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{{short description|Galaxy in the constellation Leo}} |
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{{Galaxy |
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{{Infobox Galaxy |
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| name = [[Messier object|Messier]] 96 |
| name = [[Messier object|Messier]] 96 |
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| image = |
| image = NGC 3368 ESO.jpg |
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| image_size = 300px |
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| epoch = [[J2000]] |
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|caption = [[ESO]]'s [[Very Large Telescope]] image of Messier 96, also known as NGC 3368. It shows its core displaced from the centre, its gas and dust are distributed asymmetrically and its spiral arms are ill-defined. |
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| type = SAB(rs)ab<ref name="ned">{{cite web |
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| epoch = [[J2000]] |
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| title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database |
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| type = SAB(rs)ab<ref name="ned"/> |
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| work=Results for NGC 3368 |
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| url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/ |
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| accessdate=2006-10-24 }}</ref> |
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| ra = {{RA|10|46|45.7}}<ref name="ned" /> |
| ra = {{RA|10|46|45.7}}<ref name="ned" /> |
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| dec = {{DEC|+11|49|12}}<ref name="ned" /> |
| dec = {{DEC|+11|49|12}}<ref name="ned" /> |
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| dist_ly = |
| dist_ly = {{nowrap|31 ± 3 [[light-year|Mly]]}} {{nowrap|(9.6 ± 1.0 [[parsec|Mpc]])}}<ref name="jensenetal2003"/> |
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| z = {{nowrap|897 ± 4 km/[[second|s]]}}<ref name="ned" /> |
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| author=J. L. Tonry, A. Dressler, J. P. Blakeslee, E. A. Ajhar, A. B. Fletcher, G. A. Luppino, M. R. Metzger, C. B. Moore |
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| appmag_v = 9.2<ref>{{cite web |url=https://messier.seds.org/m/m096.html |title=Messier 96 |access-date=30 April 2022 |website=SEDS Messier Catalog}}</ref> |
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| title=The SBF Survey of Galaxy Distances. IV. SBF Magnitudes, Colors, and Distances |
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| size_v = {{nowrap|7′.6 × 5′.2}}<ref name="ned" /> |
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| journal=Astrophysical Journal |
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| year=2001 |
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| volume=546 |
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| pages=681-693 |
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| url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ApJ...546..681T }}</ref> |
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| z = 897 ± 4 [[kilometer|km]]/[[second|s]]<ref name="ned" /> |
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| appmag_v = +10.1<ref name="ned" /> |
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| size_v = 7′.6 × 5′.2<ref name="ned" /> |
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| constellation name = [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]] |
| constellation name = [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]] |
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| names = [[New General Catalogue|NGC]] 3368, |
| names = [[New General Catalogue|NGC]] 3368, [[Uppsala General Catalogue|UGC]] 5882, [[Principal Galaxies Catalogue|PGC]] 32192<ref name="ned" /> |
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}} |
}} |
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__NOTOC__ |
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'''Messier 96''' (also known as '''M96''' or '''NGC 3368''') is an [[intermediate spiral galaxy]] about 31 million [[light-year]]s away in the [[constellation]] [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]]. |
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==Observational history and appearance== |
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'''Messier 96''' (also known as ''NGC 3368'') is an [[intermediate spiral galaxy]] about [[1 E22 m|34 million]] [[light-year]]s away in the [[constellation]] [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]]. It was discovered by [[Pierre Méchain]] in [[1781]]. |
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It was discovered by French astronomer [[Pierre Méchain]] in 1781.{{efn|on March 20}} After communicating his finding, French astronomer [[Charles Messier]] confirmed the finding four days later and added it to his catalogue of nebulous objects. |
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Finding this object is burdensome with large binoculars. Ideal minimum resolution, in a [[light pollution|good sky]], is via a telescope of {{Convert|25.4|cm|in|abbr=on}} [[aperture]], to reveal its {{nowrap|three-by-five-[[arcminute]]}} halo with a brighter core region.<ref name=thompson2007/> |
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==Environment== |
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This complex galaxy is inclined by an angle of about 53° to the line of sight from the [[Earth]], which is oriented at a [[position angle]] of 172°. |
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M96 is the brightest galaxy within the [[M96 Group]], a [[group of galaxies]] in the [[constellation]] [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]] also includes the [[Messier objects]] [[Messier 95|M95]] and [[Messier 105|M105]] as well as at leat nine other galaxies.<ref name="nbg">{{cite book |
