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{{short description|Galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major}} |
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{{Galaxybox begin |
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{{Infobox galaxy |
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| name=[[Messier Catalogue|Messier]] 109<ref name="AnA"> |
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| name=[[Messier Catalogue|Messier]] 109<ref name="AnA"/> |
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{{cite journal |
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| last=Kaufmann | first=D.E. |
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| image=[[Image:Messier109 - SDSS DR14 (panorama).jpg|300px]] |
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| last2=Contopoulos | first2=G. |
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| caption=Barred spiral galaxy Messier 109 |
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| date=1996 |
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| title=Self-consistent models of barred spiral galaxies |
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| journal=[[Astronomy & Astrophysics]] |
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| volume=309 | pages=381–402 |
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| bibcode=1996A&A...309..381K |
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}}</ref> |
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}} |
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{{Galaxybox image |
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| image=[[Image:Messier109 - SDSS DR14.png|250px]] |
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| caption=Barred spiral galaxy M109 |
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}} |
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{{Galaxybox observe |
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| epoch=[[J2000]] |
| epoch=[[J2000]] |
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| |
| constellation name=[[Ursa Major]] |
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| ra={{RA|11|57|36.0}}<ref name= |
| ra={{RA|11|57|36.0}}<ref name=ned/> |
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| dec={{DEC|+53|22|28}}<ref name=ned/> |
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{{cite web |
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| size_v =7.6 × 4.7 [[Minute of arc|moa]]<ref name=ned/> |
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| title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database |
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| appmag_v=9.8<ref>{{cite web |url=https://messier.seds.org/m/m109.html |title=Messier 109 |access-date=30 April 2022 |website=SEDS Messier Catalog}}</ref> |
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| work=Results for M 109 |
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| type=SB(rs)bc,<ref name=ned/> [[LINER]]/[[Seyfert galaxy|HII]]<ref name=ned/> |
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| url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/ |
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| h_radial_v={{val|1048|1|u=km/s}}<ref name=ned/> |
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| accessdate=2006-10-10 |
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|z = {{val|0.003496|0.000004}}<ref name=ned/> |
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}}</ref> |
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| gal_v={{val|1121|3|u=km/s}}<ref name=ned/> |
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|dist_ly = {{convert|67.2|+/-|23.2|Mly|Mpc|1|lk=on|abbr=on}} |
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| appdim_v=7.6 × 4.7 [[Minute of arc|moa]]<ref name="ned" /> |
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| names={{odlist|NGC=3992|PGC=37617|UGC=6937|MCG=+09-20-044|IRAS=11549+5339}}<ref name=ned/> |
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| appmag_v=10.6<ref name="ned" /> |
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| references = [[SIMBAD]]: [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=M109 Search M109] |
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}} |
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{{Galaxybox character |
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| g_type=SB(rs)bc,<ref name="ned" /> [[LINER]]/[[Seyfert galaxy|HII]]<ref name="ned" /> |
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}} |
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{{Galaxybox astrometry |
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| h_radial_v=1048 |
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| hrv_err=1<ref name="ned" /> |
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| z=0.003496 |
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| z_err=0.000004<ref name="ned" /> |
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| gal_v=1121 |
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| gv_err=3<ref name="ned" /> |
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| g_dist=83.5 |
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| dist_err=24 |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Messier 109''' (also known as '''NGC 3992''' or the '''Vacuum Cleaner Galaxy''') is a [[barred spiral galaxy]] exhibiting a weak inner ring structure around the central bar approximately {{nowrap|67.2 ± 23 million [[light-year]]s}}<ref name=ned-dist/> away in the [[celestial hemisphere|northern]] [[constellation]] [[Ursa Major]]. M109 can be seen south-east of the star [[Phecda]] (γ UMa, Gamma Ursa Majoris). |
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{{Galaxybox catalog |
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| names=[[New General Catalogue|NGC]] 3992,<ref name="ned" /> MCG +09-20-044,<ref name="ned" /> PGC 037617,<ref name="ned" /> IRAS 11549+5339,<ref name="ned" /> [[Uppsala General Catalogue|UGC]] 6937<ref name="ned" /> |
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}} |
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{{Galaxybox reference |
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| Simbad=M109 Search M109 |
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}} |
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{{Galaxybox end}} |
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'''Messier 109''' (also known as '''NGC 3992''') is a [[barred spiral galaxy]] exhibiting a weak inner ring structure around the central bar approximately {{nowrap|83.5 ± 24 million [[light-years]]}}<ref name=ned-dist>It is also by far the most distant object in the Messier Catalog, followed by [[Messier 91|M91]] |
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{{cite web |
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|title=Distance Results for MESSIER 109 |
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|work=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database |
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|url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/nDistance?name=MESSIER+109 |
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|accessdate=2010-05-02 |
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}}</ref> away in the [[constellation]] [[Ursa Major]]. M109 can be seen southeast of the star [[Gamma Ursae Majoris|Phecda]] (γ UMa). |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Messier 109 was discovered by [[Pierre Méchain]] in 1781. Two years later [[Charles Messier]] catalogued the object, as an appended [[Messier object|object]] to his publication. |
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Between the 1920s through the 1950s, it was considered that Messier objects over 103 were not official, but later the additions, further referred target objects from Méchain, became more widely accepted. [[David H. Levy]] mentions the modern 110 object catalog while Sir [[Patrick Moore]] places the limit at 104 objects but has M105 to 109 listed as addenda. By the late 1970s all 110 objects are commonly used among astronomers and remain so. |
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Messier 109 was discovered by [[Pierre Méchain]] in 1781. In 1783 [[Charles Messier]] catalogued NGC 3992 as his 109th [[Messier object|object]]. |
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Between the 1920s through the 1950s, it was considered that Messier objects over 103 were not official, but in later years the additions became more widely accepted. [[David H. Levy]] mentions the modern 110 object catalog while [[Sir Patrick Moore]] gave the original to 104 but has M105-M109 listed as an addendum. By the late 1970s all 110 objects are commonly used among astronomers as they still are today. |
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==General information== |
==General information== |
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[[Image:M109HunterWilson09.jpg|thumb|left|Amateur Image of '''Messier 109''']] |
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In March 1956 |
In March 1956 came M109's sole event-observed [[supernova]], SN 1956A. It was a [[type Ia supernova]] in the south-east part of the galaxy, glowing at magnitude 12.8, reaching 12.3 at its maximum. |
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This galaxy is the most distant object in the Messier Catalog, followed by [[Messier 91|M91]]. |
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M109 has three [[satellite galaxies]] ([[UGC 6923]], [[UGC 6940]] and [[UGC 6969]]) and possibly might have more. Detailed [[hydrogen line]] observations have been obtained from M109 and its satellites. M109's [[H I region|H I distribution]] is regular with a low level radial extension outside the stellar disc, while at exactly the region of the bar, there is a central H I hole in the gas distribution. Possibly the gas has been transported inwards by the bar, and because of the emptiness of the hole no large accretion events can have happened in the recent past.<ref> |
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{{cite journal |
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|last=Bottema |first=Roelof |
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|date=2002 |
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|title=Dark and luminous matter in the NGC 3992 group of galaxies |
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|author2=Verheijen |
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|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20020539 |
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|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |
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|volume=388 |
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|issue=3 |
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|pages=793 |
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|arxiv=astro-ph/0204335 |
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|bibcode = 2002A&A...388..793B }}</ref> |
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M109 has three [[satellite galaxies]] ([[UGC 6923]], [[UGC 6940]] and [[UGC 6969]]) and possibly more. Detailed [[hydrogen line]] observations have been obtained from M109 and its satellites. M109's [[H I region|H I (H one)]] distribution is regular with a low-level radial extension outside the stellar disc, while in the bar is a central H I hole in the gas distribution. Possibly the gas has been transported inwards by the bar, and because of the emptiness of the hole no large accretion events can have happened in the recent past.<ref name="bott"/> |
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==Environment== |
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M109 is the brightest galaxy in the [[M109 Group]], a large [[group of galaxies]] |
M109 is the brightest galaxy in the [[M109 Group]], a large [[group of galaxies]] in the [[constellation]] [[Ursa Major]] that may number over 50.<ref name="nbg"/><ref name="fouqueetal1992"/><ref name="garcia1993"/><ref name="giuricinetal2002"/> |
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{{cite book |
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== Gallery == |
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| author=R. B. Tully |
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<gallery heights=180 widths=180> |
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| date=1988 |
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File:M109 NGC 3992.png|M109 NGC3992, J87 Observatory |
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| title=Nearby Galaxies Catalog |
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File:M109HunterWilson09.jpg|Amateur image of Messier 109 |
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| publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |
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File:M109 wfc3 2flat new-1-cropped.jpg|Core of galaxy M109, Hubble image captured by Wide Field Camera 3 |
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| isbn=0-521-35299-1 |
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File:Messier109Location.png|Finder chart for galaxy Messier 109 (circled in blue) |
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}}</ref><ref name="fouqueetal1992"> |
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</gallery> |
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{{cite journal |
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| author=P. Fouque | author2=E. Gourgoulhon | author3=P. Chamaraux | author4=G. Paturel |
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==See also== |
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| date=1992 |
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* [[List of Messier objects]] |
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* [[NGC 1300]] – a similar barred spiral galaxy |
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{{clear}} |
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==References== |
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{{reflist|refs= |
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<ref name="AnA">{{cite journal| last1=Kaufmann| first1=D.E.| last2=Contopoulos | first2=G.| date=1996 |
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| title=Self-consistent models of barred spiral galaxies |
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| journal=[[Astronomy & Astrophysics]]| volume=309 | pages=381–402| bibcode=1996A&A...309..381K |
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}}</ref> |
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<ref name=ned>{{cite web| title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database| work=Results for M 109 |
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| url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/| access-date=2006-10-10 |
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}}</ref> |
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<ref name=ned-dist> |
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{{cite web |
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|title=Distance Results for MESSIER 109 |
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|work=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database |
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|url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/nDistance?name=MESSIER+109 |
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|access-date=2023-04-03 |
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}}</ref> |
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<ref name="bott">{{cite journal| last=Bottema | first=Roelof |
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| date=2002|title=Dark and luminous matter in the NGC 3992 group of galaxies |
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| author2=Verheijen| doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20020539| journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |
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| volume=388| issue=3| pages=793| arxiv=astro-ph/0204335 |
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|bibcode = 2002A&A...388..793B | s2cid=119374710 |
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}}</ref> |
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<ref name="nbg">{{cite book |
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| author=R. B. Tully| date=1988| title=Nearby Galaxies Catalog |
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| publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]| isbn=978-0-521-35299-4 |
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}}</ref> |
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<ref name="fouqueetal1992">{{cite journal |
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| author=P. Fouque| author2=E. Gourgoulhon| author3=P. Chamaraux| author4=G. Paturel| date=1992 |
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| title=Groups of galaxies within 80 Mpc. II - The catalogue of groups and group members |
| title=Groups of galaxies within 80 Mpc. II - The catalogue of groups and group members |
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| journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement]] |
| journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement]]| volume=93 | pages=211–233 |
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| volume=93 | pages=211–233 |
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| bibcode=1992A&AS...93..211F |
| bibcode=1992A&AS...93..211F |
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}}</ref> |
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|
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<ref name="garcia1993">{{cite journal |
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| author=A. Garcia| date=1993 |
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{{cite journal |
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| author=A. Garcia |
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| date=1993 |
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| title=General study of group membership. II - Determination of nearby groups |
| title=General study of group membership. II - Determination of nearby groups |
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| journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement]] |
| journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement]]| volume=100| pages=47–90 |
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| volume=100 | pages=47–90 |
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| bibcode=1993A&AS..100...47G |
| bibcode=1993A&AS..100...47G |
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}}</ref><ref name="giuricinetal2002"> |
}}</ref> |
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|
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<ref name="giuricinetal2002">{{cite journal |
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{{cite journal |
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| author=G. Giuricin | author2=C. Marinoni | author3= L. Ceriani | author4= A. Pisani |
| author=G. Giuricin | author2=C. Marinoni | author3= L. Ceriani | author4= A. Pisani |
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| date=2000 |
| date=2000 |
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| title=Nearby Optical Galaxies: Selection of the Sample and Identification of Groups |
| title=Nearby Optical Galaxies: Selection of the Sample and Identification of Groups |
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| journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]] |
| journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]]| volume=543| issue=1| pages=178–194 |
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| bibcode=2000ApJ...543..178G| doi=10.1086/317070| arxiv = astro-ph/0001140 | s2cid=9618325 |
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| volume=543 |
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}}</ref> |
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| issue=1 | pages=178–194 |
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| bibcode=2000ApJ...543..178G |
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| doi=10.1086/317070 |
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|arxiv = astro-ph/0001140 }}</ref> |
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}} |
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==See also== |
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* [[NGC 1300]] − ''a similar barred spiral galaxy'' |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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|title=Messier 109 |
|title=Messier 109 |
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|work=SEDS |
|work=SEDS |
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|access-date=2005-08-11 |
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}} |
}} |
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* {{WikiSky}} |
* {{WikiSky}} |
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* [http://www.dsi-astronomie.de/M109N.html M109] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080528003027/http://www.dsi-astronomie.de/M109N.html M109] |
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{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Outer space}} |
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{{Messier objects}} |
{{Messier objects}} |
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{{Ngc40}} |
{{Ngc40}} |
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[[Category:Barred spiral galaxies]] |
[[Category:Barred spiral galaxies]] |
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[[Category:M109 Group]] |
[[Category:M109 Group]] |
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[[Category:Ursa Major |
[[Category:Ursa Major]] |
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[[Category:Messier objects|109]] |
[[Category:Messier objects|109]] |
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[[Category:NGC objects]] |
[[Category:NGC objects]] |
Messier 109[1] | |
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![]()
Barred spiral galaxy Messier 109
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Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
Constellation | Ursa Major |
Right ascension | 11h57m 36.0s[2] |
Declination | +53° 22′ 28″[2] |
Redshift | 0.003496±0.000004[2] |
Heliocentric radial velocity | 1048±1 km/s[2] |
Galactocentric velocity | 1121±3 km/s[2] |
Distance | 67.2 ± 23.2 Mly (20.6 ± 7.1 Mpc) |
Apparent magnitude (V) | 9.8[3] |
Characteristics | |
Type | SB(rs)bc,[2] LINER/HII[2] |
Apparent size (V) | 7.6 × 4.7 moa[2] |
Other designations | |
IRAS 11549+5339, NGC 3992, UGC 6937, MCG +09-20-044, PGC 37617[2] | |
References: SIMBAD: Search M109 |
Messier 109 (also known as NGC 3992 or the Vacuum Cleaner Galaxy) is a barred spiral galaxy exhibiting a weak inner ring structure around the central bar approximately 67.2 ± 23 million light-years[4] away in the northern constellation Ursa Major. M109 can be seen south-east of the star Phecda (γ UMa, Gamma Ursa Majoris).
Messier 109 was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1781. Two years later Charles Messier catalogued the object, as an appended object to his publication.
Between the 1920s through the 1950s, it was considered that Messier objects over 103 were not official, but later the additions, further referred target objects from Méchain, became more widely accepted. David H. Levy mentions the modern 110 object catalog while Sir Patrick Moore places the limit at 104 objects but has M105 to 109 listed as addenda. By the late 1970s all 110 objects are commonly used among astronomers and remain so.
In March 1956 came M109's sole event-observed supernova, SN 1956A. It was a type Ia supernova in the south-east part of the galaxy, glowing at magnitude 12.8, reaching 12.3 at its maximum.
This galaxy is the most distant object in the Messier Catalog, followed by M91.
M109 has three satellite galaxies (UGC 6923, UGC 6940 and UGC 6969) and possibly more. Detailed hydrogen line observations have been obtained from M109 and its satellites. M109's H I (H one) distribution is regular with a low-level radial extension outside the stellar disc, while in the bar is a central H I hole in the gas distribution. Possibly the gas has been transported inwards by the bar, and because of the emptiness of the hole no large accretion events can have happened in the recent past.[5]
M109 is the brightest galaxy in the M109 Group, a large group of galaxies in the constellation Ursa Major that may number over 50.[6][7][8][9]
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List |
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See also |
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