|
→top: Italicize title as a foreign-language term
|
Alter: url, pages, title. URLs might have been anonymized. Add: s2cid, archive-date, archive-url, authors 1-1. Removed parameters. Formatted dashes. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Headbomb | Linked from Wikipedia:WikiProject_Academic_Journals/Journals_cited_by_Wikipedia/Sandbox | #UCB_webform_linked 181/383
|
||
| Line 4: | Line 4: | ||
== History == |
== History == |
||
This term was coined by {{ill|Stanisław Janecki|pl|Stanisław Janecki}}, the first deputy editor-in-chief of the weekly ''[[Wprost]]'', which was then first in February 2005 by the columnists of this periodical, [[Robert Mazurek (journalist)|Robert Mazurek]] and {{ill|Igor Zalewski|pl|Igor Zalewski}}, in an article titled ''Triumf kaczyzmu'' (lit. The triumph of Kaczyzm),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-02-27|title=Triumf kaczyzmu|url=https://www.wprost.pl/tygodnik/73660/triumf-kaczyzmu.html|access-date=2021-10-12|website=Wprost|language=pl}}</ref> as a pejorative definition of the political doctrine and vision of the state by [[Jarosław Kaczyński]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book| |
This term was coined by {{ill|Stanisław Janecki|pl|Stanisław Janecki}}, the first deputy editor-in-chief of the weekly ''[[Wprost]]'', which was then first in February 2005 by the columnists of this periodical, [[Robert Mazurek (journalist)|Robert Mazurek]] and {{ill|Igor Zalewski|pl|Igor Zalewski}}, in an article titled ''Triumf kaczyzmu'' (lit. The triumph of Kaczyzm),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-02-27|title=Triumf kaczyzmu|url=https://www.wprost.pl/tygodnik/73660/triumf-kaczyzmu.html|access-date=2021-10-12|website=Wprost|language=pl}}</ref> as a pejorative definition of the political doctrine and vision of the state by [[Jarosław Kaczyński]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Zimny|first1=Rafał|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmcpAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Igora+Zalewskiego%22|title=Słownik polszczyzny politycznej po roku 1989|last2=Nowak|first2=Paweł|date=2009|publisher=Wydawn. Naukowe PWN|isbn=978-83-01-15996-2|pages=103|language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Mazurek|first1=Robert|last2=Zalewski|first2=Igor|date=2006-06-25|title=Z życia opozycji|url=https://www.wprost.pl/tygodnik/91617/Z-zycia-opozycji.html|access-date=2021-10-12|website=Wprost|language=pl}}</ref> |
||
Shortly thereafter, during a debate in the [[Sejm]] on May 5 that year, in a heated debate between the then governing [[Democratic Left Alliance]] (SLD) and the opposition Law and Justice deputies, this term was used by deputy [[Joanna Senyszyn]], who asserted that the latter party would, if it were to come to power following the [[2005 Polish parliamentary election|parliamentary]] and [[2005 Polish presidential election|presidential]] elections in autumn that year, institute a "non-democratic, fascist [[Fourth Polish Republic]]", which she saw as "''kaczyzm'' approaching".<ref>{{Cite web|title=4 kadencja, 102 posiedzenie, 2 dzień - Poseł Joanna Senyszyn|url=http://orka2.sejm.gov.pl/Debata4.nsf/5c30b337b5bc240ec125746d0030d0fc/0f55d74920f7fb25c12574790041f021?OpenDocument|access-date=2021-10-12|website=orka2.sejm.gov.pl}}</ref> She then added that "a specter is haunting Poland—the specter of ''kaczyzm''",<ref>{{Cite web|title=4 kadencja, 102 posiedzenie, 2 dzień - Poseł Joanna Senyszyn|url=http://orka2.sejm.gov.pl/Debata4.nsf/5c30b337b5bc240ec125746d0030d0fc/1ec01471e6f864a1c12574790041f301?OpenDocument|access-date=2021-10-12|website=orka2.sejm.gov.pl}}</ref> thus paraphrasing the first sentence of the ''[[The Communist Manifesto|Communist Manifesto]]''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Szalkiewicz|first=Wojciech Krzysztof|url=https://books.google. |
Shortly thereafter, during a debate in the [[Sejm]] on May 5 that year, in a heated debate between the then governing [[Democratic Left Alliance]] (SLD) and the opposition Law and Justice deputies, this term was used by deputy [[Joanna Senyszyn]], who asserted that the latter party would, if it were to come to power following the [[2005 Polish parliamentary election|parliamentary]] and [[2005 Polish presidential election|presidential]] elections in autumn that year, institute a "non-democratic, fascist [[Fourth Polish Republic]]", which she saw as "''kaczyzm'' approaching".<ref>{{Cite web|title=4 kadencja, 102 posiedzenie, 2 dzień - Poseł Joanna Senyszyn|url=http://orka2.sejm.gov.pl/Debata4.nsf/5c30b337b5bc240ec125746d0030d0fc/0f55d74920f7fb25c12574790041f021?OpenDocument|access-date=2021-10-12|website=orka2.sejm.gov.pl}}</ref> She then added that "a specter is haunting Poland—the specter of ''kaczyzm''",<ref>{{Cite web|title=4 kadencja, 102 posiedzenie, 2 dzień - Poseł Joanna Senyszyn|url=http://orka2.sejm.gov.pl/Debata4.nsf/5c30b337b5bc240ec125746d0030d0fc/1ec01471e6f864a1c12574790041f301?OpenDocument|access-date=2021-10-12|website=orka2.sejm.gov.pl}}</ref> thus paraphrasing the first sentence of the ''[[The Communist Manifesto|Communist Manifesto]]''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Szalkiewicz|first=Wojciech Krzysztof|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QOwbAQAAMAAJ&q=Kaczyzm|title=Słownik polityczny IV RP|date=2007|publisher=Oficyna Wydawnicza "Atut"|isbn=978-83-7432-275-1|pages=142–144|language=pl}}</ref> Due to her popularization of the slogan, the authorship is sometimes mistakenly attributed to Senyszyn.<ref>{{Cite web|title=piłsudczyk - Poradnia językowa PWN|url=https://sjp.pwn.pl/poradnia/haslo/pilsudczyk;8958.html|access-date=2021-10-12|website=sjp.pwn.pl|language=pl}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2009-08-27|title=Dama zawsze się czerwieni|url=http://www.nie.com.pl:80/art6674.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-12|website=[[Nie (magazine)|Tygodnik "NIE"]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827103002/http://www.nie.com.pl:80/art6674.htm|archive-date=2009-08-27}}</ref> |
||
== Usage and meaning == |
== Usage and meaning == |
||
Kaczyzm, as a [[neologism]] for political [[ideology]], is a type of an ideological concept or an [[wikt:ideologeme|ideologeme]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Kananowicz|first=Tatiana|date=2018|title=Walka ideologii na łamach tygodników |
Kaczyzm, as a [[neologism]] for political [[ideology]], is a type of an ideological concept or an [[wikt:ideologeme|ideologeme]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Kananowicz|first=Tatiana|date=2018|title=Walka ideologii na łamach tygodników "Newsweek Polska"i"Sieci": kaczyzm vs układ|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=735627|journal=Język Polski|language=Polish|issue=4|pages=38–46|issn=0021-6941}}</ref> It is one of the best known Polish-language examples of the linguistic construction in the form of derogatory neologisms [[Eponym|based on the names]] of politicians and occurring in the context of political discourse.<ref name=":0" /> The popularity of this particular term may, as Bolt and Szerszunowicz say, be attributed to the fact that Kaczyński brothers are often pejoratively nicknamed ''Kaczory'' (lit. drakes) or ''Kaczki'' (lit. [[Duck|ducks]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Vidović Bolt|first1=Ivana|url=https://lingwistyka.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/llsw_neofilologia_tom-II.pdf|title=Neofilologia dla przyszłości|last2=Szerszunowicz|first2=Joanna|publisher=Wydawnictwo Lingwistycznej Szkoły Wyższej w Warszawie|year=2017|isbn=978-83-926356-7-3|volume=2|location=Warsaw|pages=269–280|chapter=On the systematic equivalence of modern culture-specific words from a Polish-Croatian perspective}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Uniwersytet w Białymstoku|last2=Ewelina|first2=Sokalska|date=2018|title=Wartościujące nazwy osób w komentarzach internetowych na portalu Onet.pl|url=https://repozytorium.uwb.edu.pl/jspui/handle/11320/8011|journal=Białostockie Archiwum Językowe|issue=18|pages=277–299|doi=10.15290/baj.2018.18.17}}</ref> A few derivative terms, which are also pejorative, also exist, such as ''kaczysta'' (lit. Kaczist, a supporter of Kaczyński's policies) and ''antykaczyzm'' (lit. anti-Kaczism), of which the latter was used by Jarosław Kaczyński himself.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dobrzyńska|first=Teresa|date=2008-12-31|title=Zabawy językowe jako forma perswazji w dyskursie publicznym|url=https://czasopisma.uni.opole.pl/index.php/s/article/view/3661|journal=Stylistyka|language=pl|volume=17|pages=185–199|issn=2545-1669}}</ref> |
||
Similar terms exist in Polish (e.g. ''[[Andrzej Lepper|lepperyzm]]'', ''[[Donald Tusk|tuskizm]]''), and other languages, including English (see [[Stalinism]], [[McCarthyism]], [[Thatcherism]]).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google. |
Similar terms exist in Polish (e.g. ''[[Andrzej Lepper|lepperyzm]]'', ''[[Donald Tusk|tuskizm]]''), and other languages, including English (see [[Stalinism]], [[McCarthyism]], [[Thatcherism]]).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAMpAQAAIAAJ&q=kaczyzm|title=Rozprawy Komisji Językowej|publisher=Wrocławskie Towarzystwo Naukowe|year=2005|location=[[Wrocław]]|pages=209|language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Góralczyk|first1=Iwona|last2=Paszenda|first2=Joanna|date=2020-09-17|title=Name-based derivatives suffixed with -izm /-yzm in the current political discourse in Poland|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pj.5885|journal=Prace Językoznawcze|volume=22|issue=4|pages=21–40|doi=10.31648/pj.5885|s2cid=231800945|issn=1509-5304}}</ref> They are usually pejorative and intend to emphasize the boundaries of "we" vs "others", and to easily "[[Labeling theory|label]]" political opponents.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Pająk-Patkowska|first=Beata|date=2010-03-15|title=Wymiar lewica–prawica w Polsce – podziały ideologiczne w polskim społeczeństwie|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ssp.2010.1.05|journal=Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne|language=pl|issue=1|pages=79|doi=10.14746/ssp.2010.1.05|issn=1731-7517}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Romaniuk|first=Svitlana|date=2020-12-30|title=Wyjątkowość modelowania sloganów reklamy politycznej (na przykładzie kampanii prezydenckiej na Ukrainie w 2019 roku)|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.31648/apr.5945|journal=Acta Polono-Ruthenica|volume=4|issue=XXV|pages=115–130|doi=10.31648/apr.5945|s2cid=234403315|issn=2450-0844}}</ref> |
||
This concept is still often used on the pages of the media outlets critical of the Law and Justice (PiS) party, such as the weekly ''[[Newsweek Polska]]''.<ref name=":2" /> In an interview to the left-wing "[[Nie (magazine)|NIE]]" newspaper December 2005, when asked to clarify what ''kaczyzm'' meant to her, Joanna Senyszyn defined the term as "the Polish variation of 21st-century totalitarianism... [in which] everything mixes: limitations on democracy, a peculiar type of oppression, censorship... [Kaczyzm] exists in a camouflaged form. It is dressed in the garment of social solidarity, patriotism and moral renewal".<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> According to Wojciech Szalkiewicz, ''kaczyzm'' means a system based on "permanent control, investigative scandals, appointing super-offices and ''ad hoc'' commissions of inquiry",<ref name=":1" /> while [[Leszek Balcerowicz]] described Kaczism as "unprecedented attacks on the institutions combined with unsubstantiated attacks against judges".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kurs na Białoruś|url=https://www.newsweek.pl/leszek-balcerowicz-o-reformach-pis-w-gospodarce-i-bialorusi/ptlg3r5|access-date=2021-10-12|website=Newsweek.pl|language=pl}}</ref> |
This concept is still often used on the pages of the media outlets critical of the Law and Justice (PiS) party, such as the weekly ''[[Newsweek Polska]]''.<ref name=":2" /> In an interview to the left-wing "[[Nie (magazine)|NIE]]" newspaper December 2005, when asked to clarify what ''kaczyzm'' meant to her, Joanna Senyszyn defined the term as "the Polish variation of 21st-century totalitarianism... [in which] everything mixes: limitations on democracy, a peculiar type of oppression, censorship... [Kaczyzm] exists in a camouflaged form. It is dressed in the garment of social solidarity, patriotism and moral renewal".<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> According to Wojciech Szalkiewicz, ''kaczyzm'' means a system based on "permanent control, investigative scandals, appointing super-offices and ''ad hoc'' commissions of inquiry",<ref name=":1" /> while [[Leszek Balcerowicz]] described Kaczism as "unprecedented attacks on the institutions combined with unsubstantiated attacks against judges".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kurs na Białoruś|url=https://www.newsweek.pl/leszek-balcerowicz-o-reformach-pis-w-gospodarce-i-bialorusi/ptlg3r5|access-date=2021-10-12|website=Newsweek.pl|language=pl}}</ref> |
||
Kaczyzm (lit. 'Kaczism') is a Polish neologism and an ideological concept (ideologeme) pejoratively or satirically describing the rule of the Law and Justice party (PiS), derived from the names of Polish politicians, brothers Jarosław and Lech Kaczyński. As an ironic or propaganda term, it is used by opponents of the political groups of the Kaczyński brothers, which is considered inadequate and offensive by PiS supporters.
This term was coined by Stanisław Janecki [pl], the first deputy editor-in-chief of the weekly Wprost, which was then first in February 2005 by the columnists of this periodical, Robert Mazurek and Igor Zalewski [pl], in an article titled Triumf kaczyzmu (lit. The triumph of Kaczyzm),[1] as a pejorative definition of the political doctrine and vision of the state by Jarosław Kaczyński.[2][3]
Shortly thereafter, during a debate in the Sejm on May 5 that year, in a heated debate between the then governing Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) and the opposition Law and Justice deputies, this term was used by deputy Joanna Senyszyn, who asserted that the latter party would, if it were to come to power following the parliamentary and presidential elections in autumn that year, institute a "non-democratic, fascist Fourth Polish Republic", which she saw as "kaczyzm approaching".[4] She then added that "a specter is haunting Poland—the specter of kaczyzm",[5] thus paraphrasing the first sentence of the Communist Manifesto.[2][6] Due to her popularization of the slogan, the authorship is sometimes mistakenly attributed to Senyszyn.[7][8]
Kaczyzm, as a neologism for political ideology, is a type of an ideological concept or an ideologeme.[9] It is one of the best known Polish-language examples of the linguistic construction in the form of derogatory neologisms based on the names of politicians and occurring in the context of political discourse.[2] The popularity of this particular term may, as Bolt and Szerszunowicz say, be attributed to the fact that Kaczyński brothers are often pejoratively nicknamed Kaczory (lit. drakes) or Kaczki (lit. ducks).[10][11] A few derivative terms, which are also pejorative, also exist, such as kaczysta (lit. Kaczist, a supporter of Kaczyński's policies) and antykaczyzm (lit. anti-Kaczism), of which the latter was used by Jarosław Kaczyński himself.[12]
Similar terms exist in Polish (e.g. lepperyzm, tuskizm), and other languages, including English (see Stalinism, McCarthyism, Thatcherism).[2][13][14] They are usually pejorative and intend to emphasize the boundaries of "we" vs "others", and to easily "label" political opponents.[9][15][16]
This concept is still often used on the pages of the media outlets critical of the Law and Justice (PiS) party, such as the weekly Newsweek Polska.[9] In an interview to the left-wing "NIE" newspaper December 2005, when asked to clarify what kaczyzm meant to her, Joanna Senyszyn defined the term as "the Polish variation of 21st-century totalitarianism... [in which] everything mixes: limitations on democracy, a peculiar type of oppression, censorship... [Kaczyzm] exists in a camouflaged form. It is dressed in the garment of social solidarity, patriotism and moral renewal".[8][15] According to Wojciech Szalkiewicz, kaczyzm means a system based on "permanent control, investigative scandals, appointing super-offices and ad hoc commissions of inquiry",[6] while Leszek Balcerowicz described Kaczism as "unprecedented attacks on the institutions combined with unsubstantiated attacks against judges".[17]
The dictionary definition of kaczyzm at Wiktionary
