|
m edited image in lead section
|
|
||
| Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
==McGuffey and his Readers== |
==McGuffey and his Readers== |
||
The editor of this eclectic series of Readers, [[William Holmes McGuffey]], was born September 23, |
The editor of this eclectic series of Readers, [[William Holmes McGuffey]], was born September 23, 1750, near [[Claysville, Pennsylvania]], and moved to [[Youngstown, Ohio]] with his parents in 1802. McGuffey's family had emigrated to America from [[Scotland]] in [[1774]], and brought with them strong opinions on religion and a belief in education. Educating the young mind and preaching the gospel were McGuffey's passions. He had a remarkable ability to memorize, and could commit to mind entire books of the [[Bible]]. McGuffey became a "roving" teacher at the age of 14, beginning with 48 students in a one room school in [[Calcutta, Ohio]] and at Poland Seminary in [[Poland,Ohio]]. The size of the class was just one of several challenges faced by the young McGuffey. In many one-teacher schools, children's ages varied from six to twenty-one. McGuffey often worked 11 hours a day, 6 days a week in a succession of frontier schools, primarily in the State of [[Kentucky]]. Students brought their own books, most frequently the Bible, since few textbooks existed. |
||
Between teaching jobs, William McGuffey received a classical education at the [[Old Stone Academy]] in [[Darlington, Pennsylvania]], and graduated from Washington College (now [[Washington & Jefferson College]]) in 1826. That same year he was appointed to a position as Professor of Languages at [[Miami University]] in [[Oxford, Ohio]]. In 1827, McGuffey married Harriet Spinning, and the couple eventually had five children. Very little is known about the early lives of these children, although one daughter's diary reveals that perfect obedience and submission were expected. |
Between teaching jobs, William McGuffey received a classical education at the [[Old Stone Academy]] in [[Darlington, Pennsylvania]], and graduated from Washington College (now [[Washington & Jefferson College]]) in 1826. That same year he was appointed to a position as Professor of Languages at [[Miami University]] in [[Oxford, Ohio]]. In 1827, McGuffey married Harriet Spinning, and the couple eventually had five children. Very little is known about the early lives of these children, although one daughter's diary reveals that perfect obedience and submission were expected. |
||
 |
The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (December 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
|
 |
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this articlebyadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "McGuffey Readers" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
 |
This article's lead section may be too long. Please read the length guidelines and help move details into the article's body.
|
Two of the best known school books in the history of American education were the 18th century New England Primer and the 19th century McGuffey Readers. Of the two, McGuffey's was more popular and widely used. It is estimated that at least 120 million copies of McGuffey's Readers were sold between 1836 and 1960, placing its sales in a category with the Bible and Webster's Dictionary. Since 1961 they have continued to sell at a rate of some 30,000 copies a year. No other textbook bearing a single person's name has come close to that mark. McGuffey's Readers are still in use today in some school systems, and by parents for homeschooling purposes. In addition to the commonly known elementary readers, McGuffey also published High School and Literary Reader in 1889.
The editor of this eclectic series of Readers, William Holmes McGuffey, was born September 23, 1750, near Claysville, Pennsylvania, and moved to Youngstown, Ohio with his parents in 1802. McGuffey's family had emigrated to America from Scotlandin1774, and brought with them strong opinions on religion and a belief in education. Educating the young mind and preaching the gospel were McGuffey's passions. He had a remarkable ability to memorize, and could commit to mind entire books of the Bible. McGuffey became a "roving" teacher at the age of 14, beginning with 48 students in a one room school in Calcutta, Ohio and at Poland Seminary in Poland,Ohio. The size of the class was just one of several challenges faced by the young McGuffey. In many one-teacher schools, children's ages varied from six to twenty-one. McGuffey often worked 11 hours a day, 6 days a week in a succession of frontier schools, primarily in the State of Kentucky. Students brought their own books, most frequently the Bible, since few textbooks existed.
Between teaching jobs, William McGuffey received a classical education at the Old Stone AcademyinDarlington, Pennsylvania, and graduated from Washington College (now Washington & Jefferson College) in 1826. That same year he was appointed to a position as Professor of Languages at Miami UniversityinOxford, Ohio. In 1827, McGuffey married Harriet Spinning, and the couple eventually had five children. Very little is known about the early lives of these children, although one daughter's diary reveals that perfect obedience and submission were expected.
While McGuffey was teaching at Miami, he established a reputation as a lecturer on moral and biblical subjects. In 1835, the small Cincinnati publishing firm of Truman and Smith asked McGuffey to create a series of four graded Readers for primary level students. McGuffey was recommended for the job by Harriet Beecher Stowe, a longtime friend. He completed the first two Readers within a year of signing his contract, receiving a fee of $1,000. While McGuffey compiled the first four Readers (1836-1837 edition), the fifth and sixth were created by his brother Alexander during the 1840s. The series consisted of stories, poems, essays and speeches. The advanced Readers contained excerpts from the works of great writers such as John Milton, Daniel Webster and Lord Byron.
Even though there were originally four Readers, most schools of the 19th century used only the first two. The first Reader taught reading by using the phonics method, the identification of letters and their arrangement into words, and aided with slate work. The second Reader came into play once the student could read, and helped them to understand the meaning of sentences while providing vivid stories which children could remember. The third Reader taught the definitions of words, and was written at a level equivalent to the modern 5th or 6th grade. The fourth Reader was written for the highest levels of ability on the grammar school level, which students completed with this book.
McGuffey's Readers were among the first textbooks in America that were designed to become progressively more challenging with each volume. They used word repetition in the text as a learning tool, which built strong reading skills through challenging reading. Sounding-out, enunciation and accents were emphasized. Colonial-era texts had offered dull lists of 20 to 100 new words per page for memorization. In contrast, McGuffey used new vocabulary words in the context of real literature, gradually introducing new words and carefully repeating the old.
McGuffey believed that teachers should study the lessons as well as their students and suggested they read aloud to their classes. He also listed questions after each story for he believed in order for a teacher to give instruction, one must ask questions. The Readers emphasized spelling, vocabulary, and formal public speaking, which, in 19th century America, was a more common requirement than today.
Although famous as the author of the Readers, McGuffey wrote very few other works. McGuffey left Miami University for positions of successively greater responsibility at Cincinnati College, Ohio UniversityinAthens, Ohio, and Woodward College in Cincinnati (where he served as president). He ended his career as a Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Virginia. Through the hard times of the Civil War and following, McGuffey was known for his philanthropy and generosity among the poor and African-Americans. William McGuffey died in 1873, a success as an educator, lecturer and author.
McGuffey is remembered as a theological and conservative teacher. He understood the goals of public schooling in terms of moral and spiritual education, and attempted to give schools a curriculum that would instill Presbyterian Calvinist beliefs and manners in their students. While these goals were considered suitable for the homogeneous America of the early-to-mid 19th century, they were less so for the pluralistic society of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The content of the readers changed drastically between McGuffey's 1836-1837 edition and the 1879 edition. The revised Readers were compiled to meet the needs of national unity and the dream of an American "melting pot" for the worlds' oppressed masses. The Calvinist values of salvation, righteousness and piety, so prominent in the early Readers, were entirely missing in the later versions. The content of the books was secularized and replaced by middle-class civil religion, morality and values. McGuffey's name was continued on these revised editions, yet he neither contributed to them nor approved their content.
Other types of schoolbooks gradually replaced McGuffey's in the academic marketplace. The desire for distinct grade levels, less overtly religious content, and the greater profitability of consumable workbooks, helped to bring about their decline. McGuffey's Readers never entirely disappeared, however, and are still in use today. The success of McGuffey's vision is evidenced by the fact that the reprinted versions of his Readers are still in print, and may be purchased in bookstores across the country, including the Museum Shops at the Old Courthouse and Gateway Arch.
Today, McGuffey's Readers are popular among homeschoolers and in some Protestant religious schools.
It is interesting to note that despite its popularity there was in fact a plagiarism scandal surrounding the McGuffey readers. Mr. Worcester wrote a similar set of text books and then claimed that certain passages of McGuffey's books were taken from his. The scandal has never been completely resolved due to the fact that many of Mr. Worcester's books have not been found. Without those texts it is nearly impossible to say whether McGuffey actually committed plagiarism or not. Although, his very close friend, Cathrine Beacher argued strongly for his innocence.[citation needed]
Henry Ford cited McGuffey's Readers as one of his most important childhood influences. He was an avid fan of McGuffey's Readers first editions, and claimed as an adult to be able to quote from McGuffey's by memory at great length. Ford republished all six Readers from the 1857 edition, and distributed complete sets of them, at his own expense, to schools across the United States. In 1934, Ford had the log cabin where McGuffey was born moved to Greenfield Village, Ford's museum of AmericanaatDearborn, Michigan. In 1936, Ford was an associate editor (along with Hamlin Garland, John W. Studebaker and William F. Wiley) of a collection of excerpts from McGuffey Readers. This 482-page compendium was dedicated to Ford, "lifelong devotee of his boyhood Alma Mater, the McGuffey Readers."(see Henry Ford and the Jews, Chapter 1: McGuffeyland)
In Neil Baldwin's Henry Ford and the Jews, the author makes the case that Henry Ford's self-avowed anti-Semitism originated with his study of McGuffey's as a schoolboy. Baldwin cites numerous anti-Semitic references to Shylock and to Jews attacking Jesus and Paul.
The information about the plagiarism was found in letters to the editor from the Cincinnati Daily Gazette between the dates of October 6, 1838 and February 28, 1839. The editor was C, Hammond.
