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{{Short description|Species of gastropod}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{Speciesbox |
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| image = Janthina janthina.jpg |
| image = Janthina janthina.jpg |
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| image_alt = Janthina janthina |
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| image2 = Janthina.jpg |
| image2 = Janthina.jpg |
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| image2_caption = A |
| image2_caption = A live ''Janthina janthina'', with bubble raft, that has been washed up in [[Maui]], [[Hawaii]]. This is the normal view from above: the [[spire (mollusc)|spire]] of the [[gastropod shell|shell]] is held pointing down when the animal is floating on the surface of the ocean. |
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| image2_alt = A live Janthina janthina (with bubble raft) that has been swept up onto a beach in Maui, Hawaii. This is the normal view from above: the spire of the shell is held pointing down like this when the animal is floating on the surface of the ocean water. |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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|display_parents=3 |
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| phylum = [[Mollusca]] |
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| classis = [[Gastropoda]] |
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| subclassis = |
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⚫ | | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) |
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| unranked_superfamilia = clade [[Caenogastropoda]]<br /> |
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clade [[Hypsogastropoda]]<br /> |
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informal group [[Ptenoglossa]] |
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| superfamilia = [[Epitonioidea]] |
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| familia = [[Janthinidae]] |
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| synonyms_ref = <ref>Gofas, S. (2009). ''Janthina janthina'' (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2009) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140155 on 2010-05-16</ref> |
| synonyms_ref = <ref>Gofas, S. (2009). ''Janthina janthina'' (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2009) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140155 on 2010-05-16</ref> |
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| synonyms = |
| synonyms = |
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* ''Helix janthina'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> |
* ''Helix janthina'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small> |
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* ''Janthina affinis'' <small>Reeve, 1858</small> |
* ''Janthina affinis'' <small>[[Lovell Augustus Reeve|Reeve]], 1858</small> |
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* ''Janthina africana'' <small>Reeve, 1858</small> |
* ''Janthina africana'' <small>[[Lovell Augustus Reeve|Reeve]], 1858</small> |
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* ''Janthina alba'' <small> |
* ''Janthina alba'' <small>Anton, 1838</small> |
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* ''Janthina balteata'' <small>Reeve, 1858</small> |
* ''Janthina balteata'' <small>[[Lovell Augustus Reeve|Reeve]], 1858</small> |
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* ''Janthina bicolor'' <small>Menke, 1828</small> |
* ''Janthina bicolor'' <small>Menke, 1828</small> |
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* ''Janthina bicolor'' var. ''major'' <small>Monterosato, 1878</small> |
* ''Janthina bicolor'' var. ''major'' <small>Monterosato, 1878</small> |
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* ''Janthina carpenteri'' <small>Mørch, 1860</small> |
* ''Janthina carpenteri'' <small>Mørch, 1860</small> |
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* ''Janthina carpenteri'' var. ''contorta'' <small>Tryon, 1887</small> |
* ''Janthina carpenteri'' var. ''contorta'' <small>Tryon, 1887</small> |
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* ''Janthina casta'' <small>Reeve, 1858</small> |
* ''Janthina casta'' <small>[[Lovell Augustus Reeve|Reeve]], 1858</small> |
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* ''Janthina coeruleata'' <small>Reeve, 1858</small> |
* ''Janthina coeruleata'' <small>[[Lovell Augustus Reeve|Reeve]], 1858</small> |
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* ''Janthina communis'' <small>Lamarck, 1799</small> |
* ''Janthina communis'' <small>[[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1799</small> |
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* ''Janthina costae'' <small>Mørch, 1860</small> |
* ''Janthina costae'' <small>Mørch, 1860</small> |
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* ''Janthina depressa'' <small>Reeve, 1858</small> |
* ''Janthina depressa'' <small>[[Lovell Augustus Reeve|Reeve]], 1858</small> |
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* ''Janthina fibula'' <small>Reeve, 1858</small> |
* ''Janthina fibula'' <small>[[Lovell Augustus Reeve|Reeve]], 1858</small> |
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* ''Janthina fragilis'' <small>Lamarck, 1799</small> (junior synonym) |
* ''Janthina fragilis'' <small>[[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1799</small> (junior synonym) |
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* ''Janthina fragilis'' var. ''spiraelata'' <small>Mørch, 1860</small> |
* ''Janthina fragilis'' var. ''spiraelata'' <small>Mørch, 1860</small> |
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* ''Janthina grandis'' <small>Reeve, 1858</small> |
* ''Janthina grandis'' <small>[[Lovell Augustus Reeve|Reeve]], 1858</small> |
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* ''Janthina involuta'' <small>Reeve, 1858</small> |
* ''Janthina involuta'' <small>[[Lovell Augustus Reeve|Reeve]], 1858</small> |
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* ''Janthina orbignyi'' <small>Mørch, 1860</small> |
* ''Janthina orbignyi'' <small>Mørch, 1860</small> |
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* ''Janthina penicephela'' <small>Peron, 1824</small> |
* ''Janthina penicephela'' <small>Peron, 1824</small> |
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* ''Janthina planispirata'' <small> |
* ''Janthina planispirata'' <small>[[Arthur Adams (zoologist)|Adams]] & [[Lovell Augustus Reeve|Reeve]], 1848</small> |
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* ''Janthina roseala'' <small>Reeve, 1858</small> |
* ''Janthina roseala'' <small>[[Lovell Augustus Reeve|Reeve]], 1858</small> |
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* ''Janthina rotundata'' <small>Dillwyn, 1840</small> |
* ''Janthina rotundata'' <small>Dillwyn, 1840</small> |
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* ''Janthina smithiae'' <small>Reeve, 1858</small> |
* ''Janthina smithiae'' <small>[[Lovell Augustus Reeve|Reeve]], 1858</small> |
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* ''Janthina striulata'' <small>Carpenter, 1857</small> |
* ''Janthina striulata'' <small>Carpenter, 1857</small> |
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* ''Janthina striulata'' var. ''contorta'' <small>Carpenter, 1857</small> |
* ''Janthina striulata'' var. ''contorta'' <small>Carpenter, 1857</small> |
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* ''Janthina trochoidea'' <small>Reeve, 1858</small> |
* ''Janthina trochoidea'' <small>[[Lovell Augustus Reeve|Reeve]], 1858</small> |
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* ''Janthina violacea'' <small>Bolten, 1798</small> |
* ''Janthina violacea'' <small>Bolten, 1798</small> |
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* ''Janthina vulgaris'' <small>Gray, 1847</small> |
* ''Janthina vulgaris'' <small>[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1847</small> |
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}} |
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'''''Janthina janthina''''' |
'''''Janthina janthina''''' is a [[species]] of [[holoplankton]]ic [[sea snail]], a [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusk]] in the family [[Epitoniidae]]. Its [[common name]]s include '''violet sea-snail''', '''common violet snail''', '''large violet snail''' and '''purple storm snail'''.<ref name="WoRMS">{{cite web |title=Janthina janthina (Linnaeus, 1758) |url=https://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140155#vernaculars |website=World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) |access-date=2022-04-07}}</ref> |
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[[File:Violet Sea-Snail.jpg|thumb| |
[[File:Violet Sea-Snail.jpg|thumb|Exhibitof''Janthina janthina'' at Manchester Museum]] |
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==Distribution== |
==Distribution== |
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This species is found worldwide in the warm waters of tropical and temperate seas, floating at the surface.<ref name="M&S" /> They are often found in large groups and sometimes become stranded on beaches when they are blown ashore by strong winds.<ref name=M&S>{{cite book |last=Morrison |first= |
