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m The Sri Lanka moved page List of Marshals of FrancetoMarshal of France over redirect: The article is about the title Marshal of France, rather than just a list of the holders of the title, although it contains the list of holders of the title as well. Since it is not merely a list article, better it be known by the name Marshal of France.
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{{short description|French military title}} |
{{short description|French military title}} |
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{{Infobox military rank |
{{Infobox military rank |
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| name = Marshal of France |
| name = Marshal of France |
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| alt3 = |
| alt3 = |
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| caption3 = |
| caption3 = |
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| country = |
| country = France |
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| service branch = |
| service branch = [[French Army]] |
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| abbreviation = |
| abbreviation = |
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| rank group = [[General officer]] |
| rank group = [[General officer]] |
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| abolished = |
| abolished = |
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| higher rank = None |
| higher rank = None |
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| lower rank = [[Army general (France)|Army general]]{{efn| |
| lower rank = [[Army general (France)|Army general]]{{efn|A military rank.}} |
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| equivalents = [[Admiral of France]] |
| equivalents = [[Admiral of France]] |
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| history = [[Marshal of the Empire]] |
| history = [[Marshal of the Empire]] |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Marshal of France''' ({{lang-fr|Maréchal de France}}, plural ''{{lang|fr|Maréchaux de France}}'') is a French military distinction, rather than a [[military rank]], that is awarded to [[General officer|generals]] for exceptional achievements. The title has been awarded since 1185, though briefly abolished (1793–1804) and for a period dormant (1870–1916). It was one of the [[Great Officers of the Crown of France]] during the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}} and [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]], and one of the [[Grand Dignitaries of the French Empire|Grand Dignitaries of the Empire]] during the [[First French Empire]] (when the title was [[Marshal of the Empire]], not Marshal of France). |
'''Marshal of France''' ({{lang-fr|Maréchal de France}}, plural ''{{lang|fr|Maréchaux de France}}'') is a French military distinction, rather than a [[military rank]], that is awarded to [[General officer|generals]] for exceptional achievements. The title has been awarded since 1185, though briefly abolished (1793–1804) and for a period dormant (1870–1916). It was one of the [[Great Officers of the Crown of France]] during the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}} and [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]], and one of the [[Grand Dignitaries of the French Empire|Grand Dignitaries of the Empire]] during the [[First French Empire]] (when the title was [[Marshal of the Empire]], not Marshal of France). |
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A Marshal of France displays seven stars on each shoulder strap. A marshal also receives a [[ |
A Marshal of France displays seven stars on each shoulder strap. A marshal also receives a [[Baton (military)|baton]] – a blue cylinder with stars, formerly [[fleur-de-lis|fleurs-de-lis]] during the monarchy and [[French Imperial Eagle|eagle]]s during the First French Empire. The baton bears the [[Latin]] inscription of ''{{lang|la|Terror belli, decus pacis}}'', which means "terror in war, ornament in peace". |
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Between the end of the 16th century and the middle of the 19th century, six Marshals of France were given the even more exalted rank of [[Marshal General of France]]: {{lang|fr|[[Charles de Gontaut, duc de Biron|Biron]]}}, {{lang|fr|[[François de Bonne, duc de Lesdiguières|Lesdiguières]]}}, {{lang|fr|[[Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne|Turenne]]}}, {{lang|fr|[[Claude Louis Hector de Villars|Villars]]}}, {{lang|fr|[[Maurice de Saxe|Saxe]]}}, and {{lang|fr|[[Jean-de-Dieu Soult|Soult]]}}. |
Between the end of the 16th century and the middle of the 19th century, six Marshals of France were given the even more exalted rank of [[Marshal General of France]]: {{lang|fr|[[Charles de Gontaut, duc de Biron|Biron]]}}, {{lang|fr|[[François de Bonne, duc de Lesdiguières|Lesdiguières]]}}, {{lang|fr|[[Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne|Turenne]]}}, {{lang|fr|[[Claude Louis Hector de Villars|Villars]]}}, {{lang|fr|[[Maurice de Saxe|Saxe]]}}, and {{lang|fr|[[Jean-de-Dieu Soult|Soult]]}}. |
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[[File:Musee-de-lArmee-IMG 1071.jpg|thumb|''Terror belli'']] |
[[File:Musee-de-lArmee-IMG 1071.jpg|thumb|''Terror belli'']] |
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[[File:Musee-de-lArmee-IMG 1070.jpg|thumb|...''decus pacis'']] |
[[File:Musee-de-lArmee-IMG 1070.jpg|thumb|...''decus pacis'']] |
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[[File:Musee-de-lArmee-IMG 1072.jpg|thumb|Modern-day baton, belonging to one of the four Marshals of France during World War II (Leclerc, de Lattre, Juin and Kœnig)]] |
[[File:Musee-de-lArmee-IMG 1072.jpg|thumb|Modern-day baton, belonging to one of the four Marshals of France during World War II (Leclerc, de Lattre, Juin, and Kœnig)]] |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The title derived from the office of ''marescallus Franciae'' created by King [[Philip II of France|Philip II Augustus |
The title derived from the office of ''marescallus Franciae'' created by King [[Philip II of France|Philip II Augustus]] for [[Albéric Clément]] about 1190. |
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The title was abolished by the [[National Convention]] in 1793. It was restored as |
The title was abolished by the [[National Convention]] in 1793. It was restored as Marshal of the Empire during the First French Empire by [[Napoleon]]. Under the Bourbon Restoration, the title reverted to Marshal of France, and [[Napoleon III]] kept that designation. |
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After the fall of Napoleon III and the [[Second French Empire]], the Third Republic did not use the title until the [[World War I|First World War]], when it was recreated as a military distinction and not a rank. |
After the fall of Napoleon III and the [[Second French Empire]], the Third Republic did not use the title until the [[World War I|First World War]], when it was recreated as a military distinction and not a rank. |
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Contrarily to ranks, which are awarded by the army, the distinction of Marshal of France is awarded by a special law voted by the French Parliament. For this reason, it is impossible to demote a Marshal. The most famous case is [[Philippe Pétain]], who was awarded the distinction of Marshal of France for his generalship in World War I, and who was stripped of other positions and titles after his trial for high treason due to his involvement with collaborationist [[Vichy France]]: due to the principle of [[separation of powers]], the court that judged him did not have the power to cancel the law that had made him a Marshal in the first place. |
Contrarily to ranks, which are awarded by the army, the distinction of Marshal of France is awarded by a special law voted by the [[French Parliament]]. For this reason, it is impossible to demote a Marshal. The most famous case is [[Philippe Pétain]], who was awarded the distinction of Marshal of France for his generalship in World War I, and who was stripped of other positions and titles after his trial for high treason due to his involvement with collaborationist [[Vichy France]]: due to the principle of [[separation of powers]], the court that judged him did not have the power to cancel the law that had made him a Marshal in the first place. |
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The last living Marshal of France was [[Alphonse Juin]], promoted in 1952, who died in 1967. The latest Marshal of France was [[Marie-Pierre Kœnig]], who was made a Marshal posthumously in 1984. Today, the title of Marshal of France can only be granted to a general officer who fought victoriously in war-time. |
The last living Marshal of France was [[Alphonse Juin]], promoted in 1952, who died in 1967. The latest Marshal of France was [[Marie-Pierre Kœnig]], who was made a Marshal posthumously in 1984. Today, the title of Marshal of France can only be granted to a general officer who fought victoriously in war-time. |
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* [[Amaury de Sévérac|Amaury de Séverac]], Lord of Beaucaire and of Chaude-Aigues (died 1427), Marshal of France in 1424 |
* [[Amaury de Sévérac|Amaury de Séverac]], Lord of Beaucaire and of Chaude-Aigues (died 1427), Marshal of France in 1424 |
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* [[Jean de Brosse]], Baron of Boussac and of Sainte-Sévère (1375–1433), Marshal of France in 1426 |
* [[Jean de Brosse]], Baron of Boussac and of Sainte-Sévère (1375–1433), Marshal of France in 1426 |
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* [[Gilles de Rais]], Lord of Ingrande and of Champtocé ( |
* [[Gilles de Rais]], Lord of Ingrande and of Champtocé ({{circa}} 1405 – 1440), Marshal of France in 1429 |
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* [[André de Laval-Montmorency]], Lord of Lohéac and of Retz (1408–1486), Marshal of France in 1439 |
* [[André de Laval-Montmorency]], Lord of Lohéac and of Retz (1408–1486), Marshal of France in 1439 |
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* [[Philippe de Culant]], Lord of Jaloignes, of La Croisette, of Saint-Armand and of Chalais (died 1454), Marshal of France in 1441 |
* [[Philippe de Culant]], Lord of Jaloignes, of La Croisette, of Saint-Armand and of Chalais (died 1454), Marshal of France in 1441 |
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* [[Charles II d'Amboise]], Lord of Chaumont, of Meillan and of Charenton (1473–1511), Marshal of France in 1506 |
* [[Charles II d'Amboise]], Lord of Chaumont, of Meillan and of Charenton (1473–1511), Marshal of France in 1506 |
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* [[Odet of Foix, Viscount of Lautrec|Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec]], Viscount of Lautrec (1485–1528), Marshal of France in 1511 |
* [[Odet of Foix, Viscount of Lautrec|Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec]], Viscount of Lautrec (1485–1528), Marshal of France in 1511 |
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* [[Robert Stewart, |
* [[Robert Stewart, 5th Lord of Aubigny|Robert Stewart, Lord of Aubigny]], Count of Lennox (1470–1544), Marshal of France in 1514 |
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==Valois-Angoulême== |
==Valois-Angoulême== |
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* [[Gaspard I de Coligny]], Lord of Châtillon-sur-Loing (died 1522), Marshal of France in 1516 |
* [[Gaspard I de Coligny]], Lord of Châtillon-sur-Loing (died 1522), Marshal of France in 1516 |
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* [[Thomas de Foix-Lescun]] (died 1525), Marshal of France in 1518 |
* [[Thomas de Foix-Lescun]] (died 1525), Marshal of France in 1518 |
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* [[Anne de Montmorency|Anne |
* [[Anne de Montmorency, 1st Duke of Montmorency|Anne de Montmorency]], [[Duke of Montmorency]] and Baron of Damville, Count of Beaumont-sur-Oise and of Dammartin, Viscount of Melun, first Baron of France and Grand Master, [[Constable of France]] etc. (1492–1567), Marshal of France in 1522 |
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* [[Teodoro Trivulzio|Théodor Trivulce]] (1458–1531), Marshal of France in 1526 |
* [[Teodoro Trivulzio|Théodor Trivulce]] (1458–1531), Marshal of France in 1526 |
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* [[Robert III de La Marck]], Duke of Bouillon, Lord of Sedan (1491–1537), Marshal of France in 1526 |
* [[Robert III de La Marck]], Duke of Bouillon, Lord of Sedan (1491–1537), Marshal of France in 1526 |
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===Henry II 1547–1559=== |
===Henry II 1547–1559=== |
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* [[Jacques d'Albon |
* [[Jacques d'Albon|Jacques d'Albon de Saint-André, Marquis of Fronsac]] (died 1562), Marshal of France 1547 |
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* [[Robert IV de La Marck|Robert IV de La Marck, Duke of Bouillon and Prince of Sedan]] (1520–1556), Marshal of France in 1547<ref>Frederic J. Baumgartner, ''Henry II: King of France 1547–1559'', (Duke University Press, 1988), 56.</ref> |
* [[Robert IV de La Marck|Robert IV de La Marck, Duke of Bouillon and Prince of Sedan]] (1520–1556), Marshal of France in 1547<ref>Frederic J. Baumgartner, ''Henry II: King of France 1547–1559'', (Duke University Press, 1988), 56.</ref> |
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* [[Charles de Cossé, Count of Brissac]] (1505–1563), Marshal of France in 1550 |
* [[Charles de Cossé, Count of Brissac]] (1505–1563), Marshal of France in 1550 |
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===Francis II 1559–1560=== |
===Francis II 1559–1560=== |
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* [[François de Montmorency]], Duke of Montmorency ( |
* [[François de Montmorency, 2nd Duke of Montmorency|François de Montmorency]], Duke of Montmorency (1530–1579), Marshal of France in 1559 |
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===Charles IX, 1560–1574=== |
===Charles IX, 1560–1574=== |
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* [[François de Scépeaux]], Lord of Vieilleville (1509–1571), Marshal of France in 1562 |
* [[François de Scépeaux]], Lord of Vieilleville (1509–1571), Marshal of France in 1562 |
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* [[Imbert de La Plâtière]], Lord of Bourdillon (1524–1567), Marshal of France in 1562 |
* [[Imbert de La Platière|Imbert de La Plâtière]], Lord of Bourdillon (1524–1567), Marshal of France in 1562 |
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* [[Henri I de Montmorency]], Lord of Damville, Duke of Montmorency, Count of Dammartin and Alais, Baron of Chateaubriant, Lord of Chantilly and Ecouen (1534–1614), Marshal of France in 1566 |
* [[Henri de Montmorency, 3rd Duke of Montmorency|Henri I de Montmorency]], Lord of Damville, Duke of Montmorency, Count of Dammartin and Alais, Baron of Chateaubriant, Lord of Chantilly and Ecouen (1534–1614), Marshal of France in 1566 |
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* [[Artus de Cossé-Brissac]], Lord of Gonnor and Count of Secondigny ( |
* [[Artus de Cossé|Artus de Cossé-Brissac]], Lord of Gonnor and Count of Secondigny (1512–1582), Marshal of France in 1567 |
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* [[Gaspard de Saulx]], Lord of Tavannes (1509–1575), Marshal of France in 1570 |
* [[Gaspard de Saulx]], Lord of Tavannes (1509–1575), Marshal of France in 1570 |
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* [[Honorat II of Savoy|Honorat II de Savoye]], Marquis of Villars ( |
* [[Honorat II of Savoy|Honorat II de Savoye]], Marquis of Villars (1511–1580), Marshal of France in 1571 |
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* [[Albert de Gondi]], Duke of Retz (1522–1602), Marshal of France in 1573 |
* [[Albert de Gondi]], Duke of Retz (1522–1602), Marshal of France in 1573 |
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===Henry III 1574–1589=== |
===Henry III 1574–1589=== |
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* [[Roger de Saint-Lary |
* [[RogerI de Saint-Lary]], Lord of Bellegarde (died 1579), Marshal of France in 1574 |
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* [[Blaise de |
* [[Blaise de Monluc|Blaise de Lasseran-Massencôme, Seigneur de Montluc]] (1500–1577), Marshal of France in 1574 |
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* [[Louis Prévost de Sansac]], Baron de Sansac (1496–1576), Marshal of France |
* [[Louis Prévost de Sansac]], Baron de Sansac (1496–1576), Marshal of France |
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* [[Armand de Gontaut, |
* [[Armand de Gontaut, Baron of Biron|Armand de Gontaut, Baron de Biron]] (1524–1592), Marshal of France in 1577 |
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* [[Jacques II de Goyon]], Lord of Matignon and of Lesparre, Count of Thorigny, Prince of Mortagne sur Gironde (1525–1597), Marshal of France in 1579 |
* [[Jacques II de Goyon]], Lord of Matignon and of Lesparre, Count of Thorigny, Prince of Mortagne sur Gironde (1525–1597), Marshal of France in 1579 |
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* [[Jean VI d'Aumont]], Baron of Estrabonne, Count of Châteauroux ( |
* [[Jean VI d'Aumont]], Baron of Estrabonne, Count of Châteauroux (1522–1595), Marshal of France |
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* [[Guillaume de Joyeuse]], Viscount of Joyeuse, Lord of Saint-Didier, of Laudun, of Puyvert and of Arques (1520–1592), Marshal of France in 1582 |
* [[Guillaume de Joyeuse]], Viscount of Joyeuse, Lord of Saint-Didier, of Laudun, of Puyvert and of Arques (1520–1592), Marshal of France in 1582 |
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==Bourbons== |
==Bourbons== |
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[[File:Orn ext Maréchal de France.svg|thumb|Marshal's baton during the Bourbon monarchy]] |
[[File:Orn ext Maréchal de France.svg|thumb|Marshal's baton during the Bourbon monarchy]] |
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===Henry IV 1589–1610=== |
===Henry IV 1589–1610=== |
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* [[Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon|Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, Duc de Bouillon]] (1555–1623), Marshal of France in 1592 |
* [[Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon|Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, Duc de Bouillon]] (1555–1623), Marshal of France in 1592 |
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* [[Charles de Gontaut, |
* [[Charles de Gontaut, 1st Duke of Biron|Charles de Gontaut, Duc de Biron]] (1562–1602), Marshal of France in 1594 |
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* [[Claude de La |
* [[Claude de La Châtre]] (1536–1614), Marshal of France in 1594 |
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* |
* {{ill|Jean de Montluc de Balagny|fr|Jean de Montluc de Balagny}} (1560–1603), Marshal of France in 1594 |
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* [[Charles |
* [[Charles de Cossé, 1st Duke of Brissac|Charles II de Cossé]], Duke of Brissac (1562–1621), Marshal of France in 1594 |
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* [[Jean de Beaumanoir (marquis)|Jean III de Baumanoir, Marquis of Lavardin and Count of Nègrepelisse]] (1551–1614), Marshal of France in 1595 |
* [[Jean de Beaumanoir (marquis)|Jean III de Baumanoir, Marquis of Lavardin and Count of Nègrepelisse]] (1551–1614), Marshal of France in 1595 |
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* [[Henri, Duke of Joyeuse]] (1567–1608), Marshal of France in 1595 |
* [[Henri, Duke of Joyeuse]] (1567–1608), Marshal of France in 1595 |
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* |
* {{ill|Urbain de Montmorency-Laval|fr|Urbain de Laval Boisdauphin|lt=Urbain de Montmorency-Laval, Marquis of Sablé}} (1557–1629), Marshal of France in 1595 |
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* [[Alphonse d'Ornano]] (1548–1610), Marshal of France in 1597 |
* [[Alphonse d'Ornano]] (1548–1610), Marshal of France in 1597 |
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* |
* {{ill|Guillaume de Hautemer de Grancey|fr|Guillaume de Hautemer de Grancey|lt=Guillaume de Hautemer, Count of Grancey}} (1537–1613), Marshal of France in 1597 |
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* [[François de Bonne, Duke of Lesdiguières]] (1543–1626), Marshal of France in 1608 |
* [[François de Bonne, Duke of Lesdiguières]] (1543–1626), Marshal of France in 1608 |
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===Louis XIII, 1610–1643=== |
===Louis XIII, 1610–1643=== |
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[[File:Charles de Schomberg (Rouillard).jpg|thumb|[[Charles de Schomberg]]]] |
[[File:Charles de Schomberg (Rouillard).jpg|thumb|[[Charles de Schomberg]]]] |
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* [[Concino Concini]], Marquis of Ancre (1575–1617), Marshal of France in 1613 |
* [[Concino Concini]], Marquis of Ancre (1575–1617), Marshal of France in 1613 |
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* [[Gilles de Souvré, Marquis de Courtanvaux, Baron de Lezines|Gilles de Courtenvaux, Marquis of Souvré]] (1540–1626), Marshal of France in 1614 |
* [[Gilles de Souvré, Marquis de Courtanvaux, Baron de Lezines|Gilles de Courtenvaux, Marquis of Souvré]] (1540–1626), Marshal of France in 1614 |
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* [[Antoine de Roquelaure|Antoine, Baron de Roquelaure]] (1560–1625), Marshal of France in 1614 |
* [[Antoine de Roquelaure|Antoine, Baron de Roquelaure]] (1560–1625), Marshal of France in 1614 |
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* |
* {{ill|Louis de La Châtre de Maisonfort|fr|Louis de La Châtre|lt=Louis de La Châtre, Baron de Maisonfort}} (died 1630), Marshal of France in 1616 |
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* |
* {{ill|Pons de Lauzières-Thémines-Cardaillac|fr|Pons de Lauzières-Thémines|lt=Pons de Lauzières-Thémines-Cardaillac, Marquis of Thémines}} (1553–1627), Marshal of France in 1616 |
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* |
* {{ill|François de La Grange d'Arquian|fr|François de La Grange d'Arquian}}, Lord of Montigny and of Séry in Bérry (1554–1617), Marshal of France in 1616 |
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* [[Nicolas de L'Hôpital]], Duke of Vitry (1581–1644), Marshal of France in 1617 |
* [[Nicolas de L'Hôpital]], Duke of Vitry (1581–1644), Marshal of France in 1617 |
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* |
* {{ill|Charles de Choiseul-Praslin, Marquis of Praslin|fr|Charles de Choiseul-Praslin (1563-1626)}} (1563–1626), Marshal of France in 1619 |
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* |
* {{ill|Jean-François de La Guiche|fr|Jean-François de La Guiche|lt=Jean-François de La Guiche, Count of La Palice}} (1569–1632), Marshal of France in 1619 |
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* [[Honoré d'Albert |
* [[Honoré d'Albert, 1st Duke of Chaulnes|Honoré d'Albert d'Ailly, Duke of Chaulnes]] (1581–1649), Marshal of France in 1620 |
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* |
* {{ill|François d'Esparbes de Lussan d'Aubeterre|fr|François d'Esparbès de Lussan d'Aubeterre|lt=François d'Esparbes de Lussan, Viscount of Aubeterre}} ({{circa|1571}}–1628), Marshal of France in 1620 |
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* [[Charles de Blanchefort|Charles de Créquy, Prince of Poix, Duke of Lesdiguières]] (1580–1638), Marshal of France in 1621 |
* [[Charles de Blanchefort|Charles de Créquy, Prince of Poix, Duke of Lesdiguières]] (1580–1638), Marshal of France in 1621 |
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* [[Jacques |
* [[Jacques Nompar de Caumont, 1st Duke of La Force|Jacques Nompar de Caumont, Duke of La Force]] (1558–1652), Marshal of France in 1621 |
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* [[François de Bassompierre|François, Marquis of Bassompierre]] (1579–1646), Marshal of France in 1622 |
* [[François de Bassompierre|François, Marquis of Bassompierre]] (1579–1646), Marshal of France in 1622 |
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* [[Gaspard III de Coligny|Gaspard de Coligny, Duke of Châtillon]] (1584–1646), Marshal of France in 1622 |
* [[Gaspard III de Coligny|Gaspard de Coligny, Duke of Châtillon]] (1584–1646), Marshal of France in 1622 |
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* [[Timoléon d'Espinay|Timoléon d'Epinay de Saint-Luc]] (1580–1644), Marshal of France in 1627 |
* [[Timoléon d'Espinay|Timoléon d'Epinay de Saint-Luc]] (1580–1644), Marshal of France in 1627 |
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* [[Louis de Marillac]], Count of Beaumont-le-Roger (1572–1632), Marshal of France in 1629 |
* [[Louis de Marillac]], Count of Beaumont-le-Roger (1572–1632), Marshal of France in 1629 |
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* [[Henri |
* [[Henri de Montmorency, 4th Duke of Montmorency|Henri II, Duke of Montmorency and of Damville]], also [[Admiral of France]] (1595–1632), Marshal of France in 1630 |
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* [[Jean Caylar d'Anduze de Saint-Bonnet|Jean Caylar d'Anduze de Saint-Bonnet, Marquis of Toiras]] (1585–1636), Marshal of France in 1630 |
* [[Jean Caylar d'Anduze de Saint-Bonnet|Jean Caylar d'Anduze de Saint-Bonnet, Marquis of Toiras]] (1585–1636), Marshal of France in 1630 |
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* [[Antoine Coiffier de Ruzé, marquis d'Effiat|Antoine Coëffier de Ruzé d'Effiat]] (1581–1632), Marshal of France in 1631 |
* [[Antoine Coiffier de Ruzé, marquis d'Effiat|Antoine Coëffier de Ruzé d'Effiat]] (1581–1632), Marshal of France in 1631 |
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* [[Urbain de Maillé |
* [[Urbain de Maillé, 1st Marquis of Brézé|Urbain de Maillé, Marquis of Brézé]] (1597–1650), Marshal of France in 1633 |
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* [[Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully]] (1560–1641), Marshal of France in 1634 |
* [[Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully]] (1560–1641), Marshal of France in 1634 |
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* [[Charles de Schomberg|Charles de Schomberg, Duke of Halluin]] (1601–1656), Marshal of France in 1637 |
* [[Charles de Schomberg|Charles de Schomberg, Duke of Halluin]] (1601–1656), Marshal of France in 1637 |
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* [[Charles de La Porte|Charles de La Porte, Marquis of Meilleraye]] (1602–1664), Marshal of France in 1639 |
* [[Charles de La Porte, 1st Duke of La Meilleraye|Charles de La Porte, Marquis of Meilleraye]] (1602–1664), Marshal of France in 1639 |
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* [[Antoine |
* [[Antoine de Gramont, 2nd Duke of Gramont|Antoine III, Duke of Gramont]] (1604–1678), Marshal of France in 1641 |
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* [[Jean-Baptiste Budes, Comte de Guébriant|Jean-Baptiste Budes, Count of Guébriant]] (1602–1643), Marshal of France in 1642 |
* [[Jean-Baptiste Budes, Comte de Guébriant|Jean-Baptiste Budes, Count of Guébriant]] (1602–1643), Marshal of France in 1642 |
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* [[Philippe de La Mothe-Houdancourt|Philippe de La Mothe-Houdancourt, Duke of Cardona]] (1605–1657), Marshal of France in 1642 |
* [[Philippe de La Mothe-Houdancourt|Philippe de La Mothe-Houdancourt, Duke of Cardona]] (1605–1657), Marshal of France in 1642 |
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* |
* {{ill|François de L'Hospital|fr|François de L'Hospital|lt=François de L'Hôpital, Count of Rosnay}} (1583–1660), Marshal of France in 1643 |
||
* [[Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne|Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne]] (1611–1675), Marshal of France in 1643, [[Marshal General of France]] in 1660 |
* [[Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne|Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne]] (1611–1675), Marshal of France in 1643, [[Marshal General of France]] in 1660 |
||
* [[Jean de Gassion|Jean, Count of Gassion]], (1609–1647), Marshal of France in 1643 |
* [[Jean de Gassion|Jean, Count of Gassion]], (1609–1647), Marshal of France in 1643{{cn|date=March 2024}} |
||
===Louis XIV, 1643–1715=== |
===Louis XIV, 1643–1715=== |
||
[[File:Sebastien le Prestre de Vauban.png|thumb|[[Sébastien Le Prestre |
[[File:Sebastien le Prestre de Vauban.png|thumb|[[Sébastien Le Prestre, Marquis of Vauban|Sébastien de Vauban]]]] |
||
| ⚫ | * [[César de Choiseul, 1st Duke of Choiseul|César, Duke of Choiseul]] (1598–1675), Marshal of France in 1645 |
||
| ⚫ |
* [[ |
||
* [[Josias von Rantzau|Josias, Count of Rantzau]] (1609–1650), Marshal of France in 1645 |
* [[Josias von Rantzau|Josias, Count of Rantzau]] (1609–1650), Marshal of France in 1645 |
||
* [[Nicolas de Neufville |
* [[Nicolas de Neufville, 1st Duke of Villeroy|Nicolas de Neufville, Duke of Villeroi]] (1597–1685), Marshal of France in 1646 |
||
* [[Antoine d'Aumont |
* [[Antoine d'Aumont, 1st Duke of Aumont|Antoine d'Aumont de Rochebaron, Duc d'Aumont]] (1601–1669), Marshal of France in 1651 |
||
* |
* {{ill|Jacques d'Étampes|fr|Jacques d'Étampes|lt=Jacques d'Étampes, Marquis of la Ferté-Imbault}} (1590–1663), Marshal of France in 1651 |
||
* [[Henri de La Ferté-Senneterre|Henri, Duke of la Ferté-Senneterre]] (1600–1681), Marshal of France in 1651 |
* [[Henri de La Ferté-Senneterre|Henri, Duke of la Ferté-Senneterre]] (1600–1681), Marshal of France in 1651 |
||
* |
* {{ill|Charles de Monchy d'Hocquincourt|fr|Charles de Monchy d'Hocquincourt|lt=Charles de Monchy, Marquis d'Hocquincourt}} (1599–1658), Marshal of France in 1651 |
||
* |
* {{ill|Jacques Rouxel de Grancey|fr|Jacques Rouxel de Grancey|lt=Jacques Rouxel, Count of Grancey}} (1603–1680), Marshal of France in 1651 |
||
* [[Armand Nompar de Caumont|Armand Nompar de Caumont, Duke of La Force]] (1582–1672), Marshal of France in 1652 |
* [[Armand Nompar de Caumont, 2nd Duke of La Force|Armand Nompar de Caumont, Duke of La Force]] (1582–1672), Marshal of France in 1652 |
||
* |
* {{ill|Philippe de Clérambault de Palluau|fr|Philippe de Clérambault|lt=Philippe de Clérambault, Count of Palluau}} (1606–1665), Marshal of France in 1652 |
||
* [[César Phoebus d'Albret, Count of Miossens]] (1614–1676), Marshal of France in 1653 |
* [[César Phoebus d'Albret, Count of Miossens]] (1614–1676), Marshal of France in 1653 |
||
* |
* {{ill|Louis de Foucault de Saint-Germain Beaupré|fr|Louis Foucault du Daugnon}} Count of Le Daugnon (1616–1659), Marshal of France in 1653 |
||
* [[Jean de Schulemberg|Jean de Schulemberg, Count of Montejeu]] (1597–1671), Marshal of France in 1658 |
* [[Jean de Schulemberg|Jean de Schulemberg, Count of Montejeu]] (1597–1671), Marshal of France in 1658 |
||
* [[Abraham de Fabert|Abraham de Fabert, Marquis of Esternay]] (1599–1662), Marshal of France in 1658 |
* [[Abraham de Fabert|Abraham de Fabert, Marquis of Esternay]] (1599–1662), Marshal of France in 1658 |
||
| Line 273: | Line 268: | ||
* [[Louis de Crevant, Duke of Humières]] (1628–1694), Marshal of France in 1668 |
* [[Louis de Crevant, Duke of Humières]] (1628–1694), Marshal of France in 1668 |
||
* [[Godefroi, Comte d'Estrades|Godefroy d'Estrades]], Count of Estrades (1607–1686), Marshal of France in 1675 |
* [[Godefroi, Comte d'Estrades|Godefroy d'Estrades]], Count of Estrades (1607–1686), Marshal of France in 1675 |
||
* |
* {{ill|Philippe de Montaut-Bénac de Navailles|fr|Philippe de Montaut-Bénac de Navailles|lt=Philippe de Montaut-Bénac, Duke of Navailles}} (1619–1684), Marshal of France in 1675 |
||
* [[Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg|Frédéric Armand, Duke of Schomberg]] (1616–1690), Marshal of France in 1675 |
* [[Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg|Frédéric Armand, Duke of Schomberg]] (1616–1690), Marshal of France in 1675 |
||
* [[Jacques Henri de Durfort |
* [[Jacques Henri de Durfort, 1st Duke of Duras|Jacques Henri de Durfort, Duke of Duras]] (1626–1704), Marshal of France in 1675 |
||
* [[François d'Aubusson de La Feuillade|François d'Aubusson, Duke of la Feuillade]] (1625–1691), Marshal of France in 1675 |
* [[François d'Aubusson de La Feuillade|François d'Aubusson, Duke of la Feuillade]] (1625–1691), Marshal of France in 1675 |
||
* [[Louis Victor de Rochechouart |
* [[Louis Victor de Rochechouart, Duke of Vivonne|Louis Victor de Rochechouart, Duke of Mortemart ''le Maréchal de Vivonne'']] (1636–1688), Marshal of France in 1675 |
||
* [[François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg]] (1628–1695), Marshal of France in 1675 |
* [[François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg]] (1628–1695), Marshal of France in 1675 |
||
* |
* {{ill|Henri Louis d'Aloigny de Rochefort|fr|Henri Louis d'Aloigny|lt=Henri Louis d'Aloigny, Marquis of Rochefort}} (1636–1676), Marshal of France in 1675 |
||
* [[Guy Aldonce de Durfort |
* [[Guy Aldonce de Durfort, 1st Duke of Quintin|Guy de Durfort, Duke of Lorges]] (1630–1702), Marshal of France in 1676 |
||
* [[Jean |
* [[Jean d'Estrées, Count of Estrées|Jean II, Count of Estrées]] 1624–1707), Marshal of France in 1681 |
||
* [[ |
* [[Claude de Choiseul, Marquis of Francières]] (1632–1711), Marshal of France in 1693 |
||
* [[Jean-Armand de Joyeuse, Marquis de Grandpré|Jean Armand de Joyeuse, Marquis of Grandpré]] (1632–1710), Marshal of France in 1693 |
* [[Jean-Armand de Joyeuse, Marquis de Grandpré|Jean Armand de Joyeuse, Marquis of Grandpré]] (1632–1710), Marshal of France in 1693 |
||
* [[François de Neufville, |
* [[François de Neufville, 2nd Duke of Villeroy|François de Neufville, Duke of Villeroi]] (1644–1730), Marshal of France in 1693 |
||
* [[Louis-François de Boufflers|Louis François, duc de Boufflers, comte de Cagny]] (1644–1711), Marshal of France in 1693 |
* [[Louis-François de Boufflers|Louis François, duc de Boufflers, comte de Cagny]] (1644–1711), Marshal of France in 1693 |
||
* [[Anne Hilarion de Tourville|Anne-Hilarion de Costentin, Count of Tourville]] (1642–1701), Marshal of France in 1693 |
* [[Anne Hilarion de Tourville|Anne-Hilarion de Costentin, Count of Tourville]] (1642–1701), Marshal of France in 1693 |
||
* [[Anne Jules de Noailles|Anne-Jules, 2nd duc de Noailles]] (1650–1708), Marshal of France in 1693 |
* [[Anne Jules de Noailles, 2nd Duke of Noailles|Anne-Jules, 2nd duc de Noailles]] (1650–1708), Marshal of France in 1693 |
||
* [[Nicolas Catinat]] (1637–1712), Marshal of France in 1693 |
* [[Nicolas Catinat]] (1637–1712), Marshal of France in 1693 |
||
* [[Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme|Louis Joseph de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme]] (1654–1712), Marshal of France in 1695 |
* [[Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme|Louis Joseph de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme]] (1654–1712), Marshal of France in 1695 |
||
* [[Claude Louis Hector de Villars|Claude Louis Hector, Duke of Villars]] (1653–1734), Marshal of France in 1702, [[Marshal General of France]] in 1733 |
* [[Claude Louis Hector de Villars, 1st Duke of Villars|Claude Louis Hector, Duke of Villars]] (1653–1734), Marshal of France in 1702, [[Marshal General of France]] in 1733 |
||
* [[Noël Bouton de Chamilly|Noël Bouton, Marquis of Chamilly]] (1636–1715), Marshal of France in 1703 |
* [[Noël Bouton de Chamilly|Noël Bouton, Marquis of Chamilly]] (1636–1715), Marshal of France in 1703 |
||
* [[Victor-Marie d'Estrées|Victor Marie, Duc d'Estrées]] (1660–1737), Marshal of France in 1703 |
* [[Victor-Marie d'Estrées|Victor Marie, Duc d'Estrées]] (1660–1737), Marshal of France in 1703 |
||
* [[François Louis Rousselet de Châteaurenault|François Louis Rousselet, Marquis of Château-Renault]] (1637–1716), Marshal of France in 1703 |
* [[François Louis Rousselet de Châteaurenault|François Louis Rousselet, Marquis of Château-Renault]] (1637–1716), Marshal of France in 1703 |
||
* [[ |
* [[Sébastien Le Prestre, Marquis of Vauban]] (1633–1707), Marshal of France in 1703 |
||
* [[Conrad von Rosen|Conrad, Marquis of Rosen]] (1628–1715), Marshal of France in 1703 |
* [[Conrad von Rosen|Conrad, Marquis of Rosen]] (1628–1715), Marshal of France in 1703 |
||
* [[Nicolas Chalon du Blé|Nicolas Chalon du Blé, Marquis of Huxelles]] (1652–1730), Marshal of France in 1703 |
* [[Nicolas Chalon du Blé|Nicolas Chalon du Blé, Marquis of Huxelles]] (1652–1730), Marshal of France in 1703 |
||
* [[ |
* [[René de Froulay, Count of Tessé]] (1651–1725), Marshal of France in 1703 |
||
* [[Camille d'Hostun, duc de Tallard]] (1652–1728), Marshal of France in 1703 |
* [[Camille d'Hostun, duc de Tallard]] (1652–1728), Marshal of France in 1703 |
||
* [[Nicolas Auguste de La Baume |
* [[Nicolas Auguste de La Baume|Nicolas Auguste de La Baume, Marquis of Montrevel]] (1636–1716), Marshal of France in 1703 |
||
* [[ |
* [[Henri d'Harcourt, 1st Duke of Harcourt|Henry, duc d'Harcourt]] (1654–1718), Marshal of France in 1703 |
||
* [[Ferdinand de Marsin|Ferdinand, Count of Marsin]] (1656–1706), Marshal of France in 1703 |
* [[Ferdinand de Marsin|Ferdinand, Count of Marsin]] (1656–1706), Marshal of France in 1703 |
||
| ⚫ | * {{ill|Alberico III Cybo-Malaspina|it|Alberico III Cybo-Malaspina}}, Duke of Massa (1674–1715), Marshal of France in 1703<ref>{{cite web |last=Marek |first=Miroslav |url=http://genealogy.euweb.cz/italy/cybo2.html |title=Issue of Giovanni Battista, Pope Innocent VIII |publisher=genealogy.euweb.cz}}{{Self-published source|date=November 2016}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=November 2016}} |
||
* [[James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick]] (1670–1734), Marshal of France in 1706 |
* [[James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick]] (1670–1734), Marshal of France in 1706 |
||
* [[Charles |
* [[Charles Auguste de Goyon, Count of Gacé|Charles Auguste Goyon, Count of Matignon]] (1647–1729), Marshal of France in 1708 |
||
* [[Jacques Bazin de Bezons|Jacques de Bazin, Marquis of Bezons]] (1645–1733), Marshal of France in 1709 |
* [[Jacques Bazin de Bezons|Jacques de Bazin, Marquis of Bezons]] (1645–1733), Marshal of France in 1709 |
||
* [[Pierre de Montesquiou d'Artagnan|Pierre de Montesquiou, Count of Artagnan]] (1645–1725), Marshal of France in 1709 ''N.B. |
* [[Pierre de Montesquiou d'Artagnan|Pierre de Montesquiou, Count of Artagnan]] (1645–1725), Marshal of France in 1709 ''N.B.: not the famous [[D'Artagnan]], but a relative'' |
||
| ⚫ |
* |
||
===Louis XV, 1715–1774=== |
===Louis XV, 1715–1774=== |
||
[[File:Maurice de Saxe (1696-1750).PNG|thumb|[[Maurice de Saxe]]]] |
[[File:Maurice de Saxe (1696-1750).PNG|thumb|[[Maurice de Saxe]]]] |
||
* [[Victor-Maurice, comte de Broglie]] (1646–1727), Marshal of France in 1724 |
* [[Victor-Maurice, comte de Broglie]] (1646–1727), Marshal of France in 1724 |
||
* [[Antoine Gaston de Roquelaure|Antoine Gaston Jean Baptiste, Duke of Roquelaure]] (1656–1738), Marshal of France in 1724<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'', Vol 23, Ed. Hugh Chisholm, (1911), 719.</ref> |
* [[Antoine Gaston de Roquelaure|Antoine Gaston Jean Baptiste, Duke of Roquelaure]] (1656–1738), Marshal of France in 1724<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'', Vol 23, Ed. Hugh Chisholm, (1911), 719.</ref> |
||
| Line 317: | Line 311: | ||
* [[Yves d'Alègre|Yves, marquis d'Alègre]] (1653–1733), Marshal of France in 1724 |
* [[Yves d'Alègre|Yves, marquis d'Alègre]] (1653–1733), Marshal of France in 1724 |
||
* [[Louis d'Aubusson de La Feuillade|Louis d'Aubusson, Duke of la Feuillade]] (1673–1725), Marshal of France in 1724 |
* [[Louis d'Aubusson de La Feuillade|Louis d'Aubusson, Duke of la Feuillade]] (1673–1725), Marshal of France in 1724 |
||
* [[Antoine |
* [[Antoine de Gramont, 4th Duke of Gramont|Antoine V, Duke of Gramont]] (1671–1725), Marshal of France in 1724 |
||
* [[Alain Emmanuel de Coëtlogon|Alain Emmanuel, Marquis of Coëtlogon]] (1646–1730), Marshal of France in 1730 |
* [[Alain Emmanuel de Coëtlogon|Alain Emmanuel, Marquis of Coëtlogon]] (1646–1730), Marshal of France in 1730 |
||
* [[Charles |
* [[Charles Armand de Gontaut, Duke of Biron|Charles de Gontaut, Duke of Biron]] (1663–1756), Marshal of France in 1734 |
||
* |
* {{ill|Jacques François de Chastenand de Puységur|fr|Jacques François de Chastenet de Puységur|lt=Jacques de Chastenet, Marquis of Puységur}} (1665–1743), Marshal of France in 1734 |
||
* [[Claude François Bidal d'Asfeld|Claude Bidal, Marquis of Asfeld]] (1665–1743), Marshal of France in 1734 |
* [[Claude François Bidal d'Asfeld|Claude Bidal, Marquis of Asfeld]] (1665–1743), Marshal of France in 1734 |
||
* [[Adrien Maurice de Noailles|Adrien-Maurice, 3rd duc de Noailles]] (1678–1766), Marshal of France in 1734 |
* [[Adrien Maurice de Noailles, 3rd Duke of Noailles|Adrien-Maurice, 3rd duc de Noailles]] (1678–1766), Marshal of France in 1734 |
||
* [[Christian Louis de Montmorency-Luxembourg|Christian Louis de Montmorency-Luxembourg, Prince de Tingry]] (1713–1787), Marshal of France in 1734 |
* [[Christian Louis de Montmorency-Luxembourg|Christian Louis de Montmorency-Luxembourg, Prince de Tingry]] (1713–1787), Marshal of France in 1734 |
||
* [[François |
* [[François Marie de Broglie, 1st Duke of Broglie|François Marie II, Duke of Broglie]] (1671–1745), Marshal of France in 1734 |
||
* [[François de Franquetot de Coigny|François de Franquetot, Duke of Coigny]] (1670–1759), Marshal of France in 1734 |
* [[François de Franquetot de Coigny|François de Franquetot, Duke of Coigny]] (1670–1759), Marshal of France in 1734 |
||
* |
* {{ill|Charles Eugène de Lévis-Charlus|fr|Charles-Eugène de Lévis-Charlus|lt=Charles, Duke of Lévis-Charlus}} (1669–1734), Marshal of France in 1734{{cn|date=March 2024}} |
||
* [[Louis, Marquis of Brancas and Prince of Nisaro|Louis de Brancas de Forcalquier, Marquis of Céreste]] (1671–1750), Marshal of France in 1740 |
* [[Louis, Marquis of Brancas and Prince of Nisaro|Louis de Brancas de Forcalquier, Marquis of Céreste]] (1671–1750), Marshal of France in 1740 |
||
* [[Louis Auguste d'Albert |
* [[Louis Auguste d'Albert, 4th Duke of Chaulnes|Louis Auguste d'Albert d'Ailly, Duke of Chaulnes]] (1676–1744), Marshal of France in 1741 |
||
* |
* {{ill|Louis Armand de Brinchanteau de Nangis|fr|Louis Armand de Brichanteau|lt=Louis Armand de Brichanteau, Duke of Nangis}} (1682–1742), Marshal of France in 1741 |
||
* |
* {{ill|Louis de Gand de Mérode de Montmorency|fr|Louis de Gand de Mérode de Montmorency|lt=Louis de Gand de Mérode de Montmorency, prince d'Isenghien}} (1678–1762), Marshal of France in 1741 |
||
* [[Jean |
* [[Jean Baptiste de Durfort, 3rd Duke of Duras|Jean-Baptiste de Durfort, Duke of Duras]] (1684–1778), Marshal of France in 1741 |
||
* [[Jean-Baptiste François des Marets, marquis de Maillebois|Jean-Baptiste Desmarets, Marquis of Maillebois]] (1682–1762), Marshal of France in 1741 |
* [[Jean-Baptiste François des Marets, marquis de Maillebois|Jean-Baptiste Desmarets, Marquis of Maillebois]] (1682–1762), Marshal of France in 1741 |
||
* [[Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet, |
* [[Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet, Duke of Belle-Isle|Charles Fouquet, Duke of Belle-Isle]], called ''the Marshal of Belle-Isle'' (1684–1762), Marshal of France in 1741 |
||
* [[Maurice de Saxe|Maurice, comte de Saxe]] (1696–1750), Marshal of France in 1741, [[Marshal General of France]] in 1747 |
* [[Maurice de Saxe|Maurice, comte de Saxe]] (1696–1750), Marshal of France in 1741, [[Marshal General of France]] in 1747 |
||
* [[Jean-Baptiste Louis Andrault de Maulévrier|Jean-Baptiste Andrault, Marquis of Maulévrier]] (1677–1754), Marshal of France in 1745 |
* [[Jean-Baptiste Louis Andrault de Maulévrier|Jean-Baptiste Andrault, Marquis of Maulévrier]] (1677–1754), Marshal of France in 1745 |
||
* [[Claude |
* [[Claude-Guillaume Testu|Claude Testu, Marquis of Balincourt]] (1680–1770), Marshal of France in 1746 |
||
* [[Philippe Charles de La Fare|Philippe Charles, Marquis of la Fare]] (1687–1752), Marshal of France in 1746 |
* [[Philippe Charles de La Fare|Philippe Charles, Marquis of la Fare]] (1687–1752), Marshal of France in 1746 |
||
* [[François d'Harcourt|François, duc d'Harcourt]] (1689–1750), Marshal of France in 1746 |
* [[François d'Harcourt|François, duc d'Harcourt]] (1689–1750), Marshal of France in 1746 |
||
* [[Guy |
* [[Guy-Claude-Roland de Laval-Montmorency|Guy, Count of Montmorency-Laval]] (1677–1751), Marshal of France in 1747 |
||
* [[Gaspard de Clermont-Tonnerre|Gaspard, Duke of Clermont-Tonnerre]] 1688–1781, Marshal of France in 1747 |
* [[Gaspard de Clermont-Tonnerre|Gaspard, Duke of Clermont-Tonnerre]] 1688–1781, Marshal of France in 1747 |
||
* |
* {{ill|Louis Charles de La Mothe-Houdancourt|fr|Louis Charles de La Mothe-Houdancourt|lt=Louis Charles, Marquis of La Mothe-Houdancourt}} (1687–1755), Marshal of France in 1747 |
||
* [[Ulrich Friedrich Woldemar von Löwendal|Ulrich, Count of Löwendahl]] (1700–1755), Marshal of France in 1747 |
* [[Ulrich Friedrich Woldemar von Löwendal|Ulrich, Count of Löwendahl]] (1700–1755), Marshal of France in 1747 |
||
* [[Armand de Vignerot du Plessis|Louis François Armand du Plessis, duc de Richelieu]] (1696–1788), Marshal of France in 1748 |
* [[Louis François Armand de Vignerot du Plessis, 3rd Duke of Richelieu|Louis François Armand du Plessis, duc de Richelieu]] (1696–1788), Marshal of France in 1748 |
||
* |
* {{ill|Jean Hector de Fay de La Tour-Maubourg|fr|Jean Hector de Faÿ de La Tour-Maubourg|lt=Jean de Fay, Marquis of la Tour-Maubourg}} (1684–1764), Marshal of France in 1757 |
||
* [[Louis Antoine de Gontaut]] (1701–1788), Count (afterwards Duke) of Biron, Marshal of France in 1757 |
* [[Louis Antoine de Gontaut, 6th Duke of Biron|Louis Antoine de Gontaut]] (1701–1788), Count (afterwards Duke) of Biron, Marshal of France in 1757 |
||
* |
* {{ill|Daniel François de Gélas de Lautrec|fr|Daniel François de Gélas de Lautrec|lt=Daniel François de Gélas de Voisons d'Ambres, Viscount of Lautrec}} (1686–1762), Marshal of France in 1757 |
||
* [[Charles II François Frédéric de Montmorency-Luxembourg|Charles François Frédéric de Montmorency, Duke of Piney-Luxembourg]] (1702–1764), Marshal of France in 1757 |
* [[Charles II François Frédéric de Montmorency-Luxembourg|Charles François Frédéric de Montmorency, Duke of Piney-Luxembourg]] (1702–1764), Marshal of France in 1757 |
||
* [[Louis Charles César Le Tellier|Louis Le Tellier, Duc d'Estrées]] (1695–1771), Marshal of France in 1757 |
* [[Louis Charles César Le Tellier, Duke of Estrées|Louis Le Tellier, Duc d'Estrées]] (1695–1771), Marshal of France in 1757 |
||
* [[Jean Charles de Saint-Nectaire|Jean Charles de la Ferté]], Marquis of La Ferté Senneterre (1685–1770), Marshal of France in 1757 |
* [[Jean Charles de Saint-Nectaire|Jean Charles de la Ferté]], Marquis of La Ferté Senneterre (1685–1770), Marshal of France in 1757 |
||
* [[Charles O'Brien, |
* [[Charles O'Brien, 8th Earl of Thomond|Charles O'Brien de Thomond]], Count of Thomond and of Clare (1699–1761), Marshal of France in 1757 |
||
* [[Gaston Pierre de Lévis]], Duke of Mirepoix (1699–1758), Marshal of France in 1757 |
* [[Gaston Pierre de Lévis]], Duke of Mirepoix (1699–1758), Marshal of France in 1757 |
||
* [[Ladislas Ignace de Bercheny]] (1689–1778), Marshal of France in 1758 |
* [[Ladislas Ignace de Bercheny]] (1689–1778), Marshal of France in 1758 |
||
| Line 356: | Line 350: | ||
* [[Louis Georges Érasme de Contades|Louis Georges, Marquis of Contades]] (1704–1793), Marshal of France in 1758 |
* [[Louis Georges Érasme de Contades|Louis Georges, Marquis of Contades]] (1704–1793), Marshal of France in 1758 |
||
* [[Charles, Prince of Soubise|Charles de Rohan, Prince of Soubise]] (1715–1787), Marshal of France in 1758 |
* [[Charles, Prince of Soubise|Charles de Rohan, Prince of Soubise]] (1715–1787), Marshal of France in 1758 |
||
* [[Victor |
* [[Victor François de Broglie, 2nd Duke of Broglie|Victor François, Duke de Broglie]] (1718–1804), Marshal of France in 1759 |
||
* [[Guy Michel de Durfort|Guy Michel de Durfort de Lorge, Duke of Randan]] (1704–1773), Marshal of France in 1768 |
* [[Guy Michel de Durfort, 2nd Duke of Lorges|Guy Michel de Durfort de Lorge, Duke of Randan]] (1704–1773), Marshal of France in 1768 |
||
* [[Louis de Brienne de Conflans d'Armentières|Louis de Brienne de Conflans, Marquis of Armentières]] (1711–1774), Marshal of France in 1768 |
* [[Louis de Brienne de Conflans d'Armentières|Louis de Brienne de Conflans, Marquis of Armentières]] (1711–1774), Marshal of France in 1768 |
||
* [[Jean Paul Timoléon de Cossé |
* [[Jean Paul Timoléon de Cossé, 7th Duke of Brissac|Jean de Cossé, Duke of Brissac]] (1698–1780), Marshal of France in 1768 |
||
===Louis XVI, 1774–1792=== |
===Louis XVI, 1774–1792=== |
||
[[File:Ségur, maréchal de.jpg|thumb|[[Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur|Philippe de Ségur]]]] |
[[File:Ségur, maréchal de.jpg|thumb|[[Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur|Philippe de Ségur]]]] |
||
* [[Anne Pierre d'Harcourt|Anne Pierre, Duke of Harcourt]] (1701–1783), Marshal of France in 1775 |
* [[Anne Pierre d'Harcourt|Anne Pierre, Duke of Harcourt]] (1701–1783), Marshal of France in 1775 |
||
* [[Louis de Noailles|Louis, 4th duc de Noailles]] (1713–1793), Marshal of France in 1775 |
* [[Louis de Noailles, 4th Duke of Noailles|Louis, 4th duc de Noailles]] (1713–1793), Marshal of France in 1775 |
||
* [[Nicolay family|Antoine, Count of Nicolaï]] (1712–1787), Marshal of France in 1775 |
* [[Nicolay family|Antoine, Count of Nicolaï]] (1712–1787), Marshal of France in 1775 |
||
* [[Charles de Fitz-James|Charles, Duke of Fitz-James]] (1712–1787), Marshal of France in 1775 |
* [[Charles de Fitz-James, 4th Duke of Fitz-James|Charles, Duke of Fitz-James]] (1712–1787), Marshal of France in 1775 |
||
* [[Philippe de Noailles|Philippe, Duke of Mouchy]] (1715–1794), Marshal of France in 1775 |
* [[Philippe de Noailles|Philippe, Duke of Mouchy]] (1715–1794), Marshal of France in 1775 |
||
* [[Emmanuel |
* [[Emmanuel Félicité de Durfort, 4th Duke of Duras|Emmanuel de Durfort, Duke of Duras]] (1715–1789), Marshal of France in 1775 |
||
* [[Louis Nicolas Victor de Félix d'Ollières|Louis Nicolas, Duc du Muy]] (1702–1775), Marshal of France in 1775 |
* [[Louis Nicolas Victor de Félix d'Ollières|Louis Nicolas, Duc du Muy]] (1702–1775), Marshal of France in 1775 |
||
* [[Claude Louis, Comte de Saint-Germain|Claude, Count of Saint-Germain]] (1707–1778), Marshal of France in 1775 |
* [[Claude Louis, Comte de Saint-Germain|Claude, Count of Saint-Germain]] (1707–1778), Marshal of France in 1775 |
||
| Line 375: | Line 368: | ||
* [[Augustin-Joseph de Mailly|Augustin, Count of Mailly]] (1708–1794), Marshal of France in 1783 |
* [[Augustin-Joseph de Mailly|Augustin, Count of Mailly]] (1708–1794), Marshal of France in 1783 |
||
* [[Henri Joseph Bouchard d'Esparbès de Lussan d'Aubeterre|Henri Bouchard de Lussan, Marquis of Aubeterre]] (1714–1788), Marshal of France in 1783 |
* [[Henri Joseph Bouchard d'Esparbès de Lussan d'Aubeterre|Henri Bouchard de Lussan, Marquis of Aubeterre]] (1714–1788), Marshal of France in 1783 |
||
* [[Charles Juste de Beauvau, Prince of Craon|Charles de Beauvau, Prince of Beauvau-Craon]] (1720–1793), Marshal of France in 1783 |
* [[Charles Juste de Beauvau, 2nd Prince of Craon|Charles de Beauvau, Prince of Beauvau-Craon]] (1720–1793), Marshal of France in 1783 |
||
* [[Noël Jourda de Vaux|Noël Jourda, Count of Vaux]] (1705–1788), Marshal of France in 1783 |
* [[Noël Jourda de Vaux|Noël Jourda, Count of Vaux]] (1705–1788), Marshal of France in 1783 |
||
* [[Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur]] (1724–1801), Marshal of France in 1783 |
* [[Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur]] (1724–1801), Marshal of France in 1783 |
||
* [[Jacques Philippe de Choiseul |
* [[Jacques Philippe de Choiseul, Duke of Stainville|Jacques de Choiseul-Stainville, Count of Choiseul]] (1727–1789), Marshal of France in 1783 |
||
* [[Charles Eugène Gabriel de La Croix|Charles de La Croix, Marquis of Castries]] (1727–1801), Marshal of France in 1783 |
* [[Charles Eugène Gabriel de La Croix|Charles de La Croix, Marquis of Castries]] (1727–1801), Marshal of France in 1783 |
||
* [[ |
* [[Emanuel, Prince of Solre, 7th Duke of Croÿ|Emmanuel de Croÿ-Solre, Duke of Croÿ]] (1718–1784), Marshal of France in 1783 |
||
* [[François Gaston de Lévis|François Gaston de Lévis, Duc de Lévis]] (1719–1787), Marshal of France in 1783 |
* [[François Gaston de Lévis|François Gaston de Lévis, Duc de Lévis]] (1719–1787), Marshal of France in 1783 |
||
* [[Nicolas Luckner]], Comte Luckner (1722–1794), Marshal of France since in 1791 |
* [[Nicolas Luckner]], Comte Luckner (1722–1794), Marshal of France since in 1791 |
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| Line 390: | Line 383: | ||
===Napoleon I, 1804–1814, 1815=== |
===Napoleon I, 1804–1814, 1815=== |
||
Throughout his reign, Napoleon created a total of twenty-six Marshals of the Empire:<ref>R.P. Dunn-Pattison ''Napoleon's Marshals'' Methuen 1909 |
Throughout his reign, Napoleon created a total of twenty-six Marshals of the Empire:<ref>R.P. Dunn-Pattison ''Napoleon's Marshals'' Methuen 1909 – Reprinted Empiricus Books 2001.</ref> |
||
[[File:Marechal Ney.jpg|thumb|[[Michel Ney]] received his marshal's baton on 19 May 1804]] |
[[File:Marechal Ney.jpg|thumb|[[Michel Ney]], who received his marshal's baton on 19 May 1804.]] |
||
* [[Louis-Alexandre Berthier]], Prince of Neuchâtel and of Wagram, |
* [[Louis-Alexandre Berthier]], Prince of Neuchâtel and [[Princes of Wagram|of Wagram]], Duke of Valangin (1753–1815), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 |
||
* [[Joachim Murat]], Prince |
* [[Joachim Murat]], Prince of the Empire, [[Duchy of Berg|Grand Duke of Berg]], [[Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)|King of Naples]] (1767–1815), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 |
||
* [[Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey]], Duke of Conégliano (1754–1842), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 |
* [[Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey, duc de Conegliano|Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey]], Duke of Conégliano (1754–1842), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 |
||
* [[Jean-Baptiste Jourdan]], Count of the Empire (1762–1833), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 |
* [[Jean-Baptiste Jourdan]], Count of the Empire (1762–1833), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 |
||
* [[André Masséna]], Duke of Rivoli, Prince of Essling (1758–1817), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 |
* [[André Masséna]], Duke of Rivoli, [[Prince of Essling]] (1758–1817), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 |
||
* [[Pierre Augereau]], Duke of Castiglione (1757–1816), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 |
* [[Charles-Pierre Augereau|Pierre Augereau]], Duke of Castiglione (1757–1816), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 |
||
* [[Charles XIV John|Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte]] (1763–1844), [[Principality of Pontecorvo|Prince of Pontecorvo]], King of Sweden and Norway under the name |
* [[Charles XIV John|Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte]] (1763–1844), [[Principality of Pontecorvo|Prince of Pontecorvo]], King of Sweden and Norway under the name Charles XIV John (1818–1844), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 |
||
* [[Guillaume Brune|Guillaume Marie-Anne Brune]], Count of the Empire (1763–1815), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 |
* [[Guillaume Brune|Guillaume Marie-Anne Brune]], Count of the Empire (1763–1815), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 |
||
* [[Jean-de-Dieu Soult]], Duke of Dalmatie (1769–1851), Marshal of the Empire in 1804, [[Marshal General of France]] in 1847 |
* [[Jean-de-Dieu Soult]], Duke of Dalmatie (1769–1851), Marshal of the Empire in 1804, [[Marshal General of France]] in 1847 |
||
* [[Jean Lannes]], Duke of Montebello (1769–1809), Marshal of the Empire in 1804{{KIA}} |
* [[Jean Lannes]], [[Duc de Montebello|Duke of Montebello]] (1769–1809), Marshal of the Empire in 1804{{KIA}} |
||
* [[Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise]] (1768–1835), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 |
* [[Édouard Mortier, Duke of Treviso|Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise]] (1768–1835), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 |
||
* [[Michel Ney]], Duke of Elchingen, Prince of the Moskva (1769–1815), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 |
* [[Michel Ney]], [[Prince de la Moskowa|Duke of Elchingen]], Prince of the Moskva (1769–1815), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 |
||
* [[Louis-Nicolas Davout]], Duke of Auerstädt, Prince of Eckmühl (1770–1823), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 |
* [[Louis-Nicolas Davout]], Duke of Auerstädt, Prince of Eckmühl (1770–1823), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 |
||
* [[Jean-Baptiste Bessières]], Duke of Istria (1768–1813), Marshal of the Empire in 1804{{KIA}} |
* [[Jean-Baptiste Bessières, duc d'Istrie|Jean-Baptiste Bessières]], Duke of Istria (1768–1813), Marshal of the Empire in 1804{{KIA}} |
||
* [[François Christophe de Kellermann]], Duke of Valmy (1737–1820), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 (honorary) |
* [[François Christophe de Kellermann]], Duke of Valmy (1737–1820), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 (honorary) |
||
* [[François Joseph Lefebvre]], Duke of Danzig (1755–1820), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 (honorary) |
* [[François Joseph Lefebvre, duc de Dantzig|François Joseph Lefebvre]], Duke of Danzig (1755–1820), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 (honorary) |
||
* [[Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon]], Marquis of Grenade (1754–1818), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 (honorary) |
* [[Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon]], Marquis of Grenade (1754–1818), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 (honorary) |
||
* [[Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier]], Count of the Empire (1742–1819), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 (honorary) |
* [[Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier]], Count of the Empire (1742–1819), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 (honorary) |
||
* [[Claude Victor-Perrin, |
* [[Claude-Victor Perrin|Claude Victor-Perrin]], Duke of Belluno (1764–1841), Marshal of the Empire in 1807 |
||
* [[Jacques MacDonald]], Duke of Tarento (1765–1840), Marshal of the Empire in 1809 |
* [[Étienne Macdonald, duc de Tarente|Jacques MacDonald]], Duke of Tarento (1765–1840), Marshal of the Empire in 1809 |
||
* [[Nicolas Oudinot]], Duke of Reggio (1767–1847), Marshal of the Empire in 1809 |
* [[Nicolas Oudinot]], Duke of Reggio (1767–1847), Marshal of the Empire in 1809 |
||
* [[Auguste de Marmont]], Duke of Ragusa (1774–1852), Marshal of the Empire in 1809 |
* [[Auguste de Marmont]], Duke of Ragusa (1774–1852), Marshal of the Empire in 1809 |
||
* [[Louis-Gabriel Suchet]], Duke of Albufera (1770–1826), Marshal of the Empire in 1811 |
* [[Louis-Gabriel Suchet, duc d'Albuféra|Louis-Gabriel Suchet]], Duke of Albufera (1770–1826), Marshal of the Empire in 1811 |
||
* [[Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr]], Marquis of Gouvion-Saint-Cyr (1764–1830), Marshal of the Empire in 1812 |
* [[Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr]], Marquis of Gouvion-Saint-Cyr (1764–1830), Marshal of the Empire in 1812 |
||
* [[Józef Poniatowski]], Prince Poniatowski (1763–1813), Marshal of the Empire in 1813{{KIA}} |
* [[Józef Poniatowski]], Polish Prince Poniatowski (1763–1813), Marshal of the Empire in 1813{{KIA}} |
||
* [[Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy]] (1766–1847), Marshal of the Empire in 1815 |
* [[Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy|Emmanuel de Grouchy, Marquis of Grouchy]] (1766–1847), Marshal of the Empire in 1815 |
||
The names of nineteen of these have been given to successive stretches of boulevards encircling [[Paris]], which has thus been nicknamed the ''Boulevards des Maréchaux'' ([[Boulevards of the Marshals]]). Another three Marshals have been honored with a street elsewhere in the city. The four Marshals banned from memory are: Bernadotte and Marmont, considered as traitors; Pérignon, stricken off the list by Napoleon in 1815; and Grouchy, regarded as responsible for the defeat at Waterloo. |
The names of nineteen of these have been given to successive stretches of boulevards encircling [[Paris]], which has thus been nicknamed the ''Boulevards des Maréchaux'' ([[Boulevards of the Marshals]]). Another three Marshals have been honored with a street elsewhere in the city. The four Marshals banned from memory are: Bernadotte and Marmont, considered as traitors; Pérignon, stricken off the list by Napoleon in 1815; and Grouchy, regarded as responsible for the defeat at Waterloo. |
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| Line 425: | Line 418: | ||
===Louis XVIII, 1815–1824=== |
===Louis XVIII, 1815–1824=== |
||
[[File:Jacques Alexandre Law de Lauriston (Godefroid).jpg|thumb|[[Jacques Lauriston]]]] |
[[File:Jacques Alexandre Law de Lauriston (Godefroid).jpg|thumb|[[Jacques Lauriston]]]] |
||
* [[Georges Cadoudal]] (1771–1804), Marshal of France in 1814 (''posthumous'') |
* [[Georges Cadoudal]] (1771–1804), Marshal of France in 1814 (''posthumous'') |
||
* [[Jean Victor Marie Moreau]] (1763–1813), Marshal of France in 1814 (''posthumous'') |
* [[Jean Victor Marie Moreau]] (1763–1813), Marshal of France in 1814 (''posthumous'') |
||
| Line 431: | Line 423: | ||
* [[Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke]], Duke of Feltre (1765–1818), Marshal of France in 1816 |
* [[Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke]], Duke of Feltre (1765–1818), Marshal of France in 1816 |
||
* [[Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville|Pierre Riel de Beurnonville]], Marquis of Beurnonville (1752–1821), Marshal of France in 1816 |
* [[Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville|Pierre Riel de Beurnonville]], Marquis of Beurnonville (1752–1821), Marshal of France in 1816 |
||
* [[Charles du Houx |
* [[Charles du Houx, Marquis of Vioménil|Charles Joseph Hyacinthe du Houx de Viomesnil]], Marquis of Viomesnil (1734–1827), Marshal of France in 1816 |
||
* [[Jacques Lauriston|Jacques Alexandre Law]], Marquis of Lauriston (1768–1828), Marshal of France in 1823 |
* [[Jacques Lauriston|Jacques Alexandre Law]], Marquis of Lauriston (1768–1828), Marshal of France in 1823 |
||
* [[Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor]], Count Molitor (1770–1849), Marshal of France in 1823 |
* [[Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor]], Count Molitor (1770–1849), Marshal of France in 1823 |
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| Line 443: | Line 435: | ||
===Louis-Philippe 1830–1848=== |
===Louis-Philippe 1830–1848=== |
||
[[File:Court - Sylvain Charles Valée (1773-1846) - MV 1176.jpg|thumb|[[Sylvain Charles Valée]]]] |
[[File:Court - Sylvain Charles Valée (1773-1846) - MV 1176.jpg|thumb|[[Sylvain Charles Valée]]]] |
||
* [[Étienne Maurice Gérard]], Count Gérard (1773–1852), Marshal of France in 1830 |
* [[Étienne Maurice Gérard]], Count Gérard (1773–1852), Marshal of France in 1830 |
||
* [[Bertrand Clauzel]], Count Clauzel (1772–1842), Marshal of France in 1831 |
* [[Bertrand Clauzel]], Count Clauzel (1772–1842), Marshal of France in 1831 |
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| Line 457: | Line 448: | ||
==Second Republic== |
==Second Republic== |
||
===Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, 1848–1852=== |
===Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, 1848–1852=== |
||
[[File:Rémy-Isidore Exelmans.jpg|thumb|[[Rémi Joseph Isidore Exelmans]]]] |
[[File:Rémy-Isidore Exelmans.jpg|thumb|[[Rémy Joseph Isidore Exelmans|Rémi Joseph Isidore Exelmans]]]] |
||
* [[Jérôme Bonaparte]], former King of Westphalia (1784–1860), Marshal of France in 1850 |
* [[Jérôme Bonaparte]], former King of Westphalia (1784–1860), Marshal of France in 1850 |
||
* [[Rémi Joseph Isidore Exelmans]], Count Exelmans (1775–1852), Marshal of France in 1851 |
* [[Rémy Joseph Isidore Exelmans|Rémi Joseph Isidore Exelmans]], Count Exelmans (1775–1852), Marshal of France in 1851 |
||
* [[Jean Isidore Harispe]], Count Harispe (1768–1855), Marshal of France in 1851 |
* [[Jean Isidore Harispe]], Count Harispe (1768–1855), Marshal of France in 1851 |
||
* [[Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant]], Count Vaillant (1790–1872), Marshal of France in 1851 |
* [[Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant]], Count Vaillant (1790–1872), Marshal of France in 1851 |
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| Line 470: | Line 460: | ||
===Napoleon III, 1852–1870=== |
===Napoleon III, 1852–1870=== |
||
[[File:RANDON2.jpg|thumb|[[Jacques Louis Randon]]]] |
[[File:RANDON2.jpg|thumb|[[Jacques Louis Randon]]]] |
||
* [[Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers]], Count Baraguey d'Hilliers (1795–1878), Marshal of France in 1854 |
* [[Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers]], Count Baraguey d'Hilliers (1795–1878), Marshal of France in 1854 |
||
* [[Aimable Pélissier]], Duke of Malakoff (1794–1864), Marshal of France in 1855 |
* [[Aimable Pélissier]], Duke of Malakoff (1794–1864), Marshal of France in 1855 |
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| Line 486: | Line 475: | ||
==Third Republic== |
==Third Republic== |
||
[[File:Maarschalk Ferdinand Foch (1851-1929), Bestanddeelnr 158-1095 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Ferdinand Foch]]]] |
[[File:Maarschalk Ferdinand Foch (1851-1929), Bestanddeelnr 158-1095 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Ferdinand Foch]]]] |
||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
* [[Joseph Joffre]] (1852–1931), Marshal of France in 1916 |
* [[Joseph Joffre]] (1852–1931), Marshal of France in 1916 |
||
* [[Ferdinand Foch]] (1851–1929), Marshal of France in 1918 |
* [[Ferdinand Foch]] (1851–1929), Marshal of France in 1918 |
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| Line 510: | Line 498: | ||
==Refused== |
==Refused== |
||
This distinction was refused by |
This distinction was refused by: |
||
| ⚫ | * [[Louis-Eugène Cavaignac|Eugène Cavaignac]] (1802–1857), head of the [[Cabinet of General Cavaignac|Government of the Second Republic]], in 1848 |
||
| ⚫ |
* [[Louis-Eugène Cavaignac|Eugène Cavaignac]] (1802–1857), head of the [[Cabinet of General Cavaignac|Government of the |
||
* [[Louis-Jules Trochu]] (1815–1896), head of the [[Government of National Defense]], in 1871 |
* [[Louis-Jules Trochu]] (1815–1896), head of the [[Government of National Defense]], in 1871 |
||
* [[Charles de Gaulle]] (1890–1970), president of the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]], in 1946 |
* [[Charles de Gaulle]] (1890–1970), president of the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]], in 1946.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bering |first=Henrik |date=February 1, 2013 |title=The Audacity of de Gaulle |url=https://www.hoover.org/research/audacity-de-gaulle |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Hoover Institution |language=en}}</ref> |
||
== |
==See also== |
||
*[[Admiral of France]] |
* [[Admiral of France]] |
||
*[[ |
* [[Constable of France]] |
||
*[[Marshal of the Empire]] |
* [[Marshal of the Empire]] |
||
*[[Marshal General of France]] |
* [[Marshal General of France]] |
||
== |
==Notes== |
||
{{notelist}} |
{{notelist}} |
||
== |
==References== |
||
{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
||
| Marshal of France Maréchal de France | |
|---|---|
Rank flag
| |
 
Shoulder and sleeve insignia
| |
| Country | France |
| Service branch | French Army |
| Rank group | General officer |
| NATO rank code | OF-10 |
| Formation | 1185 |
| Next higher rank | None |
| Next lower rank | Army general[a] |
| Equivalent ranks | Admiral of France |
| Related articles | |
| History | Marshal of the Empire |
Marshal of France (French: Maréchal de France, plural Maréchaux de France) is a French military distinction, rather than a military rank, that is awarded to generals for exceptional achievements. The title has been awarded since 1185, though briefly abolished (1793–1804) and for a period dormant (1870–1916). It was one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France during the Ancien Régime and Bourbon Restoration, and one of the Grand Dignitaries of the Empire during the First French Empire (when the title was Marshal of the Empire, not Marshal of France).
A Marshal of France displays seven stars on each shoulder strap. A marshal also receives a baton – a blue cylinder with stars, formerly fleurs-de-lis during the monarchy and eagles during the First French Empire. The baton bears the Latin inscription of Terror belli, decus pacis, which means "terror in war, ornament in peace".
Between the end of the 16th century and the middle of the 19th century, six Marshals of France were given the even more exalted rank of Marshal General of France: Biron, Lesdiguières, Turenne, Villars, Saxe, and Soult.
The distinction of Admiral of France is the equivalent in the French Navy.
The title derived from the office of marescallus Franciae created by King Philip II Augustus for Albéric Clément about 1190.
The title was abolished by the National Convention in 1793. It was restored as Marshal of the Empire during the First French Empire by Napoleon. Under the Bourbon Restoration, the title reverted to Marshal of France, and Napoleon III kept that designation.
After the fall of Napoleon III and the Second French Empire, the Third Republic did not use the title until the First World War, when it was recreated as a military distinction and not a rank.
Contrarily to ranks, which are awarded by the army, the distinction of Marshal of France is awarded by a special law voted by the French Parliament. For this reason, it is impossible to demote a Marshal. The most famous case is Philippe Pétain, who was awarded the distinction of Marshal of France for his generalship in World War I, and who was stripped of other positions and titles after his trial for high treason due to his involvement with collaborationist Vichy France: due to the principle of separation of powers, the court that judged him did not have the power to cancel the law that had made him a Marshal in the first place.
The last living Marshal of France was Alphonse Juin, promoted in 1952, who died in 1967. The latest Marshal of France was Marie-Pierre Kœnig, who was made a Marshal posthumously in 1984. Today, the title of Marshal of France can only be granted to a general officer who fought victoriously in war-time.
Throughout his reign, Napoleon created a total of twenty-six Marshals of the Empire:[5]
The names of nineteen of these have been given to successive stretches of boulevards encircling Paris, which has thus been nicknamed the Boulevards des Maréchaux (Boulevards of the Marshals). Another three Marshals have been honored with a street elsewhere in the city. The four Marshals banned from memory are: Bernadotte and Marmont, considered as traitors; Pérignon, stricken off the list by Napoleon in 1815; and Grouchy, regarded as responsible for the defeat at Waterloo.
This distinction was refused by:
