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{{Redirect|French nails|the carpentry product|Nail (fastener)#wire nails{{!}}wire nails}} |
{{Redirect|French nails|the carpentry product|Nail (fastener)#wire nails{{!}}wire nails}} |
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{{more citations needed|date=August 2012}} |
{{more citations needed|date=August 2012}} |
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[[File:Hastings County Archives OSD 1938-1939-54 (39912414015).jpg|thumb|265px|A woman giving another woman a manicure. [[Belleville, Ontario]], 1930s.]] |
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[[File:Manicure closeup.jpg|alt=|thumb|260x260px|Manicure closeup – clear [[nail polish]] being applied]] |
[[File:Manicure closeup.jpg|alt=|thumb|260x260px|Manicure closeup – clear [[nail polish]] being applied]] |
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[[File:Salão Parayzo.jpg|thumb|260x260px|[[Nail polish]] being applied as part of a manicure]] |
[[File:Salão Parayzo.jpg|thumb|260x260px|[[Nail polish]] being applied as part of a manicure]] |
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A '''manicure''' is a mostly [[Cosmetics|cosmetic]] [[beauty treatment]] for the [[fingernail]]s and [[Hand|hands]] performed at home or in a [[nail salon]]. A manicure usually consists of [[Nail file|filing]] and shaping the ''free edge'' of nails, pushing and clipping (with a cuticle pusher and cuticle nippers) any nonliving tissue (but limited to the [[cuticle]] and [[hangnail]]s), treatments with various liquids, [[massage]] of the hand, and the application of [[fingernail polish]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Almond |first=Elaine |title=Manicure, pedicure and advanced nail techniques |publisher=Macmillan Press |year=1992 |isbn=0333563131 |location=London}}</ref> When the same is applied to the [[Nail (anatomy)|toenails]] and feet, the treatment is referred to as a [[pedicure]]. Together, the treatments may be known as a '''mani-pedi'''. Most nail polish can stay on nails for 2–3 days before another manicure is required for maintenance, if there is no damage done to it. |
A '''manicure''' is a mostly [[Cosmetics|cosmetic]] [[beauty treatment]] for the [[fingernail]]s and [[Hand|hands]] performed at home or in a [[nail salon]]. A manicure usually consists of [[Nail file|filing]] and shaping the ''free edge'' of nails, pushing and clipping (with a cuticle pusher and cuticle nippers) any nonliving tissue (but limited to the [[cuticle]] and [[hangnail]]s), treatments with various liquids, [[massage]] of the hand, and the application of [[fingernail polish]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Almond |first=Elaine |title=Manicure, pedicure and advanced nail techniques |publisher=Macmillan Press |year=1992 |isbn=0333563131 |location=London}}</ref> When the same is applied to the [[Nail (anatomy)|toenails]] and feet, the treatment is referred to as a [[pedicure]]. Together, the treatments may be known as a '''mani-pedi'''. Most nail polish can stay on nails for 2–3 days before another manicure is required for maintenance, if there is no damage done to it. |
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Some manicures include painting pictures or designs on the nails, applying small [[decal]]s, or imitation [[gemstone|jewel]]s (from 2 dimension to 3 dimension). Other nail treatments may include the application of [[Artificial nails|artificial]] [[gel nails]], tips, or [[Acrylic nails#Types|acrylic]]s, which may be referred to as ''French manicures''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-french-manicure.htm |title=What is a French Manicure? |website=Wisegeek.com}}</ref> |
Some manicures include painting pictures or designs on the nails, applying small [[decal]]s, or imitation [[gemstone|jewel]]s (from 2 dimension to 3 dimension). Other nail treatments may include the application of [[Artificial nails|artificial]] [[gel nails]], tips, or [[Acrylic nails#Types|acrylic]]s, which may be referred to as ''French manicures''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-french-manicure.htm |title=What is a French Manicure? |website=Wisegeek.com|date=December 2023 }}</ref> |
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Nail technicians, such as manicurists and pedicurists, must be licensed in certain states and countries, and must follow government [[Regulation|regulations.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nails Around the World |url=https://www.nailsmag.com/392879/nails-around-the-world |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www.nailsmag.com |language=en-us}}</ref> Since skin is manipulated and often times trimmed, there is a risk of spreading [[infection]] when tools are used across many people. Therefore, having improper [[sanitation]] can pose serious issues.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spalding |first=Robert |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/678881345 |title=The science of pedicures : countering the crisis in nail salons |date=2008 |publisher=Spalding Pub. |others=Robert Spalding |isbn=978-0-9711068-3-3 |edition=2nd |location=Signal Mt., TN |oclc=678881345}}</ref> |
Nail technicians, such as manicurists and pedicurists, must be licensed in certain states and countries, and must follow government [[Regulation|regulations.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nails Around the World |url=https://www.nailsmag.com/392879/nails-around-the-world |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www.nailsmag.com |language=en-us}}</ref> Since skin is manipulated and often times trimmed, there is a risk of spreading [[infection]] when tools are used across many people. Therefore, having improper [[sanitation]] can pose serious issues.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spalding |first=Robert |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/678881345 |title=The science of pedicures : countering the crisis in nail salons |date=2008 |publisher=Spalding Pub. |others=Robert Spalding |isbn=978-0-9711068-3-3 |edition=2nd |location=Signal Mt., TN |oclc=678881345}}</ref> |
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==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
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The English word ''manicure'' comes from the French word |
The English word ''manicure'' comes from the French word {{Lang|fr|manucure}}, meaning care of the hands, which in turn originates from the [[Latin]] words ''{{Lang|la|manus}}'', for hand, and ''{{Lang|la|cura}}'', for care.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=manicure |title=Manicure definition |website= Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> Similarly, the English word ''pedicure'' comes from the [[Latin]] words ''{{Lang|la|pes}}'' (genitive case: ''{{Lang|la|pedis}}''), for foot, and ''{{Lang|la|cura}}'', for care.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=manicure |title=Pedicure definition |website= Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> Colloquially, the word for manicure is sometimes shortened to '''mani'''. |
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==Types== |
==Types== |
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==={{anchor|French manicure}}French manicures=== |
==={{anchor|French manicure}}French manicures=== |
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[[File:French Manicure with Glitter nail art on ring finger.jpg|thumb|French manicure with glitter nail art on ring finger]] |
[[File:French Manicure with Glitter nail art on ring finger.jpg|thumb|French manicure with glitter nail art on ring finger]] |
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Jeff Pink, founder of the professional nail brand ORLY, is credited with creating the natural nail look later called the French |
Jeff Pink, founder of the professional nail brand ORLY, is credited with creating the natural nail look later called the French manicure in 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/color-cosmetics/aha-moment-the-french-manicure-6883596/ |title=Aha! Moment: The French Manicure |website=Women's Wear Daily|date=12 April 2013 }}</ref> |
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In the mid-1970s, Pink was tasked by a film director to come up with a universal nail look that would save screen actresses from having to spend time getting their nails redone to go along with their costume changes. Inspired by the instant brightening effect of a white pencil applied to the underside, Pink suspected that the solution was to apply that same neutralizing principle to the top of the nail. "I got one gallon of white polish for the tips, and pink, beige, or rose for the nail," he recalled in a 2014 interview with ''The National''.[[File:Acrylic nail art with crystal.jpg|thumb|Acrylic manicure with jewel design]]The Natural Nail Kit, as Pink called it then, was a hit among movie stars and studios who found the time-saving strategy indispensable. "The director commented that I should get an Oscar for saving the industry so much money," he said. Eventually Pink took the trend to the catwalk crowd in Paris, and they liked it, too. But, it still needed, as he thought, a more pleasing name. He gave it the French rebranding on the flight back home to Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/orly-s-jeff-pink-created-the-french-manicure-nearly-30-years-ago-1.645103|title=Orly's Jeff Pink created the French manicure nearly 30 years ago|website=The National|language=en|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref> |
In the mid-1970s, Pink was tasked by a film director to come up with a universal nail look that would save screen actresses from having to spend time getting their nails redone to go along with their costume changes. Inspired by the instant brightening effect of a white pencil applied to the underside, Pink suspected that the solution was to apply that same neutralizing principle to the top of the nail. "I got one gallon of white polish for the tips, and pink, beige, or rose for the nail," he recalled in a 2014 interview with ''The National''.[[File:Acrylic nail art with crystal.jpg|thumb|Acrylic manicure with jewel design]]The Natural Nail Kit, as Pink called it then, was a hit among movie stars and studios who found the time-saving strategy indispensable. "The director commented that I should get an Oscar for saving the industry so much money," he said. Eventually Pink took the trend to the catwalk crowd in Paris, and they liked it, too. But, it still needed, as he thought, a more pleasing name. He gave it the French rebranding on the flight back home to Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/orly-s-jeff-pink-created-the-french-manicure-nearly-30-years-ago-1.645103|title=Orly's Jeff Pink created the French manicure nearly 30 years ago|website=The National|date=7 June 2014 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref> |
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⚫ |
Nails that have undergone a French manicure are characterized by a lack of artificial base color and white tips at the free edge of the nail. For this reason, they are sometimes referred to as French tips. The nail tips are painted white, while the rest of the nails are polished in a pink or a suitable nude shade. French manicures can be achieved with [[artificial nails]]. However, it is also as common to perform a French manicure on natural nails. Another technique is to whiten the underside of the nail with white pencil and paint a sheer color over the entire nail. |
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⚫ | Nails that have undergone a French manicure are characterized by a lack of artificial base color and white tips at the free edge of the nail. For this reason, they are sometimes referred to as French tips. The nail tips are painted white, while the rest of the nails are polished in a pink or a suitable nude shade. French manicures can be achieved with [[artificial nails]]. However, it is also as common to perform a French manicure on natural nails. Another technique is to whiten the underside of the nail with white pencil and paint a sheer color over the entire nail. |
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===Hot oil manicures=== |
===Hot oil manicures=== |
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A hot oil manicure is a specific type of manicure that cleans the cuticles and softens them with oil.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kilikita |first1=Jacqueline |title=Hot Oil Manicure - Nail Treatment Benefits |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/hot-oil-manicure-nail-treatment |website=refinery29 |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref> Types of oils that can be used are mineral oil, olive oil, some lotions or commercial preparations in an electric heater. |
A hot oil manicure is a specific type of manicure that cleans the cuticles and softens them with oil.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kilikita |first1=Jacqueline |title=Hot Oil Manicure - Nail Treatment Benefits |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/hot-oil-manicure-nail-treatment |website=refinery29 |date=10 September 2016 |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref> Types of oils that can be used are mineral oil, olive oil, some lotions or commercial preparations in an electric heater. |
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===Dip powder manicures=== |
===Dip powder manicures=== |
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Dip powder manicures are an alternative to traditional [[Artificial nails|acrylic nails]] and gel polish. Dip powders have become popular due to ease of application. They are similar to traditional silk or fiberglass enhancements, with the fiber being replaced by acrylic powder. Both methods rely on layering cyanoacrylate over the natural nail and encasing either the fiber or acrylic powder. While a single layer of fiber is typical, multiple alternating layers of powder and cyanoacrylate may be used in dip nails. |
Dip powder manicures are an alternative to traditional [[Artificial nails|acrylic nails]] and gel polish. Dip powders have become popular due to ease of application. They are similar to traditional silk or fiberglass enhancements, with the fiber being replaced by acrylic powder. Both methods rely on layering cyanoacrylate over the natural nail and encasing either the fiber or acrylic powder.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Norris |first1=Rebecca |title=Manicurists Say Dip Powder Is One of the Most Durable Manicures—Here's Everything You Need to Know |url=https://www.byrdie.com/dip-powder-nails-5071095#:~:text=Also%20commonly%20referred%20to%20as,for%20up%20to%20a%20month. |website=Byrdie |access-date=26 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> While a single layer of fiber is typical, multiple alternating layers of powder and cyanoacrylate may be used in dip nails. |
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== Paraffin wax treatments == |
== Paraffin wax treatments == |
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{{unreferenced section|date=January 2016}} |
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2016}} |
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Hands or feet can be covered in melted [[paraffin wax]] for softening and moisturizing. Paraffin wax is used because it can be heated to temperatures of over 95 °F (35 °C) without burning or injuring the body. The intense heat allows for deeper absorption of emollients and essential oils. The wax is usually infused with various botanical ingredients such as [[aloe vera]], [[azulene]], [[chamomile]], or [[tea tree oil]], and fruit waxes such as apple, peach, and strawberry, are often used in salons |
Hands or feet can be covered in melted [[paraffin wax]] for softening and moisturizing. Paraffin wax is used because it can be heated to temperatures of over 95 °F (35 °C) without burning or injuring the body. The intense heat allows for deeper absorption of emollients and essential oils. The wax is usually infused with various botanical ingredients such as [[aloe vera]], [[azulene]], [[chamomile]], or [[tea tree oil]], and fruit waxes such as apple, peach, and strawberry, are often used in salons. Paraffin wax treatments are often charged as an addition to the standard manicure or pedicure. They are often not covered in general training and are a rare treatment in most nail salons. |
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Professional services should not include dipping clients' hands or feet into a communal paraffin bath, as the wax can be a vector for disease. Paraffin should be applied in a way that avoids contamination, often by placing a portion of the wax into a bag or mitt, which is placed on the client's hand or foot and covered with a warm towel, cotton mitt, or booty to retain warmth. The paraffin is left for a few minutes until it has cooled. |
Professional services should not include dipping clients' hands or feet into a communal paraffin bath, as the wax can be a vector for disease. Paraffin should be applied in a way that avoids contamination, often by placing a portion of the wax into a bag or mitt, which is placed on the client's hand or foot and covered with a warm towel, cotton mitt, or booty to retain warmth. The paraffin is left for a few minutes until it has cooled. |
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*[[Nail polish]] |
*[[Nail polish]] |
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*[[Nail polish remover]] or nail polish remover wipes |
*[[Nail polish remover]] or nail polish remover wipes |
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**Base coat polish |
**Base coat polish and ridge filler polish |
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**Color varnish |
**Color varnish |
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**Top coat or sealant |
**Top coat or sealant |
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There are several nail shapes: the basic shapes are almond, oval, pointed, round, square, square oval, square with rounded corners, and straight with a rounded tip.<ref>{{cite book|author=Elaine Almond|title=Manicure, Pedicure And Advanced Nail Techniques|publisher=Cengage Learning EMEA|date= Sep 19, 1994|pages=116}}</ref> The square oval shape is sometimes known as squoval, a term coined in 1984.<ref name="Crowley">Crowley, Tim (2007). "Getting Nails Into Shape", ''Nails'', p.81. [http://www.nailsmag.com/pastIssues/issue.aspx?iid=58 November issue] accessed 02/15/08.</ref> The squoval is considered a sturdy shape, useful for those who work with their hands.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Alisha Rimando Botero |author2=Catherine M. Frangie |author3=Jim McConnell |author4=Jacqueline Oliphant |title=Milady's Standard Nail Technology|publisher=Cengage Learning|date= May 28, 2010|pages=217|isbn=978-1435497689 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anX8aRNJpeQC&pg=PA217}}</ref> |
There are several nail shapes: the basic shapes are almond, oval, pointed, round, square, square oval, square with rounded corners, and straight with a rounded tip.<ref>{{cite book|author=Elaine Almond|title=Manicure, Pedicure And Advanced Nail Techniques|publisher=Cengage Learning EMEA|date= Sep 19, 1994|pages=116}}</ref> The square oval shape is sometimes known as squoval, a term coined in 1984.<ref name="Crowley">Crowley, Tim (2007). "Getting Nails Into Shape", ''Nails'', p.81. [http://www.nailsmag.com/pastIssues/issue.aspx?iid=58 November issue] accessed 02/15/08.</ref> The squoval is considered a sturdy shape, useful for those who work with their hands.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Alisha Rimando Botero |author2=Catherine M. Frangie |author3=Jim McConnell |author4=Jacqueline Oliphant |title=Milady's Standard Nail Technology|publisher=Cengage Learning|date= May 28, 2010|pages=217|isbn=978-1435497689 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anX8aRNJpeQC&pg=PA217}}</ref> |
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==New York controversy== |
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On May 7, 2015, ''[[The New York Times]]'' journalist [[Sarah Maslin Nir]] broke the two-part story titled "[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/10/nyregion/at-nail-salons-in-nyc-manicurists-are-underpaid-and-unprotected.html The Price of Nice Nails]" and "[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/11/nyregion/nail-salon-workers-in-nyc-face-hazardous-chemicals.html Perfect Nails, Poisoned Workers]" about abuses in [[New York (state)|New York]] salons related to ill-treatment of workers and associated health risks. As a result, on May 11, 2015, New York governor [[Andrew Cuomo]] took immediate measures announcing a [http://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-announces-multi-agency-enforcement-task-force-tackle-abuse-nail-salon-industry Multi-Agency Enforcement Task Force] to tackle the abuse in the nail salon industry.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maslin|first1=Sarah|title=The Price of Nice Nails|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/10/nyregion/at-nail-salons-in-nyc-manicurists-are-underpaid-and-unprotected.html|access-date=12 May 2015|work=New York Times|date=May 7, 2015}}</ref> |
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== Gallery == |
== Gallery == |
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|''The Manicure'', painting by [[Rudolf Ernst]] |
|''The Manicure'', painting by [[Rudolf Ernst]] |
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}} |
}} |
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==Notable manicurists== |
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*[[Park Eun-kyung (nail artist)|Park Eun-kyung]] |
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*[[Deborah Lippmann]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this articlebyadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Manicure" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Amanicure is a mostly cosmetic beauty treatment for the fingernails and hands performed at home or in a nail salon. A manicure usually consists of filing and shaping the free edge of nails, pushing and clipping (with a cuticle pusher and cuticle nippers) any nonliving tissue (but limited to the cuticle and hangnails), treatments with various liquids, massage of the hand, and the application of fingernail polish.[1] When the same is applied to the toenails and feet, the treatment is referred to as a pedicure. Together, the treatments may be known as a mani-pedi. Most nail polish can stay on nails for 2–3 days before another manicure is required for maintenance, if there is no damage done to it.
Some manicures include painting pictures or designs on the nails, applying small decals, or imitation jewels (from 2 dimension to 3 dimension). Other nail treatments may include the application of artificial gel nails, tips, or acrylics, which may be referred to as French manicures.[2]
Nail technicians, such as manicurists and pedicurists, must be licensed in certain states and countries, and must follow government regulations.[3] Since skin is manipulated and often times trimmed, there is a risk of spreading infection when tools are used across many people. Therefore, having improper sanitation can pose serious issues.[4]
The English word manicure comes from the French word manucure, meaning care of the hands, which in turn originates from the Latin words manus, for hand, and cura, for care.[5] Similarly, the English word pedicure comes from the Latin words pes (genitive case: pedis), for foot, and cura, for care.[6] Colloquially, the word for manicure is sometimes shortened to mani.
Jeff Pink, founder of the professional nail brand ORLY, is credited with creating the natural nail look later called the French manicure in 1976.[7]
In the mid-1970s, Pink was tasked by a film director to come up with a universal nail look that would save screen actresses from having to spend time getting their nails redone to go along with their costume changes. Inspired by the instant brightening effect of a white pencil applied to the underside, Pink suspected that the solution was to apply that same neutralizing principle to the top of the nail. "I got one gallon of white polish for the tips, and pink, beige, or rose for the nail," he recalled in a 2014 interview with The National.
The Natural Nail Kit, as Pink called it then, was a hit among movie stars and studios who found the time-saving strategy indispensable. "The director commented that I should get an Oscar for saving the industry so much money," he said. Eventually Pink took the trend to the catwalk crowd in Paris, and they liked it, too. But, it still needed, as he thought, a more pleasing name. He gave it the French rebranding on the flight back home to Los Angeles.[8]
Nails that have undergone a French manicure are characterized by a lack of artificial base color and white tips at the free edge of the nail. For this reason, they are sometimes referred to as French tips. The nail tips are painted white, while the rest of the nails are polished in a pink or a suitable nude shade. French manicures can be achieved with artificial nails. However, it is also as common to perform a French manicure on natural nails. Another technique is to whiten the underside of the nail with white pencil and paint a sheer color over the entire nail.
A hot oil manicure is a specific type of manicure that cleans the cuticles and softens them with oil.[9] Types of oils that can be used are mineral oil, olive oil, some lotions or commercial preparations in an electric heater.
Dip powder manicures are an alternative to traditional acrylic nails and gel polish. Dip powders have become popular due to ease of application. They are similar to traditional silk or fiberglass enhancements, with the fiber being replaced by acrylic powder. Both methods rely on layering cyanoacrylate over the natural nail and encasing either the fiber or acrylic powder.[10] While a single layer of fiber is typical, multiple alternating layers of powder and cyanoacrylate may be used in dip nails.
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this sectionbyadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
|
Hands or feet can be covered in melted paraffin wax for softening and moisturizing. Paraffin wax is used because it can be heated to temperatures of over 95 °F (35 °C) without burning or injuring the body. The intense heat allows for deeper absorption of emollients and essential oils. The wax is usually infused with various botanical ingredients such as aloe vera, azulene, chamomile, or tea tree oil, and fruit waxes such as apple, peach, and strawberry, are often used in salons. Paraffin wax treatments are often charged as an addition to the standard manicure or pedicure. They are often not covered in general training and are a rare treatment in most nail salons.
Professional services should not include dipping clients' hands or feet into a communal paraffin bath, as the wax can be a vector for disease. Paraffin should be applied in a way that avoids contamination, often by placing a portion of the wax into a bag or mitt, which is placed on the client's hand or foot and covered with a warm towel, cotton mitt, or booty to retain warmth. The paraffin is left for a few minutes until it has cooled.
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this sectionbyadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
|
Common manicure/pedicure tools include:
Common manicure/pedicure supplies include:
For decoration (optional):
In Australia, the United States, and other countries,[where?] many nail salons offer personal nail tool kits for purchase to avoid some of the sanitation issues in the salon. The kits are often kept in the salon and given to the client to take home, or are thrown away after use. They are only used when that client comes in for a treatment.
Another option is to give the client the files and wooden cuticle sticks after the manicure. Since the 1970s, the overwhelming majority of professional salons use electric nail files that are faster and yield higher quality results, particularly with acrylic nail enhancements.[citation needed]
There are several nail shapes: the basic shapes are almond, oval, pointed, round, square, square oval, square with rounded corners, and straight with a rounded tip.[11] The square oval shape is sometimes known as squoval, a term coined in 1984.[12] The squoval is considered a sturdy shape, useful for those who work with their hands.[13]
Paintings