This species is found worldwide in the warm waters of tropical and temperate seas, floating at the surface.<ref name="M&S" /> More specifically, the species is located in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans.<ref name= ocean>{{cite news |last=Churchill |first=Celia |author2=Valdes, Angel |author3= Foighil, Diarmaid |title=Molecular and Morphological Systematics of Neustonic Nudibranchs (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Glaucidae: Glaucus), with Descriptions of Three New Cryptic Species |year=2014 |pages=174 }}</ref> They are often found in large groups and sometimes become stranded on beaches when they are blown ashore by strong winds.<ref name=M&S>{{cite book |last=Morrison |first=Sue |author2=Storrie, Ann |title=Wonders of Western Waters: The Marine Life of South-Western Australia |year=1999 |publisher=[[Department of Conservation and Land Management|CALM]] |isbn=0-7309-6894-4 |pages=68 }}</ref> The snails are a unique part of the [[neuston]], organisms which live on or near the surface of the water, because of their relatively large size. They have [[veliger]], or free swimming larvae, but the adults do not swim, and cannot create their rafts, except at the surface where air bubbles are available.<ref name="Lalli1989">{{cite book |last=Lalli |first=Carol M. |author2=Ronald W. Gilmer |title=Pelagic Snails: The Biology of Holoplanktonic Gastropod Mollusks |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-8047-1490-7 }}</ref> |
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These snails are a unique part of the [[pleuston]], organisms living on or at the very surface of the water, because of their relatively large size. They have veliger or free swimming larvae, but the adults do not swim and cannot create their rafts except at the surface where air bubbles are available.<ref name="Lalli1989">{{cite book|last=Lalli|first=Carol M.|author2=Ronald W. Gilmer|title=Pelagic Snails: The Biology of Holoplanktonic Gastropod Mollusks|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0-8047-1490-7 }}</ref> |
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==Habitat== |
==Habitat== |
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{{see also|Ocean surface ecosystem}} |
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These snails are [[pelagic]], drifting on the surface of the ocean, where they feed upon pelagic |
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⚫ | These snails are [[pelagic]], drifting on the surface of the ocean, where they feed upon pelagic [[hydrozoa]], especially the by-the-wind sailor, ''[[Velella velella]]'', and the [[Portuguese man o' war]], ''Physalia physalis''. |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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'' |
''J. janthina'' is a member of the family [[Janthinidae]], snails that trap air bubbles to maintain their positions at the surface of the ocean, where they are [[predation|predators]] on hydrozoa.<ref name="Powell">[[Arthur William Baden Powell|Powell A. W. B.]], ''New Zealand Mollusca'', [[HarperCollins|William Collins Publishers Ltd]], Auckland, New Zealand 1979 {{ISBN|0-00-216906-1}}.</ref> The air bubbles are stabilized by the secretion of [[amphiphilic]] [[mucins]] which have evolved from [[Wentletrap|epitoniid]] egg masses.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Churchill |first1=Celia K.C. |last2=Ó Foighil |first2=Diarmaid |last3=Strong |first3=Ellen E. |last4=Gittenberger |first4=Adriaan |title=Females floated first in bubble-rafting snails |journal=Current Biology |date=October 2011 |volume=21 |issue=19 |pages=R802–R803 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.011 |pmid=21996498 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2011CBio...21.R802C }}</ref> This passive flotation is a particularly resource-efficient form of [[animal locomotion]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rühs |first1=Patrick A. |last2=Bergfreund |first2=Jotam |last3=Bertsch |first3=Pascal |last4=Gstöhl |first4=Stefan J. |last5=Fischer |first5=Peter |title=Complex fluids in animal survival strategies |journal=Soft Matter |date=2021 |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=3022–3036 |doi=10.1039/D1SM00142F |pmid=33729256 |arxiv=2005.00773 |bibcode=2021SMat...17.3022R |doi-access=free }}</ref> In addition to the bubble raft, only the [[veliger]], or larval stage, has an [[operculum (gastropod)|operculum]], and the shell is paper-thin to allow the animal to float upside down at the surface.<ref name="M&S" /><ref name="Rothschild2004">{{cite book |last=Rothschild |first=Susan B. |author2=Nick Fotheringham |title=Beachcomber's Guide to Gulf Coast Marine Life: Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida |publisher=Taylor Trade Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-58979-061-2}}</ref> |
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[[File:Janthina_janthina_01.JPG|thumb|left|Five views of a shell of ''Janthina janthina'']] |
[[File:Janthina_janthina_01.JPG|thumb|left|Five views of a shell of ''Janthina janthina'']] |
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The snail's shell is reverse [[countershading|countershaded]], because of its upside-down position in the water column. There is a light purple shade on the [[ |
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⚫ | The snail's shell is reverse [[countershading|countershaded]], because of its upside-down position in the water column. There is a light purple shade on the [[spire (mollusc)|spire]] of the shell, and a darker purple on the ventral side.<ref name="Rothschild2004" /> The animal has a large head on a very flexible neck. The eyes are small and are situated at the base of its tentacles. The shell, which is violet, with a paler upper surface, is almost smooth, with a slightly depressed-globose shape.<ref name="Powell" /> It is thin and delicate, and is without an operculum.<ref name="M&S" /> The height of the species shell is up to 38 mm, the width to 40 mm.<ref name="Powell"/> |
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The snail begins life as a male and later changes to the female of the species. The eggs are held by the female until they develop into a larval form.<ref name="M&S" /> |
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The |
The snail begins life asamale and later changes into a female. The eggs are held by the female until they develop into the larval form.<ref name="M&S" /> |
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The colour of the shell is violet, with a paler upper surface. |
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The height of the species shell is up to 38 mm, the width to 40 mm.<ref name="Powell"/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{ |
{{Reflist}} |
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⚫ | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120319215640/http://www.conservation.bm/species-spotlight/2011/5/30/purple-ocean-snail-or-purple-sea-snail.html Species Spotlight: ''Janthina janthina'' - Bermuda Department of Conservation Services] |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q338482}} |
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⚫ | * [http://www.conservation.bm/species-spotlight/2011/5/30/purple-ocean-snail-or-purple-sea-snail.html Species Spotlight: ''Janthina janthina'' - Bermuda Department of Conservation Services] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Epitoniidae]] |
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[[Category:Gastropods described in 1758]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]] |
Janthina janthina | |
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![]() | |
Janthina janthina | |
![]() | |
A live Janthina janthina, with bubble raft, that has been washed up in Maui, Hawaii. This is the normal view from above: the spire of the shell is held pointing down when the animal is floating on the surface of the ocean. | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Mollusca |
Class: | Gastropoda |
Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
Superfamily: | Epitonioidea |
Family: | Epitoniidae |
Genus: | Janthina |
Species: |
J. janthina
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Binomial name | |
Janthina janthina | |
Synonyms[1] | |
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Janthina janthina is a speciesofholoplanktonic sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Epitoniidae. Its common names include violet sea-snail, common violet snail, large violet snail and purple storm snail.[2]
This species is found worldwide in the warm waters of tropical and temperate seas, floating at the surface.[3] More specifically, the species is located in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans.[4] They are often found in large groups and sometimes become stranded on beaches when they are blown ashore by strong winds.[3] The snails are a unique part of the neuston, organisms which live on or near the surface of the water, because of their relatively large size. They have veliger, or free swimming larvae, but the adults do not swim, and cannot create their rafts, except at the surface where air bubbles are available.[5]
These snails are pelagic, drifting on the surface of the ocean, where they feed upon pelagic hydrozoa, especially the by-the-wind sailor, Velella velella, and the Portuguese man o' war, Physalia physalis.
J. janthina is a member of the family Janthinidae, snails that trap air bubbles to maintain their positions at the surface of the ocean, where they are predators on hydrozoa.[6] The air bubbles are stabilized by the secretion of amphiphilic mucins which have evolved from epitoniid egg masses.[7] This passive flotation is a particularly resource-efficient form of animal locomotion.[8] In addition to the bubble raft, only the veliger, or larval stage, has an operculum, and the shell is paper-thin to allow the animal to float upside down at the surface.[3][9]
The snail's shell is reverse countershaded, because of its upside-down position in the water column. There is a light purple shade on the spire of the shell, and a darker purple on the ventral side.[9] The animal has a large head on a very flexible neck. The eyes are small and are situated at the base of its tentacles. The shell, which is violet, with a paler upper surface, is almost smooth, with a slightly depressed-globose shape.[6] It is thin and delicate, and is without an operculum.[3] The height of the species shell is up to 38 mm, the width to 40 mm.[6]
The snail begins life as a male and later changes into a female. The eggs are held by the female until they develop into the larval form.[3]
Janthina janthina |
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