m →Service in the Wehrmacht: Additional reference to theft of antiquities added.
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|birth_date=16 November 1889 |
|birth_date=16 November 1889 |
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|death_date={{d-da|11 February 1967|16 November 1889}} |
|death_date={{d-da|11 February 1967|16 November 1889}} |
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|image= |
|image=Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R63746, Julius Ringel.jpg |
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|image_size=200px |
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|caption= |
|caption= |
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|birth_place= |
|birth_place=[[Völkermarkt]], [[Duchy of Carinthia]], [[Austria-Hungary]] |
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|death_place=[[Bayerisch Gmain]], [[Bavaria]], [[West Germany]] |
|death_place=[[Bayerisch Gmain]], [[Bavaria]], [[West Germany]] |
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|nickname= |
|nickname= |
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|allegiance= |
|allegiance= {{flag|Austria-Hungary}} (to 1918)<br/>{{flag|Austria}} (to 1938)<br/>{{flag|Nazi Germany}} |
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|branch= |
|branch=[[Austro-Hungarian Army]]<br/>[[Austrian Armed Forces|Austrian Army]]<br/>[[German Army (Wehrmacht)|Army (Wehrmacht)]] |
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|serviceyears= |
|serviceyears=1905–45 |
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|rank=[[General der Gebirgstruppe]] |
|rank=[[General der Gebirgstruppe]] |
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|commands=[[3rd Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)|3rd Mountain Division]], [[5th Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)|5th Mountain Division]], [[German LXIX Corps|LXIX Army Corps]], [[German Army Corps Ringel|Army Corps Ringel]] |
|commands=[[3rd Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)|3rd Mountain Division]], [[5th Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)|5th Mountain Division]], [[German LXIX Corps|LXIX Army Corps]], [[German Army Corps Ringel|Army Corps Ringel]] |
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'''Julius 'Papa' Ringel''' (16 November 1889 – 11 February 1967) was an Austrian general in the armed forces of [[Nazi Germany]] during [[World War II]]. |
'''Julius 'Papa' Ringel''' (16 November 1889 – 11 February 1967) was an Austrian general in the armed forces of [[Nazi Germany]] during [[World War II]]. |
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He fought in the [[Western Front (World War II)|Western]] and [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern]] fronts, as well as the |
He fought in the [[Western Front (World War II)|Western]] and [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern]] fronts, as well as the |
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[[Balkan Campaign (World War II)|Balkan Campaign]].<ref name="Williamson">Williamson 2012.</ref> Ringel commanded the [[3rd Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)|3rd Mountain Division]], [[5th Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)|5th Mountain Division]], [[German LXIX Corps|LXIX Corps]],<ref name="Antill">Antill 2012, p. 21.</ref> [[Military district (Germany)|Wehrkreis]] XI and the |
[[Balkan Campaign (World War II)|Balkan Campaign]].<ref name="Williamson">Williamson 2012.</ref> Ringel commanded the [[3rd Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)|3rd Mountain Division]], [[5th Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)|5th Mountain Division]], [[German LXIX Corps|LXIX Corps]],<ref name="Antill">Antill 2012, p. 21.</ref> [[Military district (Germany)|Wehrkreis]] XI and the Army Corps Ringel.<ref name="Palazzo">Palazzo 2007.</ref> He was a recipient of the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves]]. |
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==Early life== |
==Early life== |
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==Service in the Austro-Hungarian and Austrian Armies== |
==Service in the Austro-Hungarian and Austrian Armies== |
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Following his education, [[Fähnrich]] Ringel was assigned to the [[k.u.k.]] ''Landwehr Infanterie-Regiment 4'' (a mountain infantry unit) and a year later, he was promoted to [[Leutnant]]. During [[World War I]], Ringel saw action in [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] and the [[Italian Front (World War I)|Italian Alps]] where he was taken prisoner of war in 1918. Upon his return to the newly formed [[Republic of German Austria]], Ringel fought against the troops of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] occupying Carinthia. Following the [[Carinthian Plebiscite]] and the creation of the [[First Austrian Republic]], Ringel was transferred to the [[Military of Austria|Austrian Federal Army]] where he rose to the rank [[ |
Following his education, [[Fähnrich]] Ringel was assigned to the [[k.u.k.]] ''Landwehr Infanterie-Regiment 4'' (a mountain infantry unit) and a year later, he was promoted to [[Leutnant]]. During [[World War I]], Ringel saw action in [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] and the [[Italian Front (World War I)|Italian Alps]] where he was taken prisoner of war in 1918. Upon his return to the newly formed [[Republic of German Austria]], Ringel fought against the troops of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] occupying Carinthia. Following the [[Carinthian Plebiscite]] and the creation of the [[First Austrian Republic]], Ringel was transferred to the [[Military of Austria|Austrian Federal Army]] where he rose to the rank [[lieutenant colonel]] in 1932. |
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==Service in the Wehrmacht== |
==Service in the Wehrmacht== |
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As an avid supporter of the [[Nazi Party]], Ringel strongly encouraged the union of [[Austria]] with the [[German Reich]] and after the [[Anschluss]] enthusiastically joined the [[Wehrmacht]] with the [[3rd Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)|3rd Mountain Division]].<ref>Thomas & Wegmann 1994, p. 216.</ref> On 1 February 1939, Ringel was promoted to [[colonel]]. When [[World War II]] began, he was assigned to the [[268th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|268th Infantry Division]] as a regimental commander and he took part in the [[Western Front (World War II)|campaign in the West]]. |
As an avid supporter of the [[Nazi Party]], Ringel strongly encouraged the union of [[Austria]] with the [[German Reich]] and after the [[Anschluss]] enthusiastically joined the [[Wehrmacht]] with the [[3rd Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)|3rd Mountain Division]].<ref>Thomas & Wegmann 1994, p. 216.</ref> On 1 February 1939, Ringel was promoted to [[colonel]]. When [[World War II]] began, he was assigned to the [[268th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|268th Infantry Division]] as a regimental commander and he took part in the [[Western Front (World War II)|campaign in the West]]. |
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On 7 June 1940, Ringel returned to the [[3rd Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)|3rd Mountain Division]], becoming its commander on 14 July 1940. In October, he was promoted to [[ |
On 7 June 1940, Ringel returned to the [[3rd Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)|3rd Mountain Division]], becoming its commander on 14 July 1940. In October, he was promoted to [[major general]] and appointed commander of the newly established [[5th Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)|5th Mountain Division]]. The division saw its first action in the spring of 1941 in the [[Balkans Campaign (World War II)|Balkans Campaign]] and took part in the operations codenamed [[Battle of Greece|Marita]] and [[Battle of Crete|Merkur]] aimed to capture mainland Greece and Crete. For his leadership during these operations Ringel was awarded the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]] on 13 June 1941. |
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The operation in Crete was still underway when Ringel ordered his mountaineers to carry out reprisals against civilians who fought the invading Germans.<ref name="Stroud">Stroud 2015, p. 47.</ref> |
The operation in Crete was still underway when Ringel ordered his mountaineers to carry out reprisals against civilians who fought the invading Germans.<ref name="Stroud">Stroud 2015, p. 47.</ref> |
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In November 1941, Ringel's division was posted back to [[Germany]] for rest and reorganization. In March 1942 it was sent to the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] southeast of [[Leningrad]], to take part in the operations against the Soviet [[Volkhov Front]]. For his actions, Ringel was promoted to [[ |
In November 1941, Ringel's division was posted back to [[Germany]] for rest and reorganization. In March 1942 it was sent to the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] southeast of [[Leningrad]], to take part in the operations against the Soviet [[Volkhov Front]]. For his actions, Ringel was promoted to [[lieutenant general]] and in October 1943 received the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves|Oak Leaves]] to his Knight's Cross. Ringel's division was transferred to [[Italy]] in December 1943 to man the [[Winter Line]] near the town of [[Cassino]]. Four months later, he was appointed commander of the [[German LXIX Corps|LXIX Army Corps]] in [[Croatia]]. In June, Ringel was promoted to the [[General der Gebirgstruppe|General of the mountain troops]] and put in charge of the [[Military District XVIII (Salzburg)|Military District Salzburg]] (''Wehrkreis XVIII (Salzburg)'') from which the [[German Army Corps Ringel|Army Corps Ringel]] was formed. He held this appointment until the end of the war. He died in [[Bayerisch Gmain]] in 1967. |
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==Decorations== |
==Decorations== |
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|first2=Howard |
|first2=Howard |
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|year=2012 |
|year=2012 |
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|title=Crete 1941: |
|title=Crete 1941: Germany's lightning airborne assault |
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|series=Campaign |
|series=Campaign |
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|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |
|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |
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|last=Fellgiebel |
|last=Fellgiebel |
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|first=Walther-Peer |
|first=Walther-Peer |
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|authorlink=Walther-Peer Fellgiebel |
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|year=2000 |
|year=2000 |
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| |
|orig-year=1986 |
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|title=Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile |
|title=Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile |
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|trans-title=The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches |
|trans-title=The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches |
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|language= |
|language=de |
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|location=Friedberg, Germany |
|location=Friedberg, Germany |
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|publisher=Podzun-Pallas |
|publisher=Podzun-Pallas |
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|title=The Battle of Crete |
|title=The Battle of Crete |
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|series=Australian Army Campaigns |
|series=Australian Army Campaigns |
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|language= |
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|location=Canberra, Australia |
|location=Canberra, Australia |
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|publisher=Australian Military History Publications |
|publisher=Australian Military History Publications |
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|title=Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives |
|title=Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives |
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|trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives |
|trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives |
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|language= |
|language=de |
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|location=Jena, Germany |
|location=Jena, Germany |
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|publisher=Scherzers Militaer-Verlag |
|publisher=Scherzers Militaer-Verlag |
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|title=Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 4 |
|title=Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 4 |
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|trans-title=The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 4 |
|trans-title=The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 4 |
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|language= |
|language=de |
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|location=Bad Friedrichshall, Germany |
|location=Bad Friedrichshall, Germany |
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|publisher=Friedrichshaller Rundblick |
|publisher=Friedrichshaller Rundblick |
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|year=2015 |
|year=2015 |
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|title=Kidnap in Crete: The True Story of the Abduction of a Nazi General |
|title=Kidnap in Crete: The True Story of the Abduction of a Nazi General |
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|url=https://archive.org/details/kidnapincretetru0000stro |
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|series= |
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|url-access=registration |
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|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |
|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |
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|isbn=978-1632861948 |
|isbn=978-1632861948 |
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|title=Die Ritterkreuzträger der Deutschen Wehrmacht 1939–1945 Teil VI: Die Gebirgstruppe Band 2: L–Z |
|title=Die Ritterkreuzträger der Deutschen Wehrmacht 1939–1945 Teil VI: Die Gebirgstruppe Band 2: L–Z |
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|trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers of the German Wehrmacht 1939–1945 Part VI: The Mountain Troops Volume 2: L–Z |
|trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers of the German Wehrmacht 1939–1945 Part VI: The Mountain Troops Volume 2: L–Z |
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|language= |
|language=de |
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|location=Osnabrück, Germany |
|location=Osnabrück, Germany |
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|publisher=Biblio-Verlag |
|publisher=Biblio-Verlag |
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|title=Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 2: L–Z |
|title=Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 2: L–Z |
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|trans-title=The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 2: L–Z |
|trans-title=The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 2: L–Z |
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|language= |
|language=de |
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|location=Osnabrück, Germany |
|location=Osnabrück, Germany |
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|publisher=Biblio-Verlag |
|publisher=Biblio-Verlag |
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|title=German Commanders of World War II (1): Army |
|title=German Commanders of World War II (1): Army |
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|series=Elite |
|series=Elite |
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|language= |
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|location= |
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|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |
|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |
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|isbn=978-1780969725 |
|isbn=978-1780969725 |
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|url=https://greekcitytimes.com/austria-returns-stolen-antiquities-greece/ |
|url=https://greekcitytimes.com/austria-returns-stolen-antiquities-greece/ |
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|title=Austria returns stolen antiquities to Greece |
|title=Austria returns stolen antiquities to Greece |
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|last= |
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|first= |
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|date=November 20, 2017 |
|date=November 20, 2017 |
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|website=greekcitytimes.com |
|website=greekcitytimes.com |
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| portal1=Austria |
| portal1=Austria |
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| portal2=Biography |
| portal2=Biography |
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| portal3=Military of Germany |
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| portal4=World War I |
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| portal5=World War II |
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}} |
}} |
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[[Category:People from Völkermarkt]] |
[[Category:People from Völkermarkt]] |
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[[Category:Generals of Mountain Troops]] |
[[Category:Generals of Mountain Troops]] |
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[[Category:Austro-Hungarian |
[[Category:Austro-Hungarian prisonersof war in World War I]] |
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[[Category:Austrian prisoners of war]] |
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[[Category:World War I prisoners of war held by Italy]] |
[[Category:World War I prisoners of war held by Italy]] |
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[[Category:Austrian Nazis]] |
[[Category:Austrian Nazis]] |
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[[Category:Austrian military personnel of World War II]] |
[[Category:Austrian military personnel of World War II]] |
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[[Category:Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves]] |
[[Category:Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves]] |
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[[Category:Grand Officers of the Order of Saint Alexander (Bulgaria)]] |
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⚫ | |||
[[Category:Austro-Hungarian Army officers]] |
[[Category:Austro-Hungarian Army officers]] |
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[[Category:Art and cultural repatriation after World War II]] |
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⚫ | |||
[[Category:Nazi Party members]] |
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[[Category:Nazi war crimes in Greece]] |
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[[Category:Nazi war criminals]] |
Julius Ringel
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Born | 16 November 1889 Völkermarkt, Duchy of Carinthia, Austria-Hungary |
Died | 11 February 1967 (1967-02-12) (aged 77) Bayerisch Gmain, Bavaria, West Germany |
Allegiance | Austria-Hungary (to 1918) Austria (to 1938) Nazi Germany |
Service/ | Austro-Hungarian Army Austrian Army Army (Wehrmacht) |
Years of service | 1905–45 |
Rank | General der Gebirgstruppe |
Commands held | 3rd Mountain Division, 5th Mountain Division, LXIX Army Corps, Army Corps Ringel |
Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves |
Julius 'Papa' Ringel (16 November 1889 – 11 February 1967) was an Austrian general in the armed forces of Nazi Germany during World War II. He fought in the Western and Eastern fronts, as well as the Balkan Campaign.[1] Ringel commanded the 3rd Mountain Division, 5th Mountain Division, LXIX Corps,[2] Wehrkreis XI and the Army Corps Ringel.[3] He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves.
Julius Ringel was born in Völkermarkt in the Austrian state of Carinthia. In 1905, he was admitted to a military school in Vienna, graduating on 18 August 1909.
Following his education, Fähnrich Ringel was assigned to the k.u.k. Landwehr Infanterie-Regiment 4 (a mountain infantry unit) and a year later, he was promoted to Leutnant. During World War I, Ringel saw action in Galicia and the Italian Alps where he was taken prisoner of war in 1918. Upon his return to the newly formed Republic of German Austria, Ringel fought against the troops of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia occupying Carinthia. Following the Carinthian Plebiscite and the creation of the First Austrian Republic, Ringel was transferred to the Austrian Federal Army where he rose to the rank lieutenant colonel in 1932.
As an avid supporter of the Nazi Party, Ringel strongly encouraged the union of Austria with the German Reich and after the Anschluss enthusiastically joined the Wehrmacht with the 3rd Mountain Division.[4] On 1 February 1939, Ringel was promoted to colonel. When World War II began, he was assigned to the 268th Infantry Division as a regimental commander and he took part in the campaign in the West.
On 7 June 1940, Ringel returned to the 3rd Mountain Division, becoming its commander on 14 July 1940. In October, he was promoted to major general and appointed commander of the newly established 5th Mountain Division. The division saw its first action in the spring of 1941 in the Balkans Campaign and took part in the operations codenamed Marita and Merkur aimed to capture mainland Greece and Crete. For his leadership during these operations Ringel was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 13 June 1941. The operation in Crete was still underway when Ringel ordered his mountaineers to carry out reprisals against civilians who fought the invading Germans.[5]
In November 1941, Ringel's division was posted back to Germany for rest and reorganization. In March 1942 it was sent to the Eastern Front southeast of Leningrad, to take part in the operations against the Soviet Volkhov Front. For his actions, Ringel was promoted to lieutenant general and in October 1943 received the Oak Leaves to his Knight's Cross. Ringel's division was transferred to Italy in December 1943 to man the Winter Line near the town of Cassino. Four months later, he was appointed commander of the LXIX Army CorpsinCroatia. In June, Ringel was promoted to the General of the mountain troops and put in charge of the Military District Salzburg (Wehrkreis XVIII (Salzburg)) from which the Army Corps Ringel was formed. He held this appointment until the end of the war. He died in Bayerisch Gmain in 1967.
Military offices | ||
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Preceded by Generaloberst Eduard Dietl |
Commander of 3. Gebirgs-Division 14 June 1940 – 23 October 1940 |
Succeeded by General der Gebirgstruppen Hans Kreysing |
Preceded by none |
Commander of 5. Gebirgs-Division 1 November 1940 – 10 February 1944 |
Succeeded by Generalleutnant Max-Günther Schrank |
Preceded by General der Infanterie Ernst Dehner |
Commander of LXIX Armeekorps 31 March 1944 – 24 June 1944 |
Succeeded by General der Infanterie Helge Auleb |
Preceded by General der Artillerie Max Grimmeiß |
Commander of Wehrkreis XVIII (Salzburg) 21 January 1945 – 8 May 1945 |
Succeeded by dissolved on 8 May 1945 |
Preceded by none |
Commander of Korps Ringel February 1945 – 8 May 1945 |
Succeeded by dissolved on 8 May 1945 |
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients of the 5th Mountain Division
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1Oak Leaves with the 101st Jäger Division |
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