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[[File:Historiated initial, from Livre de l'eschiele Mahomet.png|thumb|[[Historiated initial]] depicting the archangel Gabriel visiting Muhammad while he was in bed with his wife, from the ''[[Book of Muhammad's Ladder]]'']] |
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{{Unreferenced stub|auto=yes|date=December 2009}} |
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A number of [[Life of Muhammad|biographies of Muhammad]] were written in [[Middle Latin|Latin]] during the 9th to 13th centuries. |
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'''''Vita Mahumeti''''' ("Mahomet's life") was a seminal eleventh century AD biography written in [[Latin language|Latin]] by [[Embrico of Mainz]] on [[Muhammad]] and [[Mohammedanism]] (Islam). |
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==Overview== |
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The ''Vita Mahumeti'' was based on earlier [[Byzantine]] non-Islamic eyewitness accounts of the early period of Islam and treats the personal and social life of the Prophet who is viewed as the embodiment of the [[Antichrist]]. Whereas earlier texts had portrayed Islam as [[Paganism|pagan]] [[idolatry]] and Muhammad as a pagan [[deity]], Embrico and subsequent twelfth century scholars viewed Mohammedanism as a form of [[Christian]] [[heresy]] and Muhammad as a particularly vile [[heresiarch]]. |
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The earliest Latin biographies originated in Spain before the mid-9th century. They had a limited circulation and influence.<ref>Yolles and Weiss (2018), viii–xi</ref> All other Latin biographies are ultimately based on the tradition of the ''Chronographia'' of [[Theophanes the Confessor]] (d. 818), translated into Latin in the 9th century by [[Anastasius Bibliothecarius]], which contained a chapter on the life of Muhammad.<ref>Francesco Vincenzo Stella, "Le versificazioni latine della vita di Maometto. Dall'antiagiografia al romanzo picaresco" in: ''Studio sulle vite metriche in latino di Maometto, sulle loro fonti e sulla loro fortuna romanza'' (2008), p. 120.</ref> |
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While Latin biographies of Muhammad in the 11th to 12th century are still in the genre of anti-hagiography, depicting Muhammad as an [[heresiarch]], the tradition develops into the genre of [[picaresque novel]], with Muhammad in the role of the [[trickster]] figure, in the 13th century. |
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The ''Vita Mahumeti'' by [[Embrico of Mainz]] is an early example of the genre. The text, in rhyming leonine hexameters, was modelled on the verse [[hagiography]] of contemporaries such as [[Hildebert of Le Mans]]. It was most likely written between 1072 and 1090. It is in the tradition of the ''Chronographia'' of Theophanes, including the account of Muhammad's epilepsy and his body being eaten by pigs after his death.<ref>Nicholas Morton, ''Encountering Islam on the First Crusade'', Cambridge University Press (2016), [https://books.google.com/books?id=KD5yDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA213 p. 213].</ref> |
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Twelfth-century versions include ''Otia Machometi'' by [[Walter of Compiègne]] (c. 1155) and ''[[Vita Machometi (Adelphus)|Vita Machometi]]'' by Adelphus.<ref>Ed. B. Bischoff, "Ein Leben Mohammads (Adelphus?) (Zwölftes Jahrhundert)", ''Anecdota Novissima'', 1984.</ref> |
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{{Manuscript-stub}} |
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Thirteenth-century works of the [[romance novel|romance]] type, written in [[Old French]], include the ''[[Romance of Muhammad]]'' (1258), based on the ''Otia''. |
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{{islam-bio-book-stub}} |
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==List of works== |
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*''[[Storia de Mahometh]]'' (before 848) |
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*''[[Tultusceptru de libro domni Metobii]]'' (9th/10th century) |
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*[[Embrico of Mainz]], ''Vita Mahumeti'' (11th century) |
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*Adelphus, ''[[Vita Machometi (Adelphus)|Vita Machometi]]'' (12th century) |
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*[[Walter of Compiègne]], ''Otia de Machomete'' (12th century) |
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*[[Vita Mahometi (Uncastillo)|''Vita Mahometi'' of Uncastillo]] (1221/1222) |
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*''[[De Machometo]]'' (13th century) |
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*''[[Liber Nycholay]]'' (13th century) |
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*''[[Where Wicked Muhammad Came From]]'' (13th century) |
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*''[[Book of Muhammad's Ladder]]'', trans. [[Bonaventura da Siena]] (13th century) |
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*[[Theophanes the Confessor]], ''Chronicle'', trans. [[Anastasius Bibliothecarius]], in ''Chronographia tripartita'' (870s) |
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*''[[Apology of al-Kindi]]'', trans. [[Peter of Toledo]] (1142), for the ''[[Corpus Cluniacense]]'' |
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*[[William of Tripoli]], ''Notitia de Machometo'' ({{circa|1271}}) and ''De statu Saracenorum'' (1273) |
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==See also== |
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*[[Medieval Christian views on Muhammad]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
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*{{cite book |first=Michelina |last=Di Cesare |title=The Pseudo-historical Image of the Prophet Muhammad in Medieval Latin Literature: A Repertory |publisher=De Gruyter |year=2012}} |
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*{{cite journal |first=Francesco |last=Stella |title=Latin Poetic Stories About Muhammad and Their Stylistic Network |journal=The Journal of Medieval Latin |volume=30 |year=2020 |pages=369–397 |doi=10.1484/j.jml.5.119947|s2cid=225386407 }} |
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*{{cite book | author=Tolan, John | year=2002 | title=Saracens: Islam in the European imagination | publisher=Columbia University Press, New York | isbn=978-0231123334| author-link=John V. Tolan }} |
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*{{cite book |editor-first1=Julian |editor-last1=Yolles |editor-first2=Jessica |editor-last2=Weiss |title=Medieval Latin Lives of Muhammad |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2018}} |
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{{Depictions of Muhammad}} |
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A number of biographies of Muhammad were written in Latin during the 9th to 13th centuries.
The earliest Latin biographies originated in Spain before the mid-9th century. They had a limited circulation and influence.[1] All other Latin biographies are ultimately based on the tradition of the ChronographiaofTheophanes the Confessor (d. 818), translated into Latin in the 9th century by Anastasius Bibliothecarius, which contained a chapter on the life of Muhammad.[2]
While Latin biographies of Muhammad in the 11th to 12th century are still in the genre of anti-hagiography, depicting Muhammad as an heresiarch, the tradition develops into the genre of picaresque novel, with Muhammad in the role of the trickster figure, in the 13th century.
The Vita MahumetibyEmbrico of Mainz is an early example of the genre. The text, in rhyming leonine hexameters, was modelled on the verse hagiography of contemporaries such as Hildebert of Le Mans. It was most likely written between 1072 and 1090. It is in the tradition of the Chronographia of Theophanes, including the account of Muhammad's epilepsy and his body being eaten by pigs after his death.[3]
Twelfth-century versions include Otia MachometibyWalter of Compiègne (c. 1155) and Vita Machometi by Adelphus.[4] Thirteenth-century works of the romance type, written in Old French, include the Romance of Muhammad (1258), based on the Otia.
Biographies of Muhammad are also included in:
