and closely related to snakes.[2] The order has been under debate and revisions after being classified by Charles Lewis Camp in 1923 due to difficulties finding adequate synapomorphic morphological characteristics.[3] Most iguanians are arboreal but there are several terrestrial groups. They usually have primitive fleshy, non-prehensile tongues, although the tongue is highly modified in chameleons.[citation needed] Today they are scattered occurring in Madagascar, the Fiji and Friendly Islands and Western Hemisphere.[4]
The Iguania currently include these extant families:[5][6]
Below is a cladogram from the phylogenetic analysis of Daza et al. (2012) (a morphological analysis), showing the interrelationships of extinct and living iguanians:[3]
| Iguanomorpha | |
The extinct Arretosauridae (Paleogene iguanians from Central Asia) are alternatively classified in either the Acrodonta with other Old World iguanians, or in Pleurodonta as a sister group to the Crotaphytidae.[7][8]
As of 2020 The IUCN Red List of endangered species lists 63.3% of the species as Least concern, 6.7% Near Threatened, 8.2 vulnerable, 9.1% endangered, 3.1% critically endangered, 0.3 extinct and 9.2% data deficient. The major threats include agriculture, residential and commercial development.[9]
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Squamata families
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| Dibamia |
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| Gekkota |
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| Scincoidea |
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| Laterata / Lacertoidea |
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| Anguimorpha |
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| Iguania |
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| Serpentes |
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| Iguania |
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Authority control databases: National  |
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