Japanese dolls: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Type of doll}}

[[File:Hanau-wilhelmsbad-2010-puppenmuseum-079.jpg|thumb|Japanese doll in traditional [[kimono]] and musical instrument]]

{{Nihongo|'''Japanese dolls'''|人形|ningyō|{{lit|human form}}}} are one of the traditional [[Japanese craft]]s.

There are various types of traditional [[doll]]s, some representing children and babies, some the imperial court, warriors and heroes, fairy-tale characters, gods and (rarely) demons, and also people of the daily life of Japanese cities. Many have a long tradition and are still made today for household shrines, formal gift-giving, or for festival celebrations such as {{transliteration|ja|[[Hinamatsuri]]}}, the doll festival, or {{transliteration|ja|[[Kodomo no Hi]]}}, Children's Day. Some are manufactured as a local craft, to be purchased by pilgrims as a souvenir of a temple visit or some other trip.

There may be a continuity in the making of the {{nihongo||土偶|[[dogū]]}}, humanoid figures, by the ancient [[Jōmon period|Jōmon]] culture in Japan (8000–200 BC), which were associated with fertility or [[shamanism|shamanistic]] rites, at a time when dolls were thought to have [[soul]]s.<ref name="Salvador"/> Dolls also have continuity from the {{transliteration|ja|[[Haniwa]]}} funerary figures of the subsequent [[Kofun period|Kofun]] culture (around 300–600 AD). Expert Alan Pate notes that temple records refer to the making of a grass doll to be blessed and thrown into the river at [[Ise Shrine]] in 3 BC; the custom was probably even more ancient, but it is at the root of the modern doll festival,or{{transliteration|ja|Hinamatsuri}}.

In the early 11th century, around the peak of the [[Heian period]], several types of dolls had already been defined, as known from [[Murasaki Shikibu|Lady Murasaki's]] novel ''[[The Tale of Genji]]''. Girls played with dolls and doll houses; women made protective dolls for their children or grandchildren; dolls were used in religious ceremonies, taking on the sins of a person whom they had touched. At that time, it was thought that [[evil]] could be ritualistically transferred to a paper image called a {{nihongo||形代|[[katashiro]]}}, which were then cast to the river or sea;<ref name="Salvador"/> Japanese dolls today may be the result of the combination of {{transliteration|ja|katashiro}} and paper dolls children once played with.<ref name="Salvador"/> {{transliteration|ja|[[Hoko (doll)|Hōko]]}}, though not explicitly mentioned in ''The Tale of Genji'', were soft-bodied dolls given to young women of age and especially to pregnant women to protect both mother and unborn child.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Ningyo: The Art of the Japanese Doll|last = Pate|first = Alan S.|publisher = Tuttle Publishing|year = 2005|isbn = 9781462907205|location = Singapore|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EzzRAgAAQBAJ&q=h%C5%8Dko+doll&pg=PT184}}</ref> Sources mentioning them by name start appearing in the Heian period, but are more apparent in the [[Muromachi period]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Puppets of Nostalgia: The Life, Death and Rebirth of the Japanese "Awaji Ningy?" Tradition|last = Law|first = Jane Marie|publisher = Princeton University Press|year = 1997|isbn = 9780691604718|location = Princeton, New Jersey|pages = 35|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CLt9BgAAQBAJ&q=Hoko+%28doll%29&pg=PA35}}</ref>

{{transliteration|ja|[[Okiagari-koboshi]]}} are [[roly-poly toy]]s made from [[papier-mâché]], dating back to at least the 14th century.{{cn|date=December 2021}} They are [[good-luck charm]]s and symbols of perseverance and resilience.

Probably the first professional dollmakers were temple sculptors, who used their skill to make painted wooden images of children (Saga dolls). The possibilities of this art form, using carved wood or wood composition, a shining white "skin" lacquer called {{transliteration|ja|gofun}} made from ground oystershell and glue, and textiles, were vast.