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| author=R. B. Tully |
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| year=1988 |
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| title=Nearby Galaxies Catalog |
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| edition= |
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| publisher=Cambridge University Press |
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| location=Cambridge |
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| id=ISBN 0-521-35299-1}}</ref><ref name="fouqueetal1992">{{cite journal |
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| author=P. Fouque, E. Gourgoulhon, P. Chamaraux, G. Paturel |
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| title=Groups of galaxies within 80 Mpc. II - The catalogue of groups and group members |
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| journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement |
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| year=1992 |
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| volume=93 |
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| pages=211-233 |
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| url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992A&AS...93..211F}}</ref><ref name="garcia1993">{{cite journal |
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| author=A. Garcia |
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| title=General study of group membership. II - Determination of nearby groups |
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| journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement |
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| year=1993 |
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| volume=100 |
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| pages=47-90 |
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| url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993A&AS..100...47G}}</ref><ref name="giuricinetal2002">{{cite journal |
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| author=G. Giuricin, C. Marinoni, L. Ceriani, A. Pisani |
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| title=Nearby Optical Galaxies: Selection of the Sample and Identification of Groups |
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| journal=Astrophysical Journal |
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| year=2000 |
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| volume=543 |
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| pages=178-194 |
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| url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ApJ...543..178G}}</ref> |
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== |
==Properties== |
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It is categorized as a double-barred spiral galaxy with a small inner bulge through the core along with an outer bulge. The nucleus displays a weak level of activity of the [[LINER]]2 type. Variations in [[ultraviolet]] emission from the core suggest the presence of a [[supermassive black hole]]. Estimates for the mass of this object range from {{Val|1.5|e=6}} to {{Val|4.8|e=7}} [[solar mass]]es ({{solar mass}}).<ref name=mnras403_2_646/> |
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* [http://www.noao.edu/outreach/aop/observers/m96.html '''NOAO''': M96] |
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* [http://www.seds.org/messier/m/m096.html '''SEDS''': Spiral Galaxy M96] |
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On May 9, 1998 a [[supernova]] was discovered in this galaxy by Mirko Villi. Designated SN 1998bu, this was a [[Type Ia supernova]] explosion.<ref name=mdsai71_2_299/> It reached maximum brightness on May 21 at about magnitude 11.6, then steadily faded.<ref>[https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1998bu Transient Name Server entry for SN 1998bu.] Retrieved 26 March 2023.</ref><ref>[https://rochesterastronomy.org/snimages/sn1998bu.html Images of Supernova 1998bu in M96.] Retrieved 26 March 2023.</ref> Observations of the ejecta a year later showed creation of 0.4 solar masses of iron. The [[stellar spectrum|spectrum]] of the [[supernova remnant]] confirmed too radioactive <sup>56</sup>Co, which decays into <sup>56</sup>Fe.<ref name=aaa426_547/> |
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* [http://www.wikisky.org/?object=M96&img_source=SDSS&zoom=9 '''WIKISKY.ORG''': SDSS image M96] |
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Messier 96 is about the same mass and size as the [[Milky Way]]. It is a very asymmetric galaxy; its dust and gas are unevenly spread throughout its weak spiral arms, and its core is just offset from the midpoint of its extremes. Its arms are also asymmetrical, thought to have been influenced by the gravitational pull of other galaxies within its group. |
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Messier 96 is being studied as part of a survey of 50 nearby galaxies known as the Legacy ExtraGalactic [[Ultraviolet|UV]] Survey (LEGUS),<ref name=LEGUS>{{cite web|title=Legacy ExtraGalactic UV Survey (LEGUS site)|url=https://legus.stsci.edu//|work=website|access-date=21 Oct 2016}}</ref> providing an unprecedented view of star formation within the local universe. |
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==M96 group== |
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{{main|M96 Group}} |
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M96 is the brightest galaxy within the M96 Group, a [[group of galaxies]] in [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]], the other [[Messier objects]] of which are [[Messier 95|M95]] and [[Messier 105|M105]]. To this are added at least nine other galaxies.<ref name="nbg"/><ref name="fouqueetal1992"/><ref name="garcia1993"/><ref name="giuricinetal2002"/> |
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This is the nearest group to the [[Local Group]] to combine bright spirals and a bright elliptical galaxy (Messier 105).<ref name="nasa.gov">{{Cite web|title = Hubble Peers into a Galactic Maelstrom|url = http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/hubble-peers-into-the-heart-of-a-galactic-maelstrom|access-date = 2015-09-04|date = 2015-09-04}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
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* [[List of Messier objects]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= |
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<ref name=thompson2007>{{citation | first1=Robert Bruce | last1=Thompson | first2=Barbara Fritchman | last2=Thompson | title=Illustrated Guide to Astronomical Wonders | series=Diy Science | publisher=[[O'Reilly Media, Inc.]] | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-596-52685-6 | page=283 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymt9nj_uPhwC&pg=PA283 | postscript=. }}</ref> |
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<ref name="ned">{{citation | title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database | work=Results for NGC 3368 | url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/ | access-date=2006-10-24 | postscript=. }}</ref> |
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<div class="references-small"><references/></div> |
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<ref name="jensenetal2003">{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Jensen | first1=Joseph B. | last2=Tonry | first2=John L. | last3=Barris | first3=Brian J. | last4=Thompson | first4=Rodger I. | last5=Liu | first5=Michael C. | last6=Rieke | first6=Marcia J. | last7=Ajhar | first7=Edward A. | last8=Blakeslee | first8=John P. | year=2003 | title=Measuring Distances and Probing the Unresolved Stellar Populations of Galaxies Using Infrared Surface Brightness Fluctuations | journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]] | volume=583 | issue=2 | pages=712–726 | bibcode=2003ApJ...583..712J | doi=10.1086/345430 | arxiv=astro-ph/0210129 | s2cid=551714 | postscript=. }}</ref> |
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[[Category:Spiral galaxies|Messier 096]] |
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[[Category:Intermediate spiral galaxies|Messier 096]] |
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[[Category:M96 Group|Messier 096]] |
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[[Category:Leo constellation|Messier 096]] |
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[[Category:Messier objects|096]] |
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[[Category:NGC objects|3368]] |
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[[Category:UGC objects|05882]] |
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[[Category:PGC objects|32192]] |
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<ref name="nbg">{{citation | year=1988 | title=Nearby Galaxies Catalog | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn=978-0-521-35299-4 | postscript=. }}</ref> |
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[[de:Messier 96]] |
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[[eo:M96]] |
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[[fr:M96]] |
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[[it:M96]] |
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[[nl:Messier 96]] |
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[[pl:Messier 96]] |
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[[pt:NGC 3368]] |
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[[ru:Галактика M96]] |
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[[sk:Galaxia M96]] |
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<ref name="fouqueetal1992">{{citation | display-authors=1 | first1=P. | last1=Fouque | first2=E. | last2=Gourgoulhon | first3=P. | last3=Chamaraux | first4=G. | last4=Paturel | year=1992 | title=Groups of galaxies within 80 Mpc. II – The catalogue of groups and group members | journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement]] | volume=93 | pages=211–233 | bibcode=1992A&AS...93..211F | postscript=. }}</ref> |
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<ref name="garcia1993">{{citation | first1=A. | last1=Garcia | year=1993 | title=General study of group membership. II – Determination of nearby groups | journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement]] | volume=100 | pages=47–90 | bibcode=1993A&AS..100...47G | postscript=. }}</ref> |
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{{galaxy-stub}} |
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<ref name="giuricinetal2002">{{citation | display-authors=1 | first1=A. | last1=Pisani | year=2000 | title=Nearby Optical Galaxies: Selection of the Sample and Identification of Groups | journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]] | volume=543 | issue=1 | pages=178–194 | bibcode=2000ApJ...543..178G | doi=10.1086/317070 | arxiv=astro-ph/0001140 | postscript=. | last2=Marinoni | first2=Christian | last3=Ceriani | first3=Lorenzo | last4=Pisani | first4=Armando | s2cid=9618325 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=mdsai71_2_299>{{citation | last1=Meikle | first1=P. | last2=Hernandez | first2=M. | title=Infrared and optical study of the type Ia SN 1998bu in M96 | journal=Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana | volume=71 | issue=2 | pages=299–306 | year=2000 | bibcode=2000MmSAI..71..299M | postscript=. |arxiv = astro-ph/9902056 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=aaa426_547>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Spyromilio | first1=J. | last2=Gilmozzi | first2=R. | last3=Sollerman | first3=J. | last4=Leibundgut | first4=B. | last5=Fransson | first5=C. | last6=Cuby | first6=J.-G. | title=Optical and near infrared observations of SN 1998bu | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=426 | pages=547–553 |date=November 2004 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20040570 | bibcode=2004A&A...426..547S | postscript=. |arxiv = astro-ph/0407177 | issue=2 | s2cid=118881171 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=mnras403_2_646>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Nowak | first1=N. | last2=Thomas | first2=J. | last3=Erwin | first3=P. | last4=Saglia | first4=R. P. | last5=Bender | first5=R. | last6=Davies | first6=R. I. | title=Do black hole masses scale with classical bulge luminosities only? The case of the two composite pseudo-bulge galaxies NGC 3368 and NGC 3489 | journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] | volume=403 | issue=2 | pages=646–672 |date=April 2010 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16167.x | bibcode=2010MNRAS.403..646N | postscript=. |arxiv = 0912.2511 | s2cid=59580555 }}</ref> |
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}} |
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{{notelist}} |
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==External links== |
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{{commonscat}} |
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* {{WikiSky}} |
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* [http://www.noao.edu/outreach/aop/observers/m96.html NOAO: M96] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811233946/http://www.noao.edu/outreach/aop/observers/m96.html |date=2014-08-11 }} |
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* [http://messier.seds.org/m/m096.html SEDS: Spiral Galaxy M96] |
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* {{cite web|last=Gray|first=Meghan|title=M96 – Spiral Galaxy|url=http://www.deepskyvideos.com/videos/messier/M96.html|work=Deep Sky Videos|publisher=[[Brady Haran]]|author2=Hardy, Liam}} |
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{{Sky|10|46|45.7|+|11|49|12|31300000}} |
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{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Outer space}} |
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{{Messier objects}} |
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{{Ngc35}} |
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[[Category:Intermediate spiral galaxies]] |
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[[Category:M96 Group|Messier 096]] |
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[[Category:Leo (constellation)|Messier 096]] |
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[[Category:Messier objects|096]] |
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[[Category:NGC objects|Messier 096]] |
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[[Category:UGC objects|05882]] |
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[[Category:Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects|32192]] |
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[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1781|17810320]] |
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[[Category:Discoveries by Pierre Méchain]] |
Messier96 | |
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![]()
ESO's Very Large Telescope image of Messier 96, also known as NGC 3368. It shows its core displaced from the centre, its gas and dust are distributed asymmetrically and its spiral arms are ill-defined.
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Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
Constellation | Leo |
Right ascension | 10h46m 45.7s[1] |
Declination | +11° 49′ 12″[1] |
Redshift | 897 ± 4 km/s[1] |
Distance | 31 ± 3 Mly (9.6 ± 1.0 Mpc)[2] |
Apparent magnitude (V) | 9.2[3] |
Characteristics | |
Type | SAB(rs)ab[1] |
Apparent size (V) | 7′.6 × 5′.2[1] |
Other designations | |
NGC 3368, UGC 5882, PGC 32192[1] |
Messier 96 (also known as M96orNGC 3368) is an intermediate spiral galaxy about 31 million light-years away in the constellation Leo.
It was discovered by French astronomer Pierre Méchain in 1781.[a] After communicating his finding, French astronomer Charles Messier confirmed the finding four days later and added it to his catalogue of nebulous objects.
Finding this object is burdensome with large binoculars. Ideal minimum resolution, in a good sky, is via a telescope of 25.4 cm (10.0 in) aperture, to reveal its three-by-five-arcminute halo with a brighter core region.[4]
This complex galaxy is inclined by an angle of about 53° to the line of sight from the Earth, which is oriented at a position angle of 172°.
It is categorized as a double-barred spiral galaxy with a small inner bulge through the core along with an outer bulge. The nucleus displays a weak level of activity of the LINER2 type. Variations in ultraviolet emission from the core suggest the presence of a supermassive black hole. Estimates for the mass of this object range from 1.5×106to4.8×107 solar masses (M☉).[5]
On May 9, 1998 a supernova was discovered in this galaxy by Mirko Villi. Designated SN 1998bu, this was a Type Ia supernova explosion.[6] It reached maximum brightness on May 21 at about magnitude 11.6, then steadily faded.[7][8] Observations of the ejecta a year later showed creation of 0.4 solar masses of iron. The spectrum of the supernova remnant confirmed too radioactive 56Co, which decays into 56Fe.[9]
Messier 96 is about the same mass and size as the Milky Way. It is a very asymmetric galaxy; its dust and gas are unevenly spread throughout its weak spiral arms, and its core is just offset from the midpoint of its extremes. Its arms are also asymmetrical, thought to have been influenced by the gravitational pull of other galaxies within its group.
Messier 96 is being studied as part of a survey of 50 nearby galaxies known as the Legacy ExtraGalactic UV Survey (LEGUS),[10] providing an unprecedented view of star formation within the local universe.
M96 is the brightest galaxy within the M96 Group, a group of galaxiesinLeo, the other Messier objects of which are M95 and M105. To this are added at least nine other galaxies.[11][12][13][14]
This is the nearest group to the Local Group to combine bright spirals and a bright elliptical galaxy (Messier 105).[15]
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List |
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See also |
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