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{{short description|Galaxy in the constellation Leo}} |
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{{Infobox Galaxy |
{{Infobox Galaxy |
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| name = [[Messier object|Messier]] 96 |
| name = [[Messier object|Messier]] 96 |
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| image = |
| image = NGC 3368 ESO.jpg |
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| image_size = 300px |
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|caption = [[ESO]]'s [[Very Large Telescope]] image of Messier 96, also known as NGC 3368. It shows its core displaced from the centre, its gas and dust are distributed asymmetrically and its spiral arms are ill-defined. |
|caption = [[ESO]]'s [[Very Large Telescope]] image of Messier 96, also known as NGC 3368. It shows its core displaced from the centre, its gas and dust are distributed asymmetrically and its spiral arms are ill-defined. |
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| epoch = [[J2000]] |
| epoch = [[J2000]] |
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| dist_ly = {{nowrap|31 ± 3 [[light-year|Mly]]}} {{nowrap|(9.6 ± 1.0 [[parsec|Mpc]])}}<ref name="jensenetal2003"/> |
| dist_ly = {{nowrap|31 ± 3 [[light-year|Mly]]}} {{nowrap|(9.6 ± 1.0 [[parsec|Mpc]])}}<ref name="jensenetal2003"/> |
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| z = {{nowrap|897 ± 4 km/[[second|s]]}}<ref name="ned" /> |
| z = {{nowrap|897 ± 4 km/[[second|s]]}}<ref name="ned" /> |
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| appmag_v = 9.2<ref>{{cite web |url=https://messier.seds.org/m/m096.html |title=Messier 96 |access-date=30 April 2022 |website=SEDS Messier Catalog}}</ref> |
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| appmag_v = +10.1<ref name="ned" /> |
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| size_v = {{nowrap|7′.6 × 5′.2}}<ref name="ned" /> |
| size_v = {{nowrap|7′.6 × 5′.2}}<ref name="ned" /> |
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| constellation name = [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]] |
| constellation name = [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]] |
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| names = [[New General Catalogue|NGC]] 3368, [[Uppsala General Catalogue|UGC]] 5882, [[Principal Galaxies Catalogue|PGC]] 32192<ref name="ned" /> |
| names = [[New General Catalogue|NGC]] 3368, [[Uppsala General Catalogue|UGC]] 5882, [[Principal Galaxies Catalogue|PGC]] 32192<ref name="ned" /> |
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}} |
}} |
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__NOTOC__ |
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'''Messier 96''' (also known as '''M96''' or '''NGC 3368''') is an [[intermediate spiral galaxy]] about 31 million [[light-year]]s away in the [[constellation]] [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]]. |
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==Observational history and appearance== |
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'''Messier 96''' (also known as '''M96''' or '''NGC 3368''') is an [[intermediate spiral galaxy]] about 35 million [[light-year]]s away in the [[constellation]] [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]](the Lion). It was discovered by French astronomer [[Pierre Méchain]] on March 20, 1781. After communicating his finding, French astronomer [[Charles Messier]] confirmed the finding four days later and added it to his catalogue of nebulous objects. Finding this object is extremely difficult with binoculars. With a telescope of {{Convert|25.4|cm|in|abbr=on}} [[aperture]], the galaxy is visible as a {{nowrap|3 × 5 [[arcminute]]}} halo with a brighter core region.<ref name=thompson2007/> |
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It was discovered by French astronomer [[Pierre Méchain]] in 1781.{{efn|on March 20}} After communicating his finding, French astronomer [[Charles Messier]] confirmed the finding four days later and added it to his catalogue of nebulous objects. |
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Finding this object is burdensome with large binoculars. Ideal minimum resolution, in a [[light pollution|good sky]], is via a telescope of {{Convert|25.4|cm|in|abbr=on}} [[aperture]], to reveal its {{nowrap|three-by-five-[[arcminute]]}} halo with a brighter core region.<ref name=thompson2007/> |
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This complex galaxy is inclined by an angle of about 53° to the line of sight from the [[Earth]], which is oriented at a [[position angle]] of 172°. |
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On May 9, 1998 a [[supernova]] |
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==Properties== |
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⚫ |
Messier 96 is about the same mass and size as the [[Milky Way]]. |
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⚫ | It is categorized as a double-barred spiral galaxy with a small inner bulge through the core along with an outer bulge. The nucleus displays a weak level of activity of the [[LINER]]2 type. Variations in [[ultraviolet]] emission from the core suggest the presence of a [[supermassive black hole]]. Estimates for the mass of this object range from {{Val|1.5|e=6}} to {{Val|4.8|e=7}} [[solar mass]]es ({{solar mass}}).<ref name=mnras403_2_646/> |
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⚫ | On May 9, 1998 a [[supernova]] was discovered in this galaxy by Mirko Villi. Designated SN 1998bu, this was a [[Type Ia supernova]] explosion.<ref name=mdsai71_2_299/> It reached maximum brightness on May 21 at about magnitude 11.6, then steadily faded.<ref>[https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1998bu Transient Name Server entry for SN 1998bu.] Retrieved 26 March 2023.</ref><ref>[https://rochesterastronomy.org/snimages/sn1998bu.html Images of Supernova 1998buinM96.] Retrieved 26 March 2023.</ref> Observations of the ejecta a year later showed creation of 0.4 solar masses of iron. The [[stellar spectrum|spectrum]] of the [[supernova remnant]] confirmed too radioactive <sup>56</sup>Co, which decays into <sup>56</sup>Fe.<ref name=aaa426_547/> |
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⚫ |
Messier 96 is being studied as part of a survey of 50 nearby galaxies known as the Legacy ExtraGalactic UV Survey (LEGUS),<ref name=LEGUS>{{cite web|title=Legacy ExtraGalactic UV Survey (LEGUS |
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⚫ | Messier 96 is about the same mass and size as the [[Milky Way]]. It is a very asymmetric galaxy; its dust and gas are unevenly spread throughout its weak spiral arms, and its core is just offset from the midpoint of its extremes. Its arms are also asymmetrical, thought to have been influenced by the gravitational pull of other galaxies within its group. |
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⚫ | Messier 96 is being studied as part of a survey of 50 nearby galaxies known as the Legacy ExtraGalactic [[Ultraviolet|UV]] Survey (LEGUS),<ref name=LEGUS>{{cite web|title=Legacy ExtraGalactic UV Survey (LEGUS site)|url=https://legus.stsci.edu//|work=website|access-date=21 Oct 2016}}</ref> providing an unprecedented view of star formation within the local universe. |
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==M96 group== |
==M96 group== |
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{{main|M96 Group}} |
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[[File:A galactic maelstrom.jpg|thumb|left|Messier 96 |
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⚫ | M96 is the brightest galaxy within the M96 Group, a [[group of galaxies]] in [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]], the other [[Messier objects]] of which are [[Messier 95|M95]] and [[Messier 105|M105]]. To this are added at least nine other galaxies.<ref name="nbg"/><ref name="fouqueetal1992"/><ref name="garcia1993"/><ref name="giuricinetal2002"/> |
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⚫ |
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]] |
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⚫ | This is the nearest group to the [[Local Group]] to combine bright spirals and a bright elliptical galaxy (Messier 105).<ref name="nasa.gov">{{Cite web|title = Hubble Peers into a Galactic Maelstrom|url = http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/hubble-peers-into-the-heart-of-a-galactic-maelstrom|access-date = 2015-09-04|date = 2015-09-04}}</ref> |
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⚫ |
M96 is the brightest galaxy within the |
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==See also== |
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M96 group is the nearest galaxy group to Earth containing both bright spirals and a bright elliptical galaxy (Messier 105).<ref name="nasa.gov"/> |
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* [[List of Messier objects]] |
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[[Image:M96HunterWilson.jpg|thumb|left|Messier 96 with amateur telescope]] |
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{{Clear}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= |
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= |
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<ref name=thompson2007>{{citation | first1=Robert Bruce | last1=Thompson | first2=Barbara Fritchman | last2=Thompson | title=Illustrated Guide to Astronomical Wonders | series=Diy Science | publisher=[[O'Reilly Media, Inc.]] | year=2007 | isbn=0-596-52685- |
<ref name=thompson2007>{{citation | first1=Robert Bruce | last1=Thompson | first2=Barbara Fritchman | last2=Thompson | title=Illustrated Guide to Astronomical Wonders | series=Diy Science | publisher=[[O'Reilly Media, Inc.]] | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-596-52685-6 | page=283 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymt9nj_uPhwC&pg=PA283 | postscript=. }}</ref> |
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<ref name="ned">{{citation | title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database | work=Results for NGC 3368 | url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/ | |
<ref name="ned">{{citation | title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database | work=Results for NGC 3368 | url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/ | access-date=2006-10-24 | postscript=. }}</ref> |
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<ref name="jensenetal2003">{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Jensen | first1=Joseph B. | last2=Tonry | first2=John L. | last3=Barris | first3=Brian J. | last4=Thompson | first4=Rodger I. | last5=Liu | first5=Michael C. | last6=Rieke | first6=Marcia J. | last7=Ajhar | first7=Edward A. | last8=Blakeslee | first8=John P. | year=2003 | title=Measuring Distances and Probing the Unresolved Stellar Populations of Galaxies Using Infrared Surface Brightness Fluctuations | journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]] | volume=583 | issue=2 | pages=712–726 | bibcode=2003ApJ...583..712J | doi=10.1086/345430 | arxiv=astro-ph/0210129 | postscript=. }}</ref> |
<ref name="jensenetal2003">{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Jensen | first1=Joseph B. | last2=Tonry | first2=John L. | last3=Barris | first3=Brian J. | last4=Thompson | first4=Rodger I. | last5=Liu | first5=Michael C. | last6=Rieke | first6=Marcia J. | last7=Ajhar | first7=Edward A. | last8=Blakeslee | first8=John P. | year=2003 | title=Measuring Distances and Probing the Unresolved Stellar Populations of Galaxies Using Infrared Surface Brightness Fluctuations | journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]] | volume=583 | issue=2 | pages=712–726 | bibcode=2003ApJ...583..712J | doi=10.1086/345430 | arxiv=astro-ph/0210129 | s2cid=551714 | postscript=. }}</ref> |
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<ref name="nbg">{{citation | year=1988 | title=Nearby Galaxies Catalog | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn=0-521-35299- |
<ref name="nbg">{{citation | year=1988 | title=Nearby Galaxies Catalog | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn=978-0-521-35299-4 | postscript=. }}</ref> |
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<ref name="fouqueetal1992">{{citation | display-authors=1 | first1=P. | last1=Fouque | first2=E. | last2=Gourgoulhon | first3=P. | last3=Chamaraux | first4=G. | last4=Paturel | year=1992 | title=Groups of galaxies within 80 Mpc. II – The catalogue of groups and group members | journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement]] | volume=93 | pages=211–233 | bibcode=1992A&AS...93..211F | postscript=. }}</ref> |
<ref name="fouqueetal1992">{{citation | display-authors=1 | first1=P. | last1=Fouque | first2=E. | last2=Gourgoulhon | first3=P. | last3=Chamaraux | first4=G. | last4=Paturel | year=1992 | title=Groups of galaxies within 80 Mpc. II – The catalogue of groups and group members | journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement]] | volume=93 | pages=211–233 | bibcode=1992A&AS...93..211F | postscript=. }}</ref> |
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<ref name="garcia1993">{{citation | first1=A. | last1=Garcia | year=1993 | title=General study of group membership. II – Determination of nearby groups | journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement]] | volume=100 | pages=47–90 | bibcode=1993A&AS..100...47G | postscript=. }}</ref> |
<ref name="garcia1993">{{citation | first1=A. | last1=Garcia | year=1993 | title=General study of group membership. II – Determination of nearby groups | journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement]] | volume=100 | pages=47–90 | bibcode=1993A&AS..100...47G | postscript=. }}</ref> |
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<ref name="giuricinetal2002">{{citation | display-authors=1 | first1=A. | last1=Pisani | year=2000 | title=Nearby Optical Galaxies: Selection of the Sample and Identification of Groups | journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]] | volume=543 | issue=1 | pages=178–194 | bibcode=2000ApJ...543..178G | doi=10.1086/317070 | arxiv=astro-ph/0001140 | postscript=. | last2=Marinoni | first2=Christian | last3=Ceriani | first3=Lorenzo | last4=Pisani | first4=Armando }}</ref> |
<ref name="giuricinetal2002">{{citation | display-authors=1 | first1=A. | last1=Pisani | year=2000 | title=Nearby Optical Galaxies: Selection of the Sample and Identification of Groups | journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]] | volume=543 | issue=1 | pages=178–194 | bibcode=2000ApJ...543..178G | doi=10.1086/317070 | arxiv=astro-ph/0001140 | postscript=. | last2=Marinoni | first2=Christian | last3=Ceriani | first3=Lorenzo | last4=Pisani | first4=Armando | s2cid=9618325 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=mdsai71_2_299>{{citation | last1=Meikle | first1=P. | last2=Hernandez | first2=M. | title=Infrared and optical study of the type Ia SN 1998bu in M96 | journal=Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana | volume=71 | issue=2 | pages=299–306 | year=2000 | bibcode=2000MmSAI..71..299M | postscript=. |arxiv = astro-ph/9902056 }}</ref> |
<ref name=mdsai71_2_299>{{citation | last1=Meikle | first1=P. | last2=Hernandez | first2=M. | title=Infrared and optical study of the type Ia SN 1998bu in M96 | journal=Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana | volume=71 | issue=2 | pages=299–306 | year=2000 | bibcode=2000MmSAI..71..299M | postscript=. |arxiv = astro-ph/9902056 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=aaa426_547>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Spyromilio | first1=J. | last2=Gilmozzi | first2=R. | last3=Sollerman | first3=J. | last4=Leibundgut | first4=B. | last5=Fransson | first5=C. | last6=Cuby | first6=J.-G. | title=Optical and near infrared observations of SN 1998bu | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=426 | pages=547–553 |date=November 2004 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20040570 | bibcode=2004A&A...426..547S | postscript=. |arxiv = astro-ph/0407177 | issue=2 }}</ref> |
<ref name=aaa426_547>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Spyromilio | first1=J. | last2=Gilmozzi | first2=R. | last3=Sollerman | first3=J. | last4=Leibundgut | first4=B. | last5=Fransson | first5=C. | last6=Cuby | first6=J.-G. | title=Optical and near infrared observations of SN 1998bu | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=426 | pages=547–553 |date=November 2004 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20040570 | bibcode=2004A&A...426..547S | postscript=. |arxiv = astro-ph/0407177 | issue=2 | s2cid=118881171 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=mnras403_2_646>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Nowak | first1=N. | last2=Thomas | first2=J. | last3=Erwin | first3=P. | last4=Saglia | first4=R. P. | last5=Bender | first5=R. | last6=Davies | first6=R. I. | title=Do black hole masses scale with classical bulge luminosities only? The case of the two composite pseudo-bulge galaxies NGC 3368 and NGC 3489 | journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] | volume=403 | issue=2 | pages=646–672 |date=April 2010 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16167.x | bibcode=2010MNRAS.403..646N | postscript=. |arxiv = 0912.2511 }}</ref> |
<ref name=mnras403_2_646>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Nowak | first1=N. | last2=Thomas | first2=J. | last3=Erwin | first3=P. | last4=Saglia | first4=R. P. | last5=Bender | first5=R. | last6=Davies | first6=R. I. | title=Do black hole masses scale with classical bulge luminosities only? The case of the two composite pseudo-bulge galaxies NGC 3368 and NGC 3489 | journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] | volume=403 | issue=2 | pages=646–672 |date=April 2010 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16167.x | bibcode=2010MNRAS.403..646N | postscript=. |arxiv = 0912.2511 | s2cid=59580555 }}</ref> |
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}} |
}} |
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{{notelist}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{commonscat}} |
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* {{WikiSky}} |
* {{WikiSky}} |
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* [http://www.noao.edu/outreach/aop/observers/m96.html NOAO: M96] |
* [http://www.noao.edu/outreach/aop/observers/m96.html NOAO: M96] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811233946/http://www.noao.edu/outreach/aop/observers/m96.html |date=2014-08-11 }} |
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* [http://messier.seds.org/m/m096.html SEDS: Spiral Galaxy M96] |
* [http://messier.seds.org/m/m096.html SEDS: Spiral Galaxy M96] |
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* {{cite web|last=Gray|first=Meghan|title=M96 – Spiral Galaxy|url=http://www.deepskyvideos.com/videos/messier/M96.html|work=Deep |
* {{cite web|last=Gray|first=Meghan|title=M96 – Spiral Galaxy|url=http://www.deepskyvideos.com/videos/messier/M96.html|work=Deep Sky Videos|publisher=[[Brady Haran]]|author2=Hardy, Liam}} |
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{{Sky|10|46|45.7|+|11|49|12|31300000}} |
{{Sky|10|46|45.7|+|11|49|12|31300000}} |
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{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Outer space}} |
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{{Messier objects}} |
{{Messier objects}} |
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{{Ngc35}} |
{{Ngc35}} |
Messier96 | |
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![]()
ESO's Very Large Telescope image of Messier 96, also known as NGC 3368. It shows its core displaced from the centre, its gas and dust are distributed asymmetrically and its spiral arms are ill-defined.
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Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
Constellation | Leo |
Right ascension | 10h46m 45.7s[1] |
Declination | +11° 49′ 12″[1] |
Redshift | 897 ± 4 km/s[1] |
Distance | 31 ± 3 Mly (9.6 ± 1.0 Mpc)[2] |
Apparent magnitude (V) | 9.2[3] |
Characteristics | |
Type | SAB(rs)ab[1] |
Apparent size (V) | 7′.6 × 5′.2[1] |
Other designations | |
NGC 3368, UGC 5882, PGC 32192[1] |
Messier 96 (also known as M96orNGC 3368) is an intermediate spiral galaxy about 31 million light-years away in the constellation Leo.
It was discovered by French astronomer Pierre Méchain in 1781.[a] After communicating his finding, French astronomer Charles Messier confirmed the finding four days later and added it to his catalogue of nebulous objects.
Finding this object is burdensome with large binoculars. Ideal minimum resolution, in a good sky, is via a telescope of 25.4 cm (10.0 in) aperture, to reveal its three-by-five-arcminute halo with a brighter core region.[4]
This complex galaxy is inclined by an angle of about 53° to the line of sight from the Earth, which is oriented at a position angle of 172°.
It is categorized as a double-barred spiral galaxy with a small inner bulge through the core along with an outer bulge. The nucleus displays a weak level of activity of the LINER2 type. Variations in ultraviolet emission from the core suggest the presence of a supermassive black hole. Estimates for the mass of this object range from 1.5×106to4.8×107 solar masses (M☉).[5]
On May 9, 1998 a supernova was discovered in this galaxy by Mirko Villi. Designated SN 1998bu, this was a Type Ia supernova explosion.[6] It reached maximum brightness on May 21 at about magnitude 11.6, then steadily faded.[7][8] Observations of the ejecta a year later showed creation of 0.4 solar masses of iron. The spectrum of the supernova remnant confirmed too radioactive 56Co, which decays into 56Fe.[9]
Messier 96 is about the same mass and size as the Milky Way. It is a very asymmetric galaxy; its dust and gas are unevenly spread throughout its weak spiral arms, and its core is just offset from the midpoint of its extremes. Its arms are also asymmetrical, thought to have been influenced by the gravitational pull of other galaxies within its group.
Messier 96 is being studied as part of a survey of 50 nearby galaxies known as the Legacy ExtraGalactic UV Survey (LEGUS),[10] providing an unprecedented view of star formation within the local universe.
M96 is the brightest galaxy within the M96 Group, a group of galaxiesinLeo, the other Messier objects of which are M95 and M105. To this are added at least nine other galaxies.[11][12][13][14]
This is the nearest group to the Local Group to combine bright spirals and a bright elliptical galaxy (Messier 105).[15]
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List |
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See also |
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