During the [[Edo period]] (1603–1867), when Japan was [[sakoku|closed to most trade]], there developed both fine dollmakers and a market of wealthy individuals who would pay for the most beautiful doll sets for display in their homes or as valuable gifts. Sets of dolls came to include larger and more elaborate figures, and more of them. The competitive trade was eventually regulated by government, meaning that doll makers could be arrested or banished for breaking laws on materials and height.{{cn|date=December 2021}}

==Annual doll festival==

{{Main|Hinamatsuri}}

Homes and shops put up traditionally-clothed dolls of various sizes, set on a red dais, around 3rd March for the festival of {{transliteration|ja|Hinamatsuri}}. These feature the emperor and empress, attended by a court retinue: warriors, ministers and so on. Full versions include 15 dolls and apparatus such as utensils for {{nihongo|[[Japanese tea ceremony]]|茶の湯|cha no yu}}. The most elaborate sets can fetch many millions of yen (tens of thousands of US$). The Doll Festival is celebrated to ensure girls' future happiness, and this link to daughters is rooted in the use of dolls in children's play. However, the Doll Festival itself has been part of Japanese culture only since the Edo period.<ref name="Salvador">Salvador Jimenez Murguia, "Hinamatsuri and the Japanese female: a critical interpretation of the Japanese doll festival." ''Journal of Asia Pacific Studies'' 2.2 (2011): 231-247 </ref>

It was during the Edo period that most of the traditional doll types known today developed.

[[File:Nisidahina.jpg|thumb|{{transliteration|ja|[[Hinamatsuri]]}} dolls of the emperor and empress]]

[[File:Rakko.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Wooden {{transliteration|ja|[[kokeshi]]}} dolls]]

[[File:KarakuriBritishMuseum.jpg|thumb|upright|Mechanical {{transliteration|ja|[[karakuri ningyō]]}} for bringing tea]]

[[Image:osonowiki.jpg|thumb|upright|{{transliteration|ja|[[Bunraku]]}} puppet during a play]]

* {{transliteration|ja|Hina}} dolls are the dolls for {{transliteration|ja|[[Hinamatsuri]]}}, the doll festival on March 3. They can be made of many materials, but the classic {{transliteration|ja|hina}} doll has a pyramidal body of elaborate, many-layered textiles stuffed with straw and/or wood blocks, carved wood hands (and in some cases feet) covered with {{transliteration|ja|gofun}}, and a head of carved wood or composite molded wood covered with {{transliteration|ja|gofun}}, with set-in glass eyes (though before about 1850, the eyes were carved into the {{transliteration|ja|gofun}} and painted), and human or silk hair. A full set comprises at least 15 dolls, representing specific characters, with many accessories ({{transliteration|ja|dogū}}), though the basic set is a male-female pair, often referred to as the Emperor and Empress.

* {{anchor|Kintarō doll}}{{transliteration|ja|Kintarō}} dolls are offered to Japanese children during the {{transliteration|ja|[[Tango no Sekku]]}} holiday, in order to inspire in them the bravery and strength of the legendary [[Kintarō]].

* {{transliteration|ja|Musha}}, or warrior dolls, are usually made of materials similar to the {{transliteration|ja|hina}} dolls, but the construction is often more complicated, since the dolls represent men (or women) seated on camp chairs, standing, or riding horses. Armor, helmets, and weapons are made of lacquered paper, often with metal accents. There is no specified "set" of such dolls; subjects include [[Emperor Jimmu]], [[Empress Jingū]] with her prime minister Takenouchi holding her newborn imperial son, Shoki the Demon-Queller, [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] and his generals and tea-master, and fairy-tale figures such as [[Momotarō]] the Peach Boy or Kintarō the Golden Boy.

* {{transliteration|ja|Gosho}} dolls show fat, cute babies in a simplified form. The basic {{transliteration|ja|gosho}} is an almost-naked sitting boy, carved all in one piece, with very white skin, though {{transliteration|ja|gosho}} with elaborate clothing, hairstyle, and accessories, female as well as male, became popular as well. They developed as a gifts associated with the Imperial court, and {{transliteration|ja|gosho}} could be translated "palace" or "court".

* {{transliteration|ja|Kimekomi}} dolls ({{lang|ja|[[:ja:木目込人形|木目込人形]]}}) are made of wood. The ancestors of {{transliteration|ja|kimekomi}} dolls are {{transliteration|ja|kamo}} ("willow-wood") dolls, small dolls carved of willow and decorated with cloth scraps. {{transliteration|ja|Kimekomi}} refers to a method of making dolls. They start with a carved and/or molded base of wood, wood composite, or (in some modern dolls) plastic foam. A design of different patterned cloth scraps is planned out, and the base is grooved so that the edges of the cloth can be hidden in the grooves. The cloth is glued on and the edges tucked in. The head and hands (if any) of the doll are usually finished with {{transliteration|ja|gofun}}; the hair may be part of the molded head or be a separate wig. These dolls have become a very popular craft and kits with finished heads can be purchased. The method is also used by some of Japan's [[avant-garde]] dollmakers, who adapt the old materials to new visions.

* {{transliteration|ja|[[Karakuri ningyō]]}}, puppets or dolls are mechanical; they include the large figures on festival floats, for festivals like Kyoto's [[Gion Matsuri]] and smaller entertaining scenes, often with a musical element accompanying the movement. They often depict legendary heroes.

* {{transliteration|ja|[[Bunraku]]}} isa form of theatrical puppet theatre which rivalled and inspired the [[kabuki]] theater, and survives today.

* {{transliteration|ja|[[Kokeshi]]}} dolls have been made for 150 years, and are from Northern [[Honshū]], the main island of Japan. They were originally made as toys for children of farmers. They have no arms or legs, but a large head and cylindrical body, representing little girls. From a simple toy, it has now become a famous Japanese craft, and now an established [[souvenir]] for tourists.

* {{transliteration|ja|[[Iki-ningyō]]}} are life-sized lifelike dolls, that were popular in {{transliteration|ja|[[misemono]]}} shows.<ref name=Kawamoto2007>{{cite journal|title=Nishiki-e depicting Iki-ningyo|author=Tsutomu Kawamoto|journal=National Diet Library Newsletter|issue=155|date=June 2007|url=http://ndl.go.jp./en/publication/ndl_newsletter/155/557.html}}</ref><ref name="Frédéric2005">{{cite encyclopaedia|encyclopedia=Japan encyclopedia|author=Louis Frédéric|others=translated by Käthe Roth|publisher=Harvard University Press|date=2005|isbn=978-0-674-01753-5|pages=379}}</ref> Artists made {{transliteration|ja|iki-ningyō}} that were novel not just for their subjects that shocked viewers—figures lying in pools of their own blood, for example—but for their influence on Japanese dolls. The works of Matsumoto Kisaburō and Yasumoto Kamehachi, in particular, contributed to form an extreme sense of realism.<ref name=Pate2008>{{cite book|title=Japanese Dolls: The Fascinating World of Ningyo|series=Art and Design Series|author=Alan Scott Pate|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-4-8053-0922-3|pages=142–154|chapter=Iki-ningyō: Living Dolls and the Export Market}}</ref>

* {{transliteration|ja|Ichimatsu}} dolls ({{lang|ja|[[:ja:市松人形|市松人形]]}}) represent little girls or boys, correctly proportioned and usually with flesh-colored skin and glass eyes. The original {{transliteration|ja|ichimatsu}} were named after an 18th-century kabuki actor, and must have represented an adult man, but since the late 19th century the term has applied to child dolls, usually made to hold in the arms, dress, and pose (either with elaborately made joints or with floppy cloth upper arms and thighs). Baby boy dolls with mischievous expressions were most popular in the late 19th and early 20th century, but in 1927 the [[Japanese friendship dolls|friendship doll exchange]] involved the creation of 58 {{cvt|32|in}} dolls representing little girls, to be sent as a gift from Japan to the United States, and the aesthetic of these dolls influenced dollmakers to emulate this type of a solemn, gentle-looking little girl in elaborate kimono.

* {{transliteration|ja|[[Daruma doll|Daruma]]}} are spherical dolls with red bodies and white faces without pupils. They represent [[Bodhidharma]], an East Indian who founded [[Zen]] about 1500 years ago; according to legend, he removed his own eyelids to prevent sleep from breaking his concentration, and his limbs withered after prolonged meditation. {{transliteration|ja|Daruma}} dolls are charms to bring good fortune, continued prosperity, and fortitude to accomplish goals. Usually {{transliteration|ja|daruma}} dolls are purchased with blank eyes. One eye is filled when making a wish, the other when the wish is fulfilled. Wishes can be made throughout the year, but it is common in Japan to do it on [[New Year's Day]].

* {{transliteration|ja|[[Teru teru bōzu]]}} ("shine-shine monk") are strictly speaking not a type of doll. They are handmade of white paper or cloth, and hung from a window by a string to bring good weather and prevent rain.

* {{transliteration|ja|[[Hōko (doll)|Hōko]]}} dolls ("crawling child") are a soft-bodied doll given to young women of age and especially to pregnant women in Japan as a [[talisman]] to protect both mother and unborn child.

With the end of the Edo period and the advent of the modern [[Meiji era]] in the late 1800s, the art of doll-making changed as well:

* Silk-skinned or "mask-face" dolls became a popular craft in Japan in the 1920s and 1930s, allowing the individual to design elaborate kimono for dolls representing women of various periods of Japanese history, particularly the Edo period. Dolls of this type continued to be made and were a popular item for servicemen and tourists to bring back after World War II, though they also might choose dolls representing similar subjects made with {{transliteration|ja|gofun}} faces.

* [[Bisque doll]]s are made of fired clay. [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]] is a traditional center of the manufacture of bisque dolls, and {{transliteration|ja|[[Hakata ningyō]]}} are famous throughout Japan.

* {{transliteration|ja|Anesama ningyō}} and {{transliteration|ja|shiori ningyō}} (literally "big sister dolls" and "bookmark dolls," respectively) are made of [[washi]] paper. {{transliteration|ja|Anesama ningyō}} tend to be three-dimensional, whereas {{transliteration|ja|shiori ningyō}} are flat. {{transliteration|ja|Anesama ningyō}} often have elaborate hairstyles and costumes made of high-quality washi paper. They often lack facial features. Those from [[Shimane Prefecture]] are especially famous.

** A hybrid of {{transliteration|ja|anesama ningyō}} and {{transliteration|ja|shiori ningyō}}, called {{transliteration|ja|shikishi ningyō}}, has become popular in recent years. {{transliteration|ja|Shikishi ningyō}} are a type of Japanese [[paper doll]]s made with figures and scenes and are mounted on {{transliteration|ja|shikishi}}, a rectangular fancy cardboard about a square foot (about a tenth of a square meter) in size.

* More recent and less traditional Japanese dolls are [[ball-jointed doll]]s (BJDs), whose growth in popularity has spread to the US and other countries since the advent of the [[Super Dollfie]], first made by [[Volks]] in 1999. BJDs can be very realistic-looking or based more on the [[anime]] aesthetic. They are made of [[polyurethane]] [[resin]] which makes them very durable. These dolls are highly customizable in that owners can sand them, change out their wig and eye colors, and even change their face paint. Because of this hands-on aspect of customization, they are not only popular with collectors, but also with [[hobby]]ists.

Japanese dolls are broken down into several subcategories. Two of the most prominent are Girl's Day, {{transliteration|ja|hina-ningyō}}, and the Boy's Day {{transliteration|ja|musha-ningyō}}, or display dolls, {{transliteration|ja|sagu-ningyō}}, {{transliteration|ja|gosho-ningyō}}, and {{transliteration|ja|isho-ningyō}}. Collections can be categorized by the material they are made of such as wood dolls ({{transliteration|ja|kamo-ningyō}} and {{transl|ja|nara-ningyō}}) and clay forms such as {{transliteration|ja|[[fushimi ningyō]]}}, {{transliteration|ja|[[koga ningyō]]}}, and {{transliteration|ja|[[hakata ningyō]]}}.

In the 19th century, {{transliteration|ja|ningyō}} were introduced to the West. Doll collecting has since become a popular pastime in the West.<ref>Pate (2008), p. 30</ref> Famous well known collectors from the West include individuals such as [[James Tissot]] (1836–1902), [[Jules Adeline]] (1845–1909), Eloise Thomas (1907–1982), and Samuel Pryor (1898–1985).<ref>Pate (2008), p. 22</ref> James Tissot was known to be a religious history painter. In 1862, after attending a London Exhibition, he was drawn to [[Japanese art]]. During the 1860s, Tissot was known as one of the most important collectors of Japanese art in Paris. His collections included {{transliteration|ja|[[kosode]]}}-style [[kimono]], paintings, bronze, ceramics, screens and a number of {{transliteration|ja|bijin-ningyō}} (dolls from the late Edo period).<ref>Pate (2008), pp. 35–36</ref> Adeline was known as a working artist and he is also known as "Mikika". Adeline produced many works throughout his career as a working artist. He is best known for his [[etching]]s and received the [[Cross of the Legion of Honor]] for his Vieux-Roven "Le Parvis Notre-Dame". Unlike Tissot, Adeline is recognized as a true collector.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} A majority of Adeline's collection consisted of {{transliteration|ja|ningyō}}, and only a few prints.

During the [[Meiji period]], three men became pioneers in collecting {{transliteration|ja|ningyō}}: Shimizu Seifū (1851–1913), Nishizawa Senko (1864–1914), and Tsuboi Shōgorō (1863–1913). The three men are referred to as {{transliteration|ja|Gangu San Ketsu}} ("the three great toy collectors"). They introduced a systematic approach to collecting {{transliteration|ja|ningyō}} in an effort to preserve and document the various forms of {{transliteration|ja|ningyō}}. Shimizu, an artist and calligrapher, put his artistic ability to use by creating an illustrated catalog of his own collection of 440 {{transliteration|ja|ningyō}} dolls. The catalog was published in 1891, under the title {{transliteration|ja|Unai no Tomo}}. Nishizawa, a banker, gathered a significant collection on {{transliteration|ja|hina-ningyō}}. He was an active researcher, collector of stories, documents, and information relating to the development of {{transliteration|ja|hina-ningyō}} during the [[Edo period]]. Nishizawa's son Tekiho (1889–1965) inherited his collection, but a great portion of the collection was lost in the [[Kanto earthquake]] of 1923. Tsuboi, founder of the Tokyo Anthropological Society, was the most trained of the three, and he brought a scientific element to the collecting of {{transliteration|ja|ningyō}}.<ref>Pate (2008), pp. 24–28</ref>

Dolls have been a part of [[Culture of Japan|Japanese Culture]] for many years, and the phenomenon of collecting them is still practiced. Many collections are preserved in museums, including the [[Peabody Essex Museum]], [[Kyoto National Museum]], and the [[Yodoko Guest House]].

==See also==

* {{transliteration|ja|[[Hinamatsuri]]}}

* {{transliteration|ja|[[Meibutsu]]}}

*{{CC-notice|cc=bysa3|url=https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Japanese_dolls|author(s)= Citizendium editors}}

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