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'''Kenan Malik''' (born 1962) is an [[India]]n-born [[United Kingdom|British]] writer, lecturer and broadcaster, trained in neurobiology and the history of science. As a scientific author, his focus is on the [[philosophy of biology]], and contemporary theories of [[multiculturalism]], [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralism]] and [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]]. These topics are core concerns in ''The Meaning of Race'' (1996) |
'''Kenan Malik''' (born 1962) is an [[India]]n-born [[United Kingdom|British]] writer, lecturer and broadcaster, trained in neurobiology and the history of science. As a scientific author, his focus is on the [[philosophy of biology]], and contemporary theories of [[multiculturalism]], [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralism]] and [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]]. These topics are core concerns in ''The Meaning of Race'' (1996), ''Man, Beast and Zombie'' (2000) and ''Strange Fruit: Why both sides are wrong in the race debate'' (2008). |
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His work contains a forthright defence of the values of the 18th century [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], which he sees as having been distorted and misunderstood in more recent political and scientific thought. |
His work contains a forthright defence of the values of the 18th century [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], which he sees as having been distorted and misunderstood in more recent political and scientific thought. |
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To date, he has published two books, ''The Meaning of Race: Race, History and Culture in Western Society'' and ''Man, Beast and Zombie: What Science Can and Cannot Tell Us About Human Nature''. A third book, ''The Museum of Difference'', is forthcoming. This examines the relationship between scientific and political ideas of human differences, and between ideas of human nature and human differences. |
To date, he has published two books, ''The Meaning of Race: Race, History and Culture in Western Society'' and ''Man, Beast and Zombie: What Science Can and Cannot Tell Us About Human Nature''. A third book, ''The Museum of Difference'', is forthcoming. This examines the relationship between scientific and political ideas of human differences, and between ideas of human nature and human differences. |
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==Books== |
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==''The Meaning of Race''== |
===''The Meaning of Race''=== |
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''The Meaning of Race'' examines the historical development, and philosophical and political roots, of the idea of race. It also explores the relationship between the idea of race and contemporary theories of [[multiculturalism]] and pluralism. |
''The Meaning of Race'' examines the historical development, and philosophical and political roots, of the idea of race. It also explores the relationship between the idea of race and contemporary theories of [[multiculturalism]] and pluralism. |
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As depicted by Malik, twentieth-century [[anthropology|anthropological thought]] mistakenly divided humanity into integrated, holistic cultures that must be understood as static; such cultures must not be tampered with, since the nature of their harmonious functioning requires that they must "survive intact." (page 156). Malik sees this tendency in anthropology as another expression, along with the idea of race, of "a particularist, relativist, and anti-humanist philosophy" that has rejected Enlightenment universalism. (page 7) He opposes the "politics of difference" — the identification of competing social groups based on shared history and a sense of identity — believing it sets back the struggle for political and economic equality. The final chapters of ''The Meaning of Race'' contain a critique of [[postmodernism|postmodernist]] and [[poststructuralism|poststructuralist]] theories, including the views of [[Edward Said]]. Here, Malik argues that such theories misinterpret the relationship between the West and other cultures, and are detrimental to the possibility of social equality. In its essence, Malik argues, postmodernism is defeatist — it is prepared to accept a place for marginalised groups within society without demanding true equality. |
As depicted by Malik, twentieth-century [[anthropology|anthropological thought]] mistakenly divided humanity into integrated, holistic cultures that must be understood as static; such cultures must not be tampered with, since the nature of their harmonious functioning requires that they must "survive intact." (page 156). Malik sees this tendency in anthropology as another expression, along with the idea of race, of "a particularist, relativist, and anti-humanist philosophy" that has rejected Enlightenment universalism. (page 7) He opposes the "politics of difference" — the identification of competing social groups based on shared history and a sense of identity — believing it sets back the struggle for political and economic equality. The final chapters of ''The Meaning of Race'' contain a critique of [[postmodernism|postmodernist]] and [[poststructuralism|poststructuralist]] theories, including the views of [[Edward Said]]. Here, Malik argues that such theories misinterpret the relationship between the West and other cultures, and are detrimental to the possibility of social equality. In its essence, Malik argues, postmodernism is defeatist — it is prepared to accept a place for marginalised groups within society without demanding true equality. |
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==''Man, Beast and Zombie''== |
===''Man, Beast and Zombie''=== |
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''Man, Beast and Zombie'' investigates the historical roots, philosophical assumptions and alleged [[Methodology|methodological]] problems of contemporary theories of human nature, in particular [[evolutionary psychology]] and [[cognitive science]]. He argues that, "The triumph of mechanistic explanations of human nature is as much the consequence of our culture's loss of nerve as it is of scientific advance." (pages 13-14) While rejecting epistemic relativism, with its denial of an objective truth about the world, Malik insists that scientific theories of human nature are, in practice, shaped by cultural influences, as well as being responsive to data. He argues that the scientific study of human nature has been distorted by post-war cultural pessimism. In examining evolutionary psychology and related theories, Malik distinguishes between these theories, which he sees as a form of universal Darwinism (attributing explanatory power to Darwinian theory in a wide range of domains), and the work of "circumspect Darwinists" (who are cautious about its explanatory power) (197). |
''Man, Beast and Zombie'' investigates the historical roots, philosophical assumptions and alleged [[Methodology|methodological]] problems of contemporary theories of human nature, in particular [[evolutionary psychology]] and [[cognitive science]]. He argues that, "The triumph of mechanistic explanations of human nature is as much the consequence of our culture's loss of nerve as it is of scientific advance." (pages 13-14) While rejecting epistemic relativism, with its denial of an objective truth about the world, Malik insists that scientific theories of human nature are, in practice, shaped by cultural influences, as well as being responsive to data. He argues that the scientific study of human nature has been distorted by post-war cultural pessimism. In examining evolutionary psychology and related theories, Malik distinguishes between these theories, which he sees as a form of universal Darwinism (attributing explanatory power to Darwinian theory in a wide range of domains), and the work of "circumspect Darwinists" (who are cautious about its explanatory power) (197). |
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In the final chapter of ''Man, Beast and Zombie'', Malik laments what he sees as an increasing reluctance to view individual people as autonomous, rational, and competent agents, and a tendency to view them as damaged, weak, incapable, and possessing limited control over their fates. All this has both encouraged and been reinforced by what Malik sees as mechanistic accounts of human nature. It has been accompanied by a shift of emphasis from negative liberty to positive liberties and paternalistic protections, and by an acceptance of limits to human possibilities and a deference to "nature" — all in marked contrast to the spirit of Enlightenment humanism. |
In the final chapter of ''Man, Beast and Zombie'', Malik laments what he sees as an increasing reluctance to view individual people as autonomous, rational, and competent agents, and a tendency to view them as damaged, weak, incapable, and possessing limited control over their fates. All this has both encouraged and been reinforced by what Malik sees as mechanistic accounts of human nature. It has been accompanied by a shift of emphasis from negative liberty to positive liberties and paternalistic protections, and by an acceptance of limits to human possibilities and a deference to "nature" — all in marked contrast to the spirit of Enlightenment humanism. |
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===''Strange Fruit''=== |
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''Strange Fruit: Why both sides are wrong in the race debate'' (Oneworld, 2008) is his last book. |
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==Current affiliations== |
==Current affiliations== |
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Dr. Malik is a Distinguished Supporter of the [[British Humanist Association]] and a trustee of the free-speech magazine [[Index on Censorship]]. |
Dr. Malik is a Distinguished Supporter of the [[British Humanist Association]] and a trustee of the free-speech magazine [[Index on Censorship]]. |
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==Bibliography== |
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* ''The Meaning of Race: Race, History and Culture in Western Society'', Palgrave / New York University Press, 1996 |
* ''The Meaning of Race: Race, History and Culture in Western Society'', Palgrave / New York University Press, 1996 |
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* ''Man, Beast and Zombie: What Science Can and Cannot Tell Us About Human Nature'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson 2000 / Rutgers University Press, 2002 |
* ''Man, Beast and Zombie: What Science Can and Cannot Tell Us About Human Nature'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson 2000 / Rutgers University Press, 2002 |
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* ''Strange Fruit: Why both sides are wrong in the race debate'', Oneworld, 2008. |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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Kenan Malik (born 1962) is an Indian-born British writer, lecturer and broadcaster, trained in neurobiology and the history of science. As a scientific author, his focus is on the philosophy of biology, and contemporary theories of multiculturalism, pluralism and race. These topics are core concerns in The Meaning of Race (1996), Man, Beast and Zombie (2000) and Strange Fruit: Why both sides are wrong in the race debate (2008).
His work contains a forthright defence of the values of the 18th century Enlightenment, which he sees as having been distorted and misunderstood in more recent political and scientific thought.
Malik was born in India and brought up in Manchester, Great Britain. He studied neurobiology at the University of Sussex and History of Science at Imperial College, London. In between, he was a research psychologist at the Centre for Research into Perception and Cognition (CRPC) at the University of Sussex.
He has given lectures or seminars at a number of universities, including University of Cambridge (Department of Biological Anthropology); University of Oxford (St. Anthony's College and the Department for Continuing Education); the Institute of Historical Research, London; Goldsmiths College, University of London (Department of Social Anthropology); University of Liverpool (Department of Politics); Nottingham Trent University; University of Newcastle (Department of Social Policy and Sociology); University of Oslo; and the European University, Florence. In 2003, he was a visiting fellow at the University of Melbourne, Australia. He is currently Senior Visiting Fellow at the University of Surrey.
As well as being a presenter of AnalysisonBBC Radio 4, he is also a presenter of Night Waves, Radio 3’s Arts and Ideas magazine. Malik has written and presented a number of TV documentaries, including Disunited Kingdom (2003), Are Muslims Hated (which was shortlisted for the Index on Censorship Freedom of Expression award, in 2005), Let 'Em All In (2005)and Britain's Tribal Tensions (2006).
His writing has appeared in a variety of newspapers and magazines, including The Guardian, Financial Times, The Independent, Independent on Sunday, Sunday Times, Sunday Telegraph, New Statesman, Prospect, TLS, The Times Higher Education Supplement, and Nature. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts.
Malik has long campaigned for equal rights, freedom of expression, and a secular society, and in defence of rationalism and humanism in the face of what he has called "a growing culture of irrationalism, mysticism and misanthropy".
In the 1980s, he was associated with a number of Trotskyist organisations, including the SWP and the Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP), and Big Flame. He was also involved with anti-racist campaigns including the Anti-Nazi League and East London Workers Against Racism. He helped organise street patrols in East London to protect Asian families against racist attacks and was a leading member of a number of campaigns against deportations and police brutality including the Newham 7 campaign, the Afia Begum Campaign Against Deportations, and the Colin Roach Campaign.
Malik has written that the turning point in his relationship with the left came with the Salman Rushdie affair. The Rushdie affair, Malik suggests, ‘provided early notice of the gradual abandonment by many sections of the left of their traditional attachment to ideas of Enlightenment rationalism and secular universalism and their growing espousal of notions of multiculturalism, ethnic particularism and cultural authenticity.’ Much of his political campaigning over the past decade has been in defence of free speech, secularism and scientific rationalism. Malik was one of the first left-wing critics of multiculturalism, has controversially opposed restrictions on hate speech, supported open door policies on immigration, opposed the notion of animal rights in a series of debates with Peter Singer and Richard Ryder, and spoken out in defence of animal experimentation.
Malik wrote for the RCP's magazine Living Marxism, later LM. Although the RCP has since disbanded, Malik has written for later incarnations of LM, and for its on-line successor, the British web magazine Spiked.
Malik's main areas of academic interest are philosophy of biology and philosophy of mind, scientific method and epistemology, theories of human nature, science policy, bioethics, political philosophy, the history, philosophy and sociology of race, and the history of ideas.
To date, he has published two books, The Meaning of Race: Race, History and Culture in Western Society and Man, Beast and Zombie: What Science Can and Cannot Tell Us About Human Nature. A third book, The Museum of Difference, is forthcoming. This examines the relationship between scientific and political ideas of human differences, and between ideas of human nature and human differences.
The Meaning of Race examines the historical development, and philosophical and political roots, of the idea of race. It also explores the relationship between the idea of race and contemporary theories of multiculturalism and pluralism.
Malik argues that racial discourse and theories of racial difference arose in opposition to the universalist ideas of the Enlightenment, and gained their plausibility from "the persistence of differences of rank, class and peoples in a society that had accepted the concept of equality." (page 70) As the nineteenth century unfolded, the politically dominant classes appropriated science (particularly evolutionary theory) to support the idea of a natural order underlying social and economic inequalities, though nothing about the dynamic of science itself necessitated racial conclusions. Thus, "the discourse of race did not arise out of the categories of Enlightenment discourse but out of the relationship between Enlightenment thought and the social organisation of capitalism." (page 225)
The idea of race applied initially to class differences within European society, but was later applied to differences between Europeans and others, "and hence became marked by colour differences." (p. 8) In the twentieth century, racial theory was largely discredited by its association with Nazism, and the word "racism" entered the political vocabulary as a term of criticism, but the defeat of the Nazis led only to a recasting, not the destruction, of a belief in immutable differences among groups of human beings. This belief has been transferred to contemporary notions of culture.
As depicted by Malik, twentieth-century anthropological thought mistakenly divided humanity into integrated, holistic cultures that must be understood as static; such cultures must not be tampered with, since the nature of their harmonious functioning requires that they must "survive intact." (page 156). Malik sees this tendency in anthropology as another expression, along with the idea of race, of "a particularist, relativist, and anti-humanist philosophy" that has rejected Enlightenment universalism. (page 7) He opposes the "politics of difference" — the identification of competing social groups based on shared history and a sense of identity — believing it sets back the struggle for political and economic equality. The final chapters of The Meaning of Race contain a critique of postmodernist and poststructuralist theories, including the views of Edward Said. Here, Malik argues that such theories misinterpret the relationship between the West and other cultures, and are detrimental to the possibility of social equality. In its essence, Malik argues, postmodernism is defeatist — it is prepared to accept a place for marginalised groups within society without demanding true equality.
Man, Beast and Zombie investigates the historical roots, philosophical assumptions and alleged methodological problems of contemporary theories of human nature, in particular evolutionary psychology and cognitive science. He argues that, "The triumph of mechanistic explanations of human nature is as much the consequence of our culture's loss of nerve as it is of scientific advance." (pages 13-14) While rejecting epistemic relativism, with its denial of an objective truth about the world, Malik insists that scientific theories of human nature are, in practice, shaped by cultural influences, as well as being responsive to data. He argues that the scientific study of human nature has been distorted by post-war cultural pessimism. In examining evolutionary psychology and related theories, Malik distinguishes between these theories, which he sees as a form of universal Darwinism (attributing explanatory power to Darwinian theory in a wide range of domains), and the work of "circumspect Darwinists" (who are cautious about its explanatory power) (197).
Though Malik acknowledges that human beings are a product of biological evolution, and that universal Darwinist theories have merit when applied to non-human animals — and perhaps some merit when applied to human behaviour — he is sceptical about how far they can be applied to human beings. In particular, theories of a biologically-evolved human nature cannot, alone, account for the transformations of behaviour that arose from our immersion in a symbolic world built up out of language and culturally-meaningful relationships. Thus, "the scientific tools with which we investigate animal behaviour are inadequate for understanding human behaviour" (p. 231).
In discussing cognitive science and philosophy of mind, Malik concludes that each human being possesses "an extended mind"; a brain becomes a human mind only by its immersion in social relationships together with "other brains linked by language and culture." (p. 331) Human meaning derives not from nature but from the language-linked social network of which we are part." (p. 334) If we did succeed in creating a machine capable of participating in a human society like a human being, it would be human (334-35).
In the final chapter of Man, Beast and Zombie, Malik laments what he sees as an increasing reluctance to view individual people as autonomous, rational, and competent agents, and a tendency to view them as damaged, weak, incapable, and possessing limited control over their fates. All this has both encouraged and been reinforced by what Malik sees as mechanistic accounts of human nature. It has been accompanied by a shift of emphasis from negative liberty to positive liberties and paternalistic protections, and by an acceptance of limits to human possibilities and a deference to "nature" — all in marked contrast to the spirit of Enlightenment humanism.
Strange Fruit: Why both sides are wrong in the race debate (Oneworld, 2008) is his last book.
Dr. Malik is a Distinguished Supporter of the British Humanist Association and a trustee of the free-speech magazine Index on Censorship